棉铃虫在变温环境中发育起点温度的研究

本文提出一个估计在变温环境中昆虫发育起点温度的新方法.该法能充分利用生物学资料中的信息.它通过运用优选法来减少搜索过程中发育起点温度T₀的变化次数, 而它的目标函数是方差.该法还通过引入如下一个当T₀变化时累计日度的变换方法来减少计算工作量.(1)当T_s≥T_max时, K_s=0;(2)当T_s≤T_min时, K_s=K₀-(T_s-T₀)·N;(3)当T_minsmax时, K_s=[K₀-(T_min-T₀)·N)(1-N·Q), 其中Q=0.00669024+1.70477P-0.701654P², P=(T_s-Tmin)/(T_max-T_min).这里T_s和K_s是变换后相应的发育起点温度和累计日度, T_max和T_min是最高和最低温度, N是发育阶段的平均历期. 我们用该法估计了棉铃虫的发育起点温度.结果表明卵期的发育起点温度是9.42674℃幼虫期是12.2702℃, 蛹期为14.2365℃.相应的累计积温是31.5416, 200.782和129.61日度.     

THE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF PHAGOCYTOSIS

1. The experiments of Madsen and Watabiki on the effect of temperature on the phagocytosis of bacteria are discussed and a new analysis of their curves is given, showing that the rate of phagocytosis is very nearly a logarithmic function of the temperature from 0° to 35°C.; i.e., Q ₁₀ is constant over that range and is equal to 2.0. 2. New experiments are reported on the effect of temperature on the phagocytosis of quartz and carbon particles of uniform sizes, showing a marked increase in the temperature coefficient below 30°C.     

TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY WITHIN BACTERIOLOGICAL INCUBATORS

SUMMARY: Temperature variability within four bacteriological incubators regulated for 30° has been studied using readings taken from the normal thermometers and from others placed on the incubator shelves.
During 5-day incubation periods, differences between readings from individual thermometers and between thermometers on different shelves in the same incubator rarely exceeded 0·5° and 1° respectively. The mean temperature recorded on the top shelf was significantly higher ( P <0·05) than that on the bottom shelf for all incubators, and than that indicated by the normal thermometers for two incubators.
Colony counts for pasteurized milk were not materially affected by within incubator temperature differences in this experiment nor, at three of the four centres, by removal from the incubators for brief periods for counting after intermediate incubation times.     

THE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

The temperature coefficient of photosynthesis in Ulva (between 17° and 27°C.) is 1.81. This may be explained by assuming that the process involves a light reaction with a low coefficient followed by an ordinary reaction with a high coefficient.     

SOME TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTICS IN MAN

The value of µ = 29,400 has been found for the human heart beat over the temperature range of approximately 4.7°C. This value is different from that of 24,000 calories which has been obtained for the effect of temperature on judgments of short durations. The evidence indicates that the estimation of short time intervals is controlled by a chemical master reaction which is independent of the pulse rhythm.     

黑广肩步甲主要生物学特性及卵的有效积温

研究了黑广肩步甲Calosoma maximociczi Morawitz各虫态的主要生物学特性及其卵的发育起点温度与有效积温.在山东地区,该虫1年发生1代,以成虫在土壤中越冬.成虫在5月中旬至10月上旬发生,6月初开始产卵,卵的发育起点温度为14.66℃,有效积温41.7日度,在25℃下卵期平均为3.69&#177;0.25d;幼虫共3龄,历期分别为3d～5d、4d～5d;平均气温28℃下,预蛹期约为8d～14d,蛹期为10d～15d.成、幼虫以多种鳞翅目幼虫为食.     

TEMPERATURE AND FORWARD MOVEMENT OF PARAMECIUM

1. The rate of forward movement in Paramecium as affected by changes in temperature can be described accurately in terms of the Arrhenius equation. See PDF for Equation 2. For the range from 6–15°, µ = 16,000; from 16–40°, µ = 8,000. These values fall within the limits characteristic for chemical processes. 3. On the principle of velocity control by the slowest rate, it is assumed that in Paramecium at temperatures above normal, control passes from one underlying reaction to another. 4. The views expressed by Rice, the recent results of Crozier, and certain µ values given by Arrhenius all suggest that µ = 16,000 may represent an oxidation, and µ = 8,000 either a modified oxidation or an hydrolysis. 5. For the system of controls, the catenary series O → A → E with the lower µ value attached to the precursor reaction is adequate. We may also assume a cyclical system analogous to Meyerhof''s conception of carbohydrate metabolism in muscle. In this case it is necessary to assign µ = 16,000 to the oxidation of A and E and µ = 8,000 to the synthesis E → O. This model also accounts for the fact that the data might be interpreted as involving, apparently, a depletion of A at the higher temperature.     

水域增温对轮虫影响初探

根据对漳泽水库增温水域的轮虫调查,发现轮虫有33种,平均密度262.5个/1,生物量为0.0631mg/1。并运用相关、回归等方法分析了轮虫的群落特征,结果表明:在20—25℃温度范围内,温度增加,群落多样性指数和均匀度指数也增加;温差越大,群落的种类相似性系数越小;温度对不同种类的轮虫影响不同,两种优势种针簇多肢轮虫(Polyarthra trigla)和沟痕泡轮虫(Pompholyx sulcata)对温度呈现出显著的相关性,其回归方程分别为:Y=362.21-13.99T和Y=-1005.9 49.886T;随着温度增加,优势种从针簇多肢轮虫向沟痕泡轮虫转变。