THE AGGLUTINATION OF RED BLOOD CELLS IN THE PRESENCE OF BLOOD SERA

1. The addition of blood serum displaces the optimum for agglutination of red blood cells in a salt-free medium to the reaction characteristic of flocculation of the serum euglobulin. 2. This effect is not due merely to a mechanical entanglement of the cells by the precipitating euglobulin, since at reactions at which the latter is soluble it protects the cells from the agglutination which occurs in its absence. 3. A combination of some sort appears therefore to take place between sheep cells and sheep, rabbit, and guinea pig serum euglobulin, and involves a condensation of the serum protein upon the surface of the red cell. 4. At the optimal point for agglutination of persensitized cells both mid- and end-piece of complement combine with the cells. 5. Agglutination is closely related to an optimal H ion concentration in the suspending fluid, and probably of the cell membrane, and not to a definite reaction in the interior of the cell.     

粘虫的血糖代谢

本文通过纸上层析和化学方法,研究了粘虫在蛹化前后各虫期血淋巴液中的总糖、海藻糖、葡萄糖和血淋巴的还原值,并与蓖麻蚕进行了比较。此外,还测定了血淋巴海藻糖酶的活性变化。结果表明:1)在蛹化前后血淋巴液中的总糖与海藻糖,自末龄幼虫进食以后开始大量积累,到幼虫老熟时达最高。在幼虫蜕皮和停食化蛹过程,血糖含量明显地减少。雌体含量均高于雄体。血淋巴液中的糖量变化与粘虫的生长发育有密切关系。2)和蓖麻蚕相似,在蜕皮和停食以后的化蛹过程,血淋巴中的还原值显著增加,这种增加主要是由于葡萄糖、核糖以及其它还原物质的出现或数量的增加所引起。3)末龄幼虫血淋巴液中的总糖及海藻糖的百分比含量,均比同虫期的蓖麻蚕的含量低2—5倍。粘虫幼虫血淋巴中的海藻糖量只占总糖的66.3%—94%,而蓖麻蚕则为98%—100%。4)幼虫血淋巴中的海藻糖酶活力与家蚕、蓖麻蚕的相同,均在进食期间无活力表现或活力极低;在幼虫蜕皮和化蛹过程则明显出现活力。5)血淋巴液中的糖量变化与海藻糖酶活力变化有明显的负相关。文中还分析和讨论了粘虫血糖代谢的特点以及各种糖类物质在生长发育中的作用。     

血雉的声谱分析

本文采用野外实地录音,室内语图分析和制图的方法,对血雉的呼吸声、报警叫声、取食叫声、争食叫声、联络叫声等５种鸣声的频率变化范围和持续时间进行了分析,并探讨了不同的鸣声与其相应行为的关系。／     

THE THICKNESS OF THE WALL OF THE RED BLOOD CORPUSCLE

Fricke''s assumption, that the dielectric constant of the erythrocyte wall is 3, is discussed. The assumption is approximately correct in the case of a solid layer of any thickness, and in the case of a liquid layer of not more than bimolecular thickness. For liquid layers of greater thickness the dielectric constant may be several times greater than 3. Calculated values based on experimental determinations are given of the dielectric constants of the polar groups of unimolecular films.     

THE RHEOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. V

A study has been made of those proteins which might offer exceptions to the law that the fluidity of a protein solution is a linear function of the volume concentration; viz., egg albumin, serum albumin, pseudoglobulin, euglobulin, gelatin, and sodium caseinogenate. Solutions of egg albumin below 20 per cent by weight obey the above law but somewhat below 30 per cent the fluidities begin to be too high, presumably due to the contribution to the fluidity made by the deformation of the particles as they come into contact, as the fluidity approaches zero. The fluidity of serum albumin solutions shows a similar behavior, being exceptional above 15 per cent in weight. Pseudoglobulin and euglobulin give fluidity-concentration curves (Fig. 4) which are linear up to about 2.5 per cent each in a total range of 20 and 14 per cent respectively. From this singular point both compounds show a second range which is linear. Pseudoglobulin is the only substance whose solutions seem to show a third linear range. We have also used the data of Chick and Martin for sodium caseinogenate and found evidence for two linear régimes. It is desirable at this time to call attention to the measurements of the flow of glycogen solutions by Botazzi and d''Errico (14) which in Fluidity and See PDF for Structure plasticity, page 207, are expressed in rhes. The data show two linear fluidity curves of different slopes. In this case it was definitely known that the data for each curve were measured with different viscometers which suggested the possibility of an error in viscometry entering in to confuse the issue. We have no suspicions as to the reliability of the data studied in this paper; we only wish to caution the readers that our hypotheses based on these data must be regarded with due reserve until confirmed. We have found a formula (11) based on the supposed linear relation between logarithmic fluidities and concentration which is convenient to use within the range, but close examination reveals that it does not reproduce the data for the higher concentrations at 25° nor does it permit extrapolation to pure water It is not realistic enough because it does not contemplate any change of régime in going from viscous to non-Newtonian or plastic flow. The formula does not apply to any other of the proteins studied in this paper nor to the great majority of proteins already reported as following the linear law. These are serious objections. We have therefore offered as an alternative a simple formula (24) according to which the fluidities are additive in the viscous régime. When the emulsoid particles approach close packing, they are deformed and this deformation contributes to the flow and the fluidity volume concentration curve is again linear. In fact, there may be one or more additional changes of régime.     

THE RHEOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. III

The authors have confirmed the fact that blood serum and plasma behave rheologically like a true viscous liquid. It is true for whole blood only to a first approximation, but with this reservation they have studied the available data and extended the equation of Bingham and Durham to cover protein solutions of various concentrations and at various temperatures as well as mixtures of proteins and corpuscles present in whole blood. If Φ is the fluidity of whole blood, Φ₁ is the fluidity of water and ΔΦ = Φ – Φ₁, then ΔΦ = β₁ b ₁ + β₂ b ₂ + β₃ b ₃ + ··· where β₁, β₂, β₃, etc., are constants for the fluidity lowering of the salts, albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, and the corpuscles, etc., present in the whole blood. The conclusions from the data referred to are intended to buttress this simple equation (6).     

THE INFLUENCE OF X-RAYS ON THE PROPERTIES OF BLOOD

When rabbits are exposed to x-radiation as described, there results a definite change in the See PDF for Equation ratio of their plasma. This change is evidently one which defines a state of uncompensated alkali excess. The time required for a maximum change in the chemical reaction is the same as that required for a maximum change in the decrease of leucocytes. Sodium bicarbonate injected into the peritoneal cavity is followed by results identical with those observed following exposure to x-rays. The maximum changes occur in a shorter time following bicarbonate injection, but the relation between chemical and morphological changes are the same. We consider this analogy to be an important one in that it is suggestive of a relationship between the effect of salt and the effect of x-rays.