THE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF PHAGOCYTOSIS

1. The experiments of Madsen and Watabiki on the effect of temperature on the phagocytosis of bacteria are discussed and a new analysis of their curves is given, showing that the rate of phagocytosis is very nearly a logarithmic function of the temperature from 0° to 35°C.; i.e., Q ₁₀ is constant over that range and is equal to 2.0. 2. New experiments are reported on the effect of temperature on the phagocytosis of quartz and carbon particles of uniform sizes, showing a marked increase in the temperature coefficient below 30°C.     

THE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF THE UREA DENATURATION OF EGG ALBUMIN

Evidence is brought forward to show that at concentrations of urea high enough to split the egg albumin molecule the solubility changes produced by urea are profoundly modified. The degree of precipitation after dialysis is the net result of two changes produced by the urea: the first, normally spoken of as denaturation, which makes the protein insoluble in dilute solution and the second, a splitting of the molecule which makes it soluble. These two reactions may proceed independently and simultaneously or the second reaction may follow the first, taking place in the denatured molecule only. In view of the decrease in the opalescence with time, the latter process is more probable. Both of these reactions have positive temperature coefficients, but as the concentration of urea increases the second reaction is more affected by increase in temperature than the first, and consequently the resulting opalescence decreases rather than increases with temperature. This accounts for and explains reports of negative temperature coefficients of denaturation, when denaturation is measured by the amount of insoluble material found on dilution. The occurrence of these two reactions, one leading to an increase and the other to a decrease in the amount of insoluble protein, should be taken into account when denaturation changes in egg albumin with urea are studied.     

THE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF INACTIVATION OF CRYSTALLINE PEPSIN BY ULTRA-VIOLET RADIATION

Determinations of the temperature coefficient of inactivation of pure crystalline pepsin solutions by ultra-violet irradiation give values very close to unity (1.02).     

植物光合作用对高温的响应

介绍了高温影响植物光合器官的主要位点,并分析指出高温导致光合速率降低的限制因素;以及高等植物防御高温的主要机制。在此基础上探讨了以后的研究方向。     

THE LOCOMOTION OF LIMAX : I. TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF PEDAL ACTIVITY.

Pedal progression of the slug Limax maximus was studied to obtain relations between wave velocity on the sole of the foot, wave frequency, the advance due to a single wave, and the velocity of vertically upward creeping. Each of the first three quantities is directly proportional to the simultaneous velocity of progression. Under comparable conditions, that is when work is done at a constant rate, the frequency of pedal waves is influenced by the temperature according to the equation of Arrhenius, with µ = 10,700 (Q ₁₀ for 11° to 21° = 2.1). The velocity of a single wave must have very nearly the same "temperature characteristic," which is found also in another case of nerve net transmission (in Renilla).     

裂叶沙参气孔行为与光合蒸腾特性通径分析

通过相关系数和通径系数分析方法,对不同海拔高度裂叶沙参(Adenophora lobophylla)气孔行为与光合、蒸腾特性的关系进行了相关性分析。气孔行为对光合、蒸腾均缺乏显著的相关性,说明裂叶沙参光合、蒸腾作用的气孔控制不显著;裂叶沙参叶片气孔开度直接影响光合速率和胞间CO₂浓度,气孔导度对裂叶沙参蒸腾速率影响较大。     

DYNAMICS OF NERVE CELLS : I. THE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF THE NEUROGENIC RHYTHM OF THE HEART OF LIMULUS POLYPHEMUS.

In the case of the heart of Limulus polyphemus the same magnitude and variation of the temperature coefficient (Q ₁₀) is obtained from the whole heart as from the ganglion alone. From the magnitude of the temperature coefficients and their variation with changes of temperature we may conclude that the rate of the heart beat is determined by alteration of chemical processes in the ganglion cells.     

杭州石荠苧的光合特性及其对土壤水分的响应

本文通过控制土壤水分条件杭州石荠（Ｍｏｓｌａｈａｎｇｃｈｏｗｅｎｓｉｓ）光合的生理生态研究,解释了１９９３～１９９５年野外种群生态和生理生态研究中发现的问题,并分析了该种的濒危机制。结果表明：（１）杭州石荠的光饱和点较低,在土壤水分充足时仅３０ｋＬｕｘ左右。当土壤含水率从５％增加至２１％时,光饱和点、最大净光合速率和初始Ｐ／Ｌ值随之增加,而光补偿点则随之降低,但当土壤湿度超过２１％时,各参数的变化呈现出相反趋势。（２）在诸环境因子中,土壤含水率对光合速率的影响最显著,土壤从湿到干,光合土壤含水率回归直线的斜率增大,土壤湿度为６％时的斜率达１２．２２０８,是８％～１０％时的２～４倍和２４％～２５％时的６～９倍。（３）极端干旱时的水分利用效率最低,中等偏干时最高,湿润时又降低。（４）从光合特征值、解剖结构和叶绿素含量等判断,该种应属于Ｃ３光合类型、需光量介于阳性植物和阴性植物之间的耐阴植物。杭州石荠的上述光合生理生态特点及其它一些生物学特性,以及其分布地的环境之间的诸多矛盾可能是造成其濒危的主要原因之一。     

RATES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION OF THE MOSS BRYUM SANDBERGII AS INFLUENCED BY LIGHT INTENSITY AND TEMPERATURE

Using differential respirometry and air enriched to 3% CO₂ (v/v), the rates of photosynthesis and dark respiration of the moss Bryum sandbergii were measured as influenced by temperature and light intensity. The optimal temperature for net (apparent) photosynthesis was between 24 to 30 C; however, the photosynthesis/respiration ratio was about 11 to 27 between 4 to 24 C and dropped to lower values at 34 C., which indicates a wide temperature tolerance for this moss in short-term experiments. The maximum temperature for photosynthesis was about 41 C and the minimum was below –5 C. At 20 C light saturation was approached at 6.2 mw cm^–2 (ca. 700 ft-c) but not completely reached at 12 mw cm^-2; the light compensation point was estimated to be 0.4 mw cm^-2 (ca. 40 ft-c). At 4 C light saturation and the compensation point were at lower levels and apparently solarization occurred at 12 mw cm^-2. Light intensity had little or no apparent effect on dark respiration. However, respiration increased with temperature over various ranges extending from –5 to 39 C with temperature quotients of about 2.5 to 1.2. The significance of these characteristics is discussed with respect to the ecological relationships of the species.     

ON THE DYNAMICS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Minute amounts of photosynthesis in marine plants can be accurately measured by adding a little phenolphthalein to the sea water, and observing changes in the color of the indicator. In the case of fresh water aquatics bicarbonates are added. By this method it is found that Ulva which has been kept in the dark begins photosynthesis as soon as it is exposed to sunlight and that the rate steadily increases until a constant speed is attained. This may be explained by assuming that sunlight decomposes a substance whose products either catalyze photosynthesis or enter directly into the reaction. Quantitative theories are developed in order to account for the facts.     

水稻幼苗叶片光合作用和量子产额对低温强光的响应

水稻(Oryza sativa)幼苗叶片光合作用及 CO_2吸收的量子产额有不同的最适温度。20℃以下,光合速率和量子产额降低,两者的变化趋势相似。6—12℃抑制量子产额34—74%、抑制光合速率46—89%。低温弱光不抑制量子产额,但处理后给予强光(低温),抑制率达33%。经强光(1000μmol m~(-2)s~(-1))低温(8℃)处理2小时的叶片,转入高温(30℃)弱光(120μmol m~(-2)s~(-1))中,出现了量子产额的可逆变化,从0.018(对照0.049)提高到0.034(恢复1小时)及0.039(恢复2小时)。低氧(2%)可减弱在大气中因强光低温产生的抑制作用。结果表明,高光强和高氧是与低温共同作用的重要因子。低温强光引起光氧化损伤,表现光抑制现象。     

THE ORDER OF THE BLACKMAN REACTION IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS

On the assumption that photosynthesis is a cyclic process and that irradiation by ultraviolet light does not change the reaction constants, the Blackman reaction is shown to be of first order.     

INFLUENCE OF SALINITY AND TEMPERATURE ON GROWTH AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN THE EXTREMOPHILIC CHLOROPHYTE,NANNOCHLORIS SP.

Major, K. M. & Henley, W. J. Department of Botany, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-3013 USA Preliminary data suggest Nannochloris sp., isolated from the Great Salt Plains National Wildlife Refuge, is a true extremophile. This alga is able to withstand salinities ranging from 0 to 150 ç and temperatures up to 45°C. To test the hypothesis that acclimation to high salinity confers tolerance to high temperature, experimental cultures were acclimated to salinities of 25 and 100 ç and/or temperatures of 23 and 38°C; irradiance (500 mol photons m^-2 s^-1) was saturating for both growth and photosynthesis. Cells acclimated to low salt and low temperature exhibited high photosynthetic performance in terms of both light-saturated photosynthesis (P_max; 45.0 fmol O₂ cell^-1 h^-1) and light-harvesting efficiency (0.103 fmol O₂ cell^-1 h^-1/mol photons m^-2 s^-1). However, high-salinity cells exhibited values for net P_max (18.1 fmol O₂ cell^-1 h^-1), (0.107 fmol O₂ cell^-1 h^-1/mol photons m^-2 s^-1) and growth rates (ca. 0.4 d^-1) that were equal to, or higher than, those of low-salinity cells when acclimated to high temperature. Both the amount of light required to achieve net photosynthesis (I_c) and that required to achieve light-saturated photosynthesis (I_k) were lower in high-salinity cells than those exhibited by low-salinity cells grown at high temperature; reductions in I_c and I_k were primarily due to increases in light-harvesting efficiency. We propose that an increase in growth temperature might release Nannochloris sp. from energy constraints associated with osmolyte production and low-temperature effects on enzyme activity. These data are consistent with effects of short-term temperature stress on Chl a fluorescence kinetics in this alga.