人类肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡配体活性部位基因在毕赤酵母中的表达

探讨了人类肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡配体 (TRAIL)生物活性部分在巴斯德毕赤酵母 (Pichiapastoris)中的分泌表达。由于TRAIL活性部位区第 149 15 0氨基酸含有一个Kex2位点 ,根据Pichiapastoris分泌表达的特点 ,对 149位氨基酸进行了改造 ,使其编码的氨基酸由Arg突变为Lys。这样使TRAIL在分泌的过程中不被Kex2切割 ,保证了片段的完整。序列分析正确后 ,将编码TRAIL的可溶区的基因片段插入到酵母表达载体pPIC9K中 ,使之位于α 因子信号肽下游 ,且与之同框 ,构建分泌型表达载体pPIC9K TRAIL。采用原生质体法将重组质粒转化Pichiapastoris菌株GS115 ,获基因工程菌株Pichiapastoris(pPIC9K TRAIL)。将工程菌用甲醇诱导培养 3～ 4d ,对摇瓶发酵的培养上清进行SDS PAGE、Westernblot分析和体外生物活性检测 ,结果发现发酵液中分子量约为 19kD和 38kD的蛋白质能被TRAIL多克隆抗体特异性识别 ,且具有在体外诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡的活性。通过薄层扫描分析显示目的蛋白最高可占可溶性总蛋白的 36 %。上述实验结果表明 ,在Pichiapastoris中表达的TRAIL能以寡聚体的形式存在并且具有生物学活性。     

Determination of the Selection Capacity of Antibiotics for Gene Selection

Choosing a potent selection antibiotic (SA), is a crucial success factor when creating stably transfected cell lines using an antibiotic selection marker. The selection capacity of this antibiotic is defined as its ability to kill sensitive, untransfected parental cells, while leaving resistant, transfected cells unharmed. Currently, no procedure has been described to determine this selection capacity. Therefore, a protocol to obtain a numerical value, called the “selectivity factor” (SF), that defines the selection capacity of SAs is developed. The SF is determined by using a modified MTT (3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay for both sensitive and resistant cells, and applies to commonly used cell lines. To prove the concept, the SF of the SA G418 and hygromycin B (HmB) on several cell lines is determined. The SF of G418 on BHK‐21 cells is very high, indicating that G418 is an ideal SA for transfected BHK‐21 cells. For HeLa cells, the SF of G418 is very low suggesting G418 is not an optimal SA for selecting transfected HeLa cells. For these cells, HmB would be a better choice. These conclusions are confirmed by an independent cell death assay. The SF identifies the most optimal SA for a certain cell line, reduces the risk of selecting spontaneously resistant cell clones, and streamlines the process of generating stable cell lines. Most importantly, the method is especially time saving when obtaining stable cell lines expressing toxic genes, and reduces culture times for generating large numbers of cell lines from the same parental cell line.     

可溶性肿瘤坏死因子受体II-脂联素球部融合蛋白的真核表达及生物学活性检测

本研究设计和构建了一种人肿瘤坏死因子受体II胞外区与人脂联素球部的融合基因sTNFRII-gAD,且相应的融合蛋白在哺乳动物细胞BHK-21S的无血清培养体系中实现了表达,并对该融合蛋白进行了初步鉴定。首先,用RT-PCR方法从人的外周血淋巴细胞总RNA中扩增人肿瘤坏死因子II型受体胞外区基因片段,与脂联素球部基因片段融合,克隆至pAAV2neo表达载体中,构建成pAAV2neo-sTNFRII-gAD。随后,用pAAV2neo-sTNFRII-gAD转染BHK-21S细胞获得G418抗性细胞BHK-21S/pAAV2neo-sTNFRII-gAD;然后,将原来含有血清的培养液换成无血清的化学成分限定的培养液,细胞从贴壁培养方式转换成悬浮培养方式;最后,收集BHK-21S/pAAV2neo-sTNFRII-gAD无血清悬浮培养24h后的培养上清,进行sTNFRII-gAD融合蛋白的鉴定分析。酶切鉴定和测序结果显示,所构建的pAAV2neo-sTNFRII-gAD质粒结构正确,sTNFRII-gAD序列与预期一致;分别用抗人肿瘤坏死因子受体II和抗人脂联素球部的单克隆抗体检测pAAV2neo-sTNFRII-gAD瞬时转染的BHK-21S细胞,免疫荧光呈现阳性;免疫印迹分析在pAAV2neo-sTNFRII-gAD稳定转染的BHK-21S细胞上清中检测到sTNFRII-gAD融合蛋白的表达,并以单体、三聚体和三聚体以上的多聚体形式存在。活性测定结果表明,sTNFRII-gAD融合蛋白具有显著抑制TNFα杀伤L929细胞的活性。因此,本研究为下一步大量制备sTNFRII-gAD融合蛋白用于体内外功能研究提供了良好基础。     

G418抗性HEK293细胞的培育

目的　培育具有G418抗性的HEK2 93细胞 ,用于建立猪内源性反转录病毒感染人HEK2 93细胞的模型。方法　通过脂质体转染的方法 ,将含有neo基因的质粒pIRESneo导入HEK2 93细胞中 ,利用G418的选择特性 ,对转染细胞进行压力筛选 ,并对其进行了PCR鉴定。结果　经 6 0 0 μg ml的G418压力筛选后 ,获得了抗性细胞克隆。抗性细胞的形态和生长速度与筛选前细胞没有差异 ,特异性核苷酸引物检测抗性细胞基因组DNA ,可以扩增出对应的核苷酸片段。结论　成功地培育了G418抗性HEK2 93细胞 ,为建立猪内源性反转录病毒感染人HEK2 93细胞的模型奠定了基础。     

Establishment of a stable CHO cell line with high level expression of recombinant porcine IFN-β

A CHO cell clone (CHO-PoIFN-β) with stable porcine IFN-β expression under control of CMV promoter was selected under G418 pressure. In a 25cm(2) cell culture flask (5 ml culture medium), the cumulative protein yield of recombinant PoIFN-β reached 2.3×10(6) IU/ml. This cells clone maintained stable expression for at least 20 generations even in the absence of G418 selection pressure. The expressed recombinant PoIFN-β could induce the expression of porcine Mx protein in PK15 cells, and activate the chicken Mx promoter-controlled luciferase reporter gene expression, confirming that the recombinant PoIFN-β has the biological activity of natural porcine type-I interferon. In addition, the recombinant PoIFN-β fully protected PK15 cells against 1000 TCID(50) of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus and pseudo-rabies virus infection, demonstrating its high potential in therapeutic applications. This is the first report of establishing a mammalian cell line with stable expression of porcine IFN-β.     

磷酸钙法对哺乳动物非贴壁细胞的质粒共转染

对一种哺乳动物的非贴壁细胞Bal b/c近交系小鼠肥大细胞瘤细胞株P815进行了G418敏感浓度及甘油耐受性的测定;并通过磷酸钙法用含HBVS基因的质粒pRc/CMVS与含筛选标记基因neo的质粒pSV_2-neo进行了共转染。经G418筛选,获得了G418抗性细胞P851-S,在G418选择压力下,已连续筛选80余天,传代12次;斑点杂交和ELISA实验分别表明P815-S细胞内有HBVS基因的存在,培养上清中有HBsAg的表达。     

人β干扰素-血清白蛋白融合蛋白在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达

利用重叠PCR技术在体外拼接IFN β和HSA基因,将得到的融合基因插入到毕赤酵母分泌型表达载体pPIC9K中,置于启动子AOX1和α交配因子信号肽的作用下,分泌表达融合蛋白IFNβ-HSA。重组质粒pPIC9K-IFNβ-HSA经SalI线性化,电击转化毕赤酵母KM71,经G418筛选得到高拷贝转化子。PCR鉴定后,用甲醇诱导表达,SDS-PAGE和Western blot分析表达的融合蛋白IFNβ-HSA表明该蛋白分子量约为90kDa且具有HSA的抗原性;用细胞病变抑制法测定发酵液上清中融合蛋白的干扰素活性约为640IU/ml。     

Graduated resistance to G418 leads to differential selection of cultured mammalian cells expressing the neo gene

The effects of Geneticin (G418) selection on the growth and survival of cultured mammalian cells expressing the neomycin-resistance gene (neo) were studied by the analysis of cell clones from two retroviral neo vector-infected populations. We found a correlation between the neo expression level and growth rates in medium containing varying G418 concentrations. This relationship permits the use of differential selection schemes for the isolation of rare cells with increased expression. Comparison, by clone sampling, of vector-positive populations before and after selection with a G418 concentration in the range usually used for selection, showed different expression level and vector copy number distributions for the population infected with the vector of lower LTR activity, but not for the other. Such biasing effects of G418 selection may be important when selected cells are used for quantitative studies of gene expression.     

乙酰氨基半乳糖转移酶14(GALNT14)在毕赤酵母中的表达纯化及活性鉴定

将GALNT14全长编码区克隆到分泌型酵母表达载体pPIC9K中,构建重组载体pPIC9K-T14,经电转至毕赤酵母GS115中表达,使用G418筛选高表达重组菌,并对诱导条件进行优化,表达产物使用SDS-PAGE分析、Western blot鉴定、Sephadex G-100纯化、最后经HPLC检测活性。结果显示,在提供更好的供氧量条件下,用0.75％甲醇诱导可提高目的蛋白的表达量而降低杂蛋白的表达。培养上清液经SDS-PAGE检测显示目的蛋白分子量约64 kDa;Western blot结果显示在相应分子量处有一条特异性条带;利用Sephadex G-100成功分离纯化了目的蛋白;活性测定结果显示所获得的目的蛋白具有催化活性,为深入研究GALNT14的结构与功能奠定了基础。     

A novel G418 conjugate results in targeted selection of genetically protected hepatocytes without bystander toxicity

G418, an aminoglycoside neomycin analogue, is an antimicrobial agent that interferes with protein synthesis and has been used extensively for selection of mammalian cell lines that possess neomycin resistance (NR). It is potent and nonspecific in its effects that occur through tight binding to ribosomal elements. Because of the potent intracellular effect, we wondered whether G418 could be used to select a specific cell type based on receptor-mediated endocytosis. The objective of this study was to target G418 specifically to liver cells via asialoglycoprotein receptors (AsGR) which are known to be highly selective for these cells. A novel G418 conjugate was synthesized chemically by coupling G418 to a galactose-terminating carrier protein, asialoorosomucoid (AsOR), in a molar ratio of 5:1. AsOR-G418 conjugates inhibited viability of AsGR (+) cells by 84.3%, while inhibition in AsGR (-) cells was only by 19%. In AsGR (+) cells, stably transfected with a NR gene, the conjugate decreased viability by less than 9%. Furthermore, incubation of conjugate in cocultures of AsGR (+), and AsGR (-) cells did not result in the loss of viability of neighboring AsGR (-) cells. Our data demonstrate for the first time that G418 can be covalently bound to AsOR to form a conjugate for hepatocyte-specific targeting and toxicity. AsOR-G418 conjugates may be useful tools for genetic manipulation of human liver cells in the presence of nonhepatic cells.     

稳定表达小鼠CD40L的NIH3T3细胞系的建立及其在B细胞培养和激活中的应用

该研究构建小鼠CD40L真核表达重组质粒pcDNA3.1-mCD40L,通过电转法将重组质粒转至NIH3T3细胞中。利用G418对转染后细胞进行压力筛选,获得稳定转染细胞株。提取稳定转染细胞株RNA,通过RT-PCR法检测Neo基因的mRNA表达情况。分离稳定转染细胞上清,利用ELISA法检测小鼠CD40L蛋白水平的表达情况。RT-PCR结果显示,Neo基因能够在稳定转染细胞中表达,ELISA结果显示,获得的稳定转染细胞株NIH3T3-mCD40L细胞上清中CD40L的表达量高达1.286 ng/mL。进一步活性研究表明,该细胞系能够在体外与IL-2和IL-21共同作用培养B细胞至14天,并刺激B细胞产生特异性抗体。该细胞系的成功构建,为利用体外B细胞分离培养和活化法分离特异性单克隆抗体奠定了良好的基础。     

Circular YAC vectors containing short mammalian origin sequences are maintained under selection as HeLa episomes

pYACneo, a 15.8-kb plasmid, contains a bacterial origin, G418-resistance gene, and yeast ARS, CEN, and TEL elements. Three mammalian origins have been cloned into this circular vector: 343, a 448-bp chromosomal origin from a transcribed region of human chromosome 6q; X24, a 4.3-kb element containing the hamster DHFR origin of bidirectional replication (oribeta), and S3, a 1.1-kb human anti-cruciform purified autonomously replicating sequence. The resulting constructs have been transfected into HeLa cells, and G418-resistant subcultures were isolated. The frequency of G418-resistant transformation was 1.7-8.7 times higher with origin-containing YACneo than with vector alone. After >45 generations under G418 selection, the presence of episomal versus integrated constructs was assessed by fluctuation assay and by PCR of supercoiled, circular, and linear genomic cellular DNAs separated on ethidium bromide-cesium chloride gradients. In stable G418-resistant subcultures transfected with vector alone or with linearized constructs, as well as in some subcultures transfected with circular origin-containing constructs, resistance was conferred by integration into the host genome. However, several examples were found of G418-resistant transfectants maintaining the Y.343 and the YAC.S3 circular constructs in a strictly episomal state after long-term culture in selective medium, with 80-90% stability per cell division. The episomes were found to replicate semiconservatively in a bromodeoxyuridine pulse-labeling assay for 相似文献   

绵羊皮肤成纤维细胞对G418及Blasticidin S抗性的研究

抗生素常被用于对转基因动物、植物及微生物细胞进行筛选。在进行抗生素抗性筛选前,需要摸索合适的抗生素使用浓度,其原因在于:过低的筛选浓度无法抑制非转基因细胞的生长;反之,过高的筛选浓度会导致转基因细胞死亡。为了摸索绵羊皮肤成纤维细胞(sheep skin fibroblasts, SSFs)对G418及Blasticidin S的抗性,本实验以体外培养的SSFs为实验材料,采用不同浓度的上述两种抗生素处理SSFs,采用活细胞计数的方式检测SSFs对上述两种抗生素的抗性。单独使用G418或Blasticidin S导致SSFs全部死亡的最低致死浓度分别为200μg/mL及4μg/mL;当两种抗生素联合使用时,其最低致死浓度为100μg/mL G418+3μg/mL Blasticidin S或150μg/mL G418+2μg/mL Blasticidin S。该实验为采用这两种抗生素筛选转基因SSFs提供了理论基础。     

稳定表达hHCN2基因 HEK293细胞系的建立

目的：培育稳定表达hHCN2基因的细胞系,建立一种表达研究心肌离子通道的有效模型。方法：通过脂质体转染的方法,将重组pcDNA3-hHCN2真核表达载体导入人胚肾细胞（HEK293细胞）,以G418压力筛选转染细胞,并对其进行全细胞膜片钳记录。结果：经600μg／ml压力筛选后,获得抗性细胞克隆,并用全细胞膜片钳技术记录到克隆hHCN2通道编码电流。结论：本实验采用脂质体转染法成功地培育出G418抗性HEK293细胞。为进一步研究克隆离子通道结构和功能的关系奠定基础。     

Canstatin基因转染对人肝癌HepG-2细胞体外血管生成拟态的影响

目的:探讨转染Canstatin基因对人肝癌HepG-2细胞体外形成血管生成拟态的影响。方法:将Canstatin基因通过脂质体法转染人肝癌HepG-2细胞,行G418筛选获得转基因细胞克隆。用SDS-PAGE电泳检测Canstatin蛋白在转基因细胞培养上清液中的表达;建立HepG-2细胞人工基底膜基质凝胶体外三维细胞培养模型,观察HepG-2细胞能否形成血管生成拟态,并比较转基因和未转基因细胞的管道形成能力。结果:Canstatin在转染人HepG-2细胞中表达并分泌至上清液中,人肝癌HepG-2细胞在体外三维培养条件下能够形成血管生成拟态。Canstatin基因转染HepG-2细胞组的管状结构数量高于空载体组和HepG-2细胞组,转染细胞管道形成能力明显受抑制。结论:人肝癌HepG-2细胞株可形成血管生成拟态,Canstatin能抑制人肝癌细胞株HepG-2体外血管生成拟态形成。     

Toward genetic transformation of mitochondria in mammalian cells using a recoded drug-resistant selection marker

Due to technical difficulties, the genetic transformation of mitochondria in mammalian cells is still a challenge. In this report, we described our attempts to transform mammalian mitochondria with an engineered mitochondrial genome based on selection using a drug resistance gene. Because the standard drug-resistant neomycin phosphotransferase confers resistance to high concentrations of G418 when targeted to the mitochondria, we generated a recoded neomycin resistance gene that uses the mammalian mitochondrial genetic code to direct the synthesis of this protein in the mitochondria, but not in the nucleus (mitochondrial version). We also generated a universal version of the recoded neomycin resistance gene that allows synthesis of the drug-resistant proteins both in the mitochondria and nucleus. When we transfected these recoded neomycin resistance genes that were incorporated into the mouse mitochondrial genome clones into mouse tissue culture cells by electroporation, no DNA constructs were delivered into the mitochondria. We found that the universal version of the recoded neomycin resistance gene was expressed in the nucleus and thus conferred drug resistance to G418 selection, while the synthetic mitochondrial version of the gene produced no background drug-resistant cells from nuclear transformation. These recoded synthetic drug-resistant genes could be a useful tool for selecting mitochondrial genetic transformants as a precise technology for mitochondrial transformation is developed.     

Protection of uninfected human bone marrow cells in long-term culture from G418 toxicity after retroviral-mediated transfer of the NEOr gene

The long-term effect of retroviral-mediated gene transfer into human hematopoietic cells in vitro was studied in bone marrow culture. Two retroviral vectors (pN2 or pZIP NEO) were used to transfer the gene coding for neomycin phosphotransferase, which confers neomycin resistance, as a dominant selectable marker. Following infection, bone marrow cells of multiple hematopoietic lineages displayed resistance for the duration of the cultures (greater than 80 days) to normally cytotoxic doses of the neomycin analog G418. However, upon DNA analysis of cells surviving in G418, the NEOr (neomycin resistance) gene was not detected under conditions where single copy genes could readily be seen, despite the presence of NEOr RNA sequences. In order to investigate this observation further, infected and uninfected cells were separated by a filter, and cultured in the same medium containing G418. The uninfected cells continued to survive in the presence of normally toxic concentrations of G418. Medium alone from infected cells was able to protect uninfected cells the same way. Efficiency of transfer of this and perhaps other selectable marker genes to cells in the long-term culture system may consequently be overestimated if survival of cells alone is quantitated. These results indicate that long-term cultures are a useful in vitro model for the study of retroviral-mediated gene transfer to human hematopoietic cells.     

带npt-Ⅱ基因转基因水稻快速检测技术的建立

以转溶菌酶基因水稻纯系材料中花9号(ZH9(R))及其受体品种中花9号(ZH9(CK))为材料, 以ZH9(R)中携带的npt-Ⅱ基因作为辅助筛选标记, 利用抗生素对其进行处理, 建立了一套快速检测带npt-Ⅱ基因转基因水稻的技术体系。使用不同浓度的卡那霉素(Kanamycin, Kan)和G418溶液将ZH9(R)和ZH9(CK)成株离体叶片于室内室温下置于培养皿中浸泡处理, 通过观察叶片变化, 确定G418为检测带npt-Ⅱ基因转基因水稻的最佳抗生素, 将G418(溶液)80 mg/L浓度(处理4天)作为检测该类转基因水稻成株离体叶片的临界浓度。进一步用G418对ZH9(R)和ZH9(CK)种子、幼胚和幼苗进行了不同处理。确定: (1) G418(溶液)300 mg/L浓度(处理7天)作为检测该类转基因水稻种子的临界浓度; (2) G418(1/2 MS+0.5 mg/L 6-BA+1.5%蔗糖培养基)200 mg/L浓度(处理10天)作为检测该类转基因水稻幼胚的临界浓度; (3) G418(1/2 MS+0.5 mg/L 6-BA+1.5%蔗糖培养基)150 mg/L浓度(处理12天)作为检测该类转基因水稻幼苗的临界浓度, 并且通过PCR方法证实了上述结论。将这些结论应用于ZH9(R)转育后代叶片、种子、幼胚和幼苗群体的检测, 检测效果都非常明显。这为带npt-Ⅱ基因转基因水稻建立了一套简便、直观且准确的检测方法。     

v-src transformation of rat embryo fibroblasts. Inefficient conversion to anchorage-independent growth involves heterogeneity of primary cultures

To clarify whether a single oncogene can transform primary cells in culture, we compared the transforming effect of a recombinant retrovirus (ZSV) containing the v-src gene in rat embryo fibroblasts (REFs) to that in the rat cell line 3Y1. In the focus assay, REFs exhibited resistance to transformation as only six foci were observed in the primary cultures as opposed to 98 in 3Y1 cells. After G418 selection, efficiency of transformation was again somewhat lower with REFs compared to that with 3Y1 cells, but the number of G418-resistant REF colonies was much greater than the number of foci in REF cultures. Furthermore, while 98% of G418-resistant colonies of ZSV-infected REFs were morphologically transformed, only 25% were converted to anchorage- independent growth, as opposed to 100% conversion seen in ZSV-infected 3Y1 cells. The poor susceptibility of REFs to anchorage-independent transformation did not involve differences in expression and subcellular distribution of p60v-src, or its kinase activity in vitro and in vivo. It rather reflected a property of the primary cultures, as cloning of REFs before ZSV infection demonstrated that only 2 out of 6 REF clones tested were permissive for anchorage-independent growth. The nonpermissive phenotype was dominant over the permissive one in somatic hybrid cells, and associated with organized actin filament bundles and a lower growth rate, both before and after ZSV infection. These results indicate that the poor susceptibility of REFs to anchorage-independent transformation by p60v-src reflects the heterogeneity of the primary cultures. REFs can be morphologically transformed by p60v-src with high efficiency but only a small fraction is convertible to anchorage- independent growth. REF resistance seems to involve the presence of a suppressor factor which may emerge from REF differentiation during embryonic development.     

Introduction of new genetic material into human myeloid leukemic blast stem cells by retroviral infection.

An amphotropic retroviral vector containing the bacterial neomycin phosphotransferase gene (neo) was used to infect blast cells from patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia. The infected cells acquired a G418-resistant phenotype that was stable as measured in a clonogenic assay and in long-term suspension culture. Thus, gene transfer into stem cells was accomplished by this procedure. This approach for manipulating gene expression in blast stem cells provides a means to assess the roles of a variety of genes in self-renewal, differentiation, and leukemogenesis.