Synopsis ofVerbesina sect.Ochractinia (Asteraceae)

A taxonomic revision ofVerbesina sect.Ochractinia is presented. 40 species plus 7 additional infraspecific taxa are recognized. A table of the distribution of the species, key to the species and synonymy are included. Relationships to other sections ofVerbesina and species relationships within sect.Ochractinia are discussed.     

Synopsis of the tribe Hureae (Euphorbioideae, Euphorbiaceae)

A synopsis of the tribe Hureae is presented with nomenclatural updates, a discussion of diagnostic features, and summaries of geographical distributions. This study is based on the analysis of approximately 300 voucher specimens, including collections and photographs of types, in addition to bibliographic documentation. Seventeen species distributed in three genera were recognized: Algernonia (11 species), Hura (2), and Ophthalmoblapton (4). All species are American with the majority distributed within the Atlantic Forest, particularly in southeastern Brazil. A key for the identification of genera and species is provided along with illustrations, information on the geographic distributions and conservation status. Lectotypification for Algernonia leandrii is proposed.     

大戟科麻疯树属三种植物花器官发生

利用扫描电子显微镜观察了大戟科Euphorbiaceae麻疯树属Jatropha麻疯树J. curcas L.、佛肚树J. podagrica Hook.和棉叶麻疯树J. gossypifolia L.花器官发生。结果表明: 麻疯树、佛肚树和棉叶麻疯树花萼原基均为2/5型螺旋发生。在同一个种不同的花蕾中, 花萼的发生有两种顺序: 逆时针方向和顺时针方向。远轴面非正中位的1枚先发生。5枚花瓣原基几乎同时发生。雄花中雄蕊两轮, 外轮对瓣, 内轮对萼。研究的3种麻疯树属植物雄蕊发生方式有两种类型: 麻疯树亚属麻疯树的5枚外轮雄蕊先同时发生, 5枚内轮雄蕊后同时发生, 佛肚树亚属佛肚树和棉叶麻疯树雄蕊8-9枚, 排成两轮, 内外轮雄蕊同时发生。雌花的3枚心皮原基为同时发生。麻疯树属单性花, 雌花的子房膨大而雄蕊退化, 雄花的雄蕊正常发育, 子房缺失。根据雄蕊发生方式, 支持将麻疯树属分为麻疯树亚属subgen. Jatropha和佛肚树亚属subgen. Curcas。     

Two new species of Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae) from Somalia

The new species Jatropha miskatensis , from limestone slopes of the Cal Miskaat Range in north-eastern Somalia, and J. marmorata , from bushland on shallow soil over limestone just south of the Nugaal valley in north-eastern Somalia, are described. An illustration is provided for J. miskatensis.     

Neue Gattungen der FamilieLecideaceae s. lat. (Lichenes)

Six new genera are designated for the predominantly foliicolous specíes with hyaline, septate ascospores originally included in the artificial generaBacidia, Catillaria andLopadium. These areFellhanera gen. n. which, on the basis of ascus structure, belongs to the familyPilocarpaceae and includes 19 species, as well asBadimia gen. n. (6 species),Barubria gen. n. (1 species),Loflammia gen. n. (3 species),Calopadia gen. n. (6 species) andLogilvia gen. n. (1 species) which with the previously described generaLasioloma R. Sant. andTapellaria Müll. Arg. em.R. Sant. are classified in the familyEctolechiaceae as they are related toSporopodium Mont. The campylidia, special reproductive organs of the lichens concerned, are present in all members of the family. They are considered to be phylogenetically derived from apothecia. The conidia they produce vary in shape and structure and can be divided into different types, each of which is characteristic of a particular genus. The necessary new combinations are introduced in an appendix.     

小桐子的组织培养和植株再生

以小桐子（Jatropha curcas）的胚芽、子叶、下胚轴、叶柄、叶片和茎段作为外植体,用不同浓度的6-苄基腺嘌呤（6-BA）和α-萘乙酸（NAA）对其进行愈伤组织的诱导和植株再生的研究。结果表明：在MS培养基中加入5．0mg／L6-BA和1．0mg／LNAA对愈伤组织的诱导效果最好;加入5．0mg／L6-BA和0．1mg／LNAA对不定芽的诱导最为有效,加入0．1mg／L6-BA和1．0mg／LNAA有利于芽的生长;加入1．0mg／LNAA的1／2MS培养基对生根最为有利。     

Tissue Culture and Plant Regeneration of Jatropha curcas (Euphorbiaceae)

In this paper , plumules, cotyledons, hypocotyls, blades, petioles and stalks of physic nut ( Jatropha curcas L. ) were used as explants, and callus induction and plant regeneration were studied on MS medium contained different concentrations of 6-BA and NAA. The results showed that the MS medium with 5.0 mg/L BA and 1.0 mg/L NAA was the best for callus induction, and with 5.0mg/L BA and 0.1mg/L NAA, for formation of adventitious bud, and with 1.0mg/L BA and 1.0 mg/L NAA, for bud growth, and that 1􊄯2 MS medium with 1.0 mg/L NAA was the best for formation and growth of adventitious root .     

Antimicrobial activity of new phorbins from Jatropha curcas Linn. (Euphorbiaceae) leaves

The crude methanol extract of Jatropha curcas leaves exhibited activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Mycobacterium phlei, Candida albicans, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes but was inactive against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In a bioassay-directed fractionation, two new phorbins were isolated and analysed by spectroscopic methods. Isolate 1 was characterized as an analogue of pheophytin b with a phytyl moiety containing three double bonds which are at positions P2/P3, P6/P7, and P10/P11. Compound 2 was characterized as methyl pheophorbide a with 132-OH and 17- and 17(1)-CH3 moieties. It is active against Serratia marcescens.     

Bacidina genus novum familiaeLecideaceae s. lat. (Ascomycetes lichenisati)

The following eleven species currently classified in the generaBacidia s. lat. andCatillaria s. lat. are transferred to the new genusBacidina Vězda gen. n. (Lecideaceae s. lat.):Bacidina apiahica (Müll. Arg.) comb. n.,B. chloroticula (Nyl.)Vězda etPoelt comb. n.,B. egenula (Nyl.) comb. n.,B. inundata (Fr.) comb. n.,B. mirabilis (Vězda) comb. n.,B. neglecta (Vězda) comb.n.,B. pallidocarnea (Müll. Arg.) comb. n.,B. phacodes (Koerb.) comb.n.,B. scutellifera (Vězda) comb.n.,B. vasakii (Vězda) comb.n., andB. ziamensis (Vězda) comb.n.     

膏桐花粉活力与柱头可授性及其生殖特性研究

采用TTC法测定了膏桐花粉的活力和寿命,用联苯胺-过氧化氢法测定其柱头可授期,以套袋结果检测花粉活力与柱头可授性的变化,以研究柱头颜色变化与柱头可授性的关系以及开花式样对生殖成功的影响.结果表明:(1)膏桐雄花单花花期一般为2 d,花后0~9 h内花粉活力相对较高,24~33 h后花粉活力较低,48 h后花粉基本无活力.(2)膏桐雌花单花期为5~12 d,柱头可授性在花后1~4 d最强,5~8 d可授性开始逐渐降低,第9天基本失去可授性.(3)膏桐柱头表面无明显的渗出物,柱头的可授性与柱头颜色的变化相关,柱头绿色越多,柱头可授性越强;遇降雨时,少量雌花的花瓣展开而柱头仍呈球状,或者花瓣不展开而柱头先伸出,此时柱头可授性较差.(4)膏桐常表现为雄性先熟,尽管雌花数目较少,但开放速率较快,且集中在第3~5天开放,雌花开放完毕也仍有雄花未开放,为展开后的柱头留有较长时间等候昆虫传送花粉,为保障生殖成功提供了机会,但少数花序先开雌花,后开雄花,有支持异交而降低自交的倾向.     

Ethnobotany,ethnopharmacology and toxicity of Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae): A review

Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae) is a multiple purpose plant with potential for biodiesel production and medicinal uses. It has been used for treatment of a wide spectrum of ailments related to skin, cancer, digestive, respiratory and infectious diseases. This review aims to provide an up-to-date survey of information available on botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity of J. curcas. Establishing a scientific basis that explains its ethnopharmacological uses in order to facilitate and guide future research. The review covers literature available from 1960 to 2012 collected from scientific journals, books and electronic searches such as Google scholar, Web of Science and ScienceDirect. Ethnomedicinal uses of J. curcas have been reported from many countries in Africa, Asia, South America and the Middle East for almost 100 different types of ailments. The phytochemical studies have shown the presence of many secondary metabolites including diterpeniods, sesquiterpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, lignans, coumarins and cyclic peptides. Crude extracts and isolated compounds from J. curcas show a wide range of pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, antidiabetic, anticoagulant, hepatoprotective, analgesic and abortifacient effects. J. curcas has been a widely used source of medicine for decades in many cultures. The present review reveals that J. curcas is a valuable source of medicinally important molecules and provides convincing support for its future use in modern medicine.     

Genetic diversity analysis of Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae) based on methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism

Genetic analysis of 56 samples of Jatropha curcas L. collected from Thailand and other countries was performed using the methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP) technique. Nine primer combinations were used to generate MSAP fingerprints. When the data were interpreted as amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers, 471 markers were scored. All 56 samples were classified into three major groups: γ-irradiated, non-toxic and toxic accessions. Genetic similarity among the samples was extremely high, ranging from 0.95 to 1.00, which indicated very low genetic diversity in this species. The MSAP fingerprint was further analyzed for DNA methylation polymorphisms. The results revealed differences in the DNA methylation level among the samples. However, the samples collected from saline areas and some species hybrids showed specific DNA methylation patterns. AFLP data were used, together with methylation-sensitive AFLP (MS-AFLP) data, to construct a phylogenetic tree, resulting in higher efficiency to distinguish the samples. This combined analysis separated samples previously grouped in the AFLP analysis. This analysis also distinguished some hybrids. Principal component analysis was also performed; the results confirmed the separation in the phylogenetic tree. Some polymorphic bands, involving both nucleotide and DNA methylation polymorphism, that differed between toxic and non-toxic samples were identified, cloned and sequenced. BLAST analysis of these fragments revealed differences in DNA methylation in some known genes and nucleotide polymorphism in chloroplast DNA. We conclude that MSAP is a powerful technique for the study of genetic diversity for organisms that have a narrow genetic base.     

A phytogeographically significant new species of Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae) from Costa Rica

Jatropha costaricensis is described from Guanacaste, Costa Rica and assigned to sect.Platyphyllae. It is most similar toJ. alamanii of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Mexico, and represents part of a secondary Central American radiation of xeric-adapted Euphorbiaceae. Its geographic relationships indicate a formerly more widespread occurrence of a tropical deciduous flora in Mesoamerica, and it is suggested that xeric range disjunctions here and in adjacent South America may be largely due to climaticallyinduced extinction rather than to long-distance dispersal.     

云南小桐子资源调查与评价

对云南省小桐子（Jatropha curcas）资源分布、环境因子和种子相关性状展开了调查和分析,结果表明：所测居群的种子平均千粒重、出仁率、种仁含油率和种子含油率分别为567．9克、56．67％、61．78％和35．13％。居群间种子千粒重、出仁率、种仁含油率、种子含油率都有极显著的差异,丽江A、红河D、丽江C、丽江B和玉溪A等4个居群有较高开发利用价值。温度是影响云南省小桐子地理分布的主要限制因子,分布区的海拔高度和年均温有强负相关性。云南省最适合种植小桐子的地区是金沙江和元江流域的干热河谷地区,其次是临沧、保山、普洱、西双版纳等地的高温低海拔地区。本研究对云南省小桐子的研究和产业发展提出了建议。     

Diplochory in two Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae) species of the Monte Desert of Argentina

The potential explosive seed dispersal under controlled conditions and the dispersal by ants in natural populations are compared between two diplochoric species: Jatropha hieronymi Kuntze and J. excisa Griseb. The seeds of J. hieronymi are more than eightfold heavier than J. excisa seeds, and were explosively dispersed considerably further distances, reaching a maximum of almost 18 m. The differences in explosive dispersal distances between the two species seem to depend on both carpel wall thickness of the fruit and aerodynamic shape of the seed. Seed removal by ants was positively correlated with the presence of the elaiosome and was higher for J. excisa (83.6%) than for J. hieronymi (31.6%). Seed size was the major factor affecting the removal by ants, as only large bodied ants were able to transport the large seeds of J. hieronymi. The larger size and the higher oleic acid content of the elaiosomes of J. hieronymi seeds had no influence on the observed removal rates by ants. In contrast, ants transported the J. hieronymi seeds further distances than J. excisa seeds. Jatropha hieronymi distances achieved by both dispersal modes are in the range of the furthest distances described for a diplochorous species. Finally, the possible advantages of this dispersal mode in arid zones are discussed.     

Development of microsatellite primers for Jatropha curcas (Euphorbiaceae) and transferability to congeners

? Premise of the study: Microsatellite primers were developed for Jatropha curcas (Euphorbiaceae), a tree species with large potential for biofuel production, to investigate its natural genetic diversity and mating system to facilitate the establishment of tree improvement and conservation programs. ? Methods and Results: Using a protocol for genomic library enrichment, 104 clones containing 195 repeat motifs were identified. Primer pairs were developed for 40 microsatellite loci and validated in 41 accessions of J. curcas from six provenances. Nine loci were polymorphic revealing from two to eight alleles per locus, and six primers were able to amplify alleles in the congeners J. podagrica, J. pohliana, and J. gossypifolia, but not in other Euphorbiaceae species, such as Hevea brasiliensis, Manihot esculenta, or Ricinus communis. ? Conclusions: The primers developed here revealed polymorphic loci that are suitable for genetic diversity and structure, mating system, and gene flow studies in J. curcas, and some congeners.     

A revision of Clematis sect. Aspidanthera s.l. (Ranunculaceae)

In this paper Clematis sect. Aspidanthera s.l. is revised. Seventy-two species and 15 varieties are recognized. They are keyed, described, and in most cases illustrated, and are classified into six subsections. Of them, one series, five species, and two v