Die GattungAdelocaryum Brand

Summary Adelocaryum anchusoides (Lindl.)Brand andA. capusii (Franch.)Brand are members of the genusLindelofia,A. Schlagintweitii Brand,A. erythraeum Brand,A. flexuosum Brand undA. malabaricum (C. B.Clarke)Brand are newly combined toCynoglossum, A. coelestinum (Lindl.)Brand is a species of subgenusEleutherostylum inCynoglossum in which genus it had already been placed byLindley.     

The genusAntennaria (Asteraceae: Inuleae) in western North America: Morphometric analysis ofAntennaria alborosea,A. corymbosa,A. marginata,A. microphylla,A. parvifolia,A. rosea,andA. umbrinella

Multivariate analysis of vegetative and reproductive characters was used to examine morphological relatedness amongAntennaria alborosea A. E. Porsild,A. corymbosa E. Nels.,A. marginata Greene,A. microphylla Rydb.,A. parvifolia Nutt.,A. rosea Greene, andA. umbrinella Rydb. Both pistillate and staminate plants were examined. Some of the characters examined were variable in one species, but stable in another (i.e., presence or absence of papillae on the achenes). Our analyses indicate that the seven species are morphologically distinct. It is hypothesized that theA. rosea agamic complex arose through hybridization amongA. corymbosa, A. microphylla, A. umbrinella, and possiblyA. dioica (L.)Gaertn. However, hybridization between the three former species and others, as well as their subsequent morphological responses to different environmental conditions causes confusion in recognizing the taxa.Antennaria angustifolia Rydb.,A. arida E. Nels.,A. confinis Greene,A. scariosa E. Nels.,A. foliacea humilis Rydb.,A. concinna E. Nels., andA. viscidula E. Nels. are considered to represent F 1 hybrids.     

The supraspecific taxonomy and evolution of the fern genusAzolla (Azollaceae)

The systematics of the aquatic fern genusAzolla Lam. is revised at the supraspecific level. Published morphological data are reviewed, and cytological and cladistic analyses of the genus conducted, enabling a discussion of the putative evolutionary trends in the genus, and a revision of the current taxonomy. A phylogenetically more acceptable subgeneric and sectional classification is proposed, viz. subg.Azolla sect.Azolla (comprisingA. filiculoides Lam.,A. rubra R. Br.,A caroliniana auct. nonWilld.,A. microphylla auct. nonKaulf. andA. mexicana Presl), subg.Azolla sect.Rhizosperma (Mey.)Mett. (comprisingA. pinnata R. Br.), and subg.Tetrasporocarpia subg. nov. (comprisingA. nilotica Decne. exMett.).     

Zur taxonomischen Stellung und Nomenklatur vonMicropus longifolius (Compositae-Inuleae)

Zusammenfassung Die unter den NamenMicropus longifolius Boiss. etReut. bzw.Cymbolaena longifolia (Boiss. etReut.)Smoljan. gut bekannte Art wurde zuerst alsStylocline griffithii A.Gray beschrieben. Ihre taxonomische Stellung in bezug auf die GattungenMicropus undStylocline wird diskutiert. Es erscheint am richtigsten, die Art in eine eigene monotypische Gattung zu stellen, ihr korrekter Name ist dannCymbolaena griffithii (A.Gray)Wagenitz, comb. nov.

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Summary The species usually known asMicropus longifolius Boiss. etReut. orCymbolaena longifolia (Boiss. etReut.)Smoljan. was described for the first time in 1873 asStylocline griffithii A.Gray. The taxonomic position in relation to the generaMicropus andStylocline is discussed. It seems most appropriate to regard this species as belonging to a monotypic genus. In this case its correct name isCymbolaena griffithii (A.Gray)Wagenitz, comb. nov.

     

The species ofAphelinus Dalman, 1820 [Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae] from India

An account of the Indian species of the genusAphelinus Dalman is given Two new species (A. kashmiriensis sp. n.,A. desantisi sp.n.) are described. Four species (A. nikolskajae Jasnosh,A. flavipes (Foerster),A. abdominalis (Dalman),A. asychis Walker) are reported for the first time from India. A key for the separation of the Indian species ofAphelinus is presented.

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Résumé Deux nouvelles espèces (A. kashmiriensis, A. desantisi) sont décrites. Quatre espèces (A. nikolskajae Janosh,A. flavipes (Foerster),A. abdominalis (Dalman),A. asychis Walker) sont signalées pour la première fois de l’Inde. Une clé de détermination des espèces indiennes deAphelinus est présentée.

     

Fungi that cause mouldiness of processed sheet rubber in Western Nigeria

The fung isolated from mouldy processed sheet rubber in Western Nigeria wereAspergillus fumigatus Fres,Aspergillus flavus Link andAspergillus aculeatus Iisuka. When inoculated on sterilized, uninfected sheet rubber, bothA. fumigatus andA. flavus produced symptoms which were similar to those originally observed on mouldy processed sheet from the rubber estate.

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Zusammenfassung Die folgenden Pilze sind vom verschimmelten, bearbeiteten Rubber isoliert worden:Aspergillus fumigatus Fres,A. flavus Link andA. aculeatus Iisuka. WennA. fumigatus undA. flavus an sterilisiertem, nicht infiziertem Rubber verimpft worden sind, haben sie identische Läsionen am sterilen Rubber verursacht.

     

Novos Deuteromycetes da micogeografia intercontinental

Summary This paper deals with some interesting new fungi which are described as a contribution for the development of the Mycogeography.Arbuscula Batista &Peres n. gen. is studied as a member of the family Stilbaceae havingA. eugeniae Batista &Peres n. sp. on leaves ofEugenia jambolana Lam. from Lucknow, India, as the type species. Another new genus isEllisia Batista &Peres, typified byE. ingae Batista &Peres n. sp. on leaves ofInga fagifolia (L.)Willd. from Manaus. Amazonas, Brazil. Two new binomia are:Eriomycopsis paraensis Batista &Peres n. sp. on leaves ofBertholletia excelsa H.B.K. from Belem, State of Pará, Brazil,Sporidesmium americanense Batista &Peres n. sp. on leaves ofQuercus wislizenii A.D.C., from U.S.A. andSporidesmium cookei (Hughes)W. B. Ellis, on leaves of Lauraceae, from Manaus.

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Zusammenfassung Diese Arbeit bringt einige interessante neue Pilze, welche als Beitrag zur Entwicklung der Mycogeographie beschrieben werden.Arbuscula Batista &Peres n. gen. wurde studiert als ein Mitglied der Familie Stilbaceae, dessen TypusA. eugeniae Batista &Peres n. sp. sich auf Blättern vonEugenia jambolana Lam. aus Lucknow, Indien, befand. Eine andere neue Gattung istEllisia Batista &Peres, typiziert durchE. ingae Batista &Peres n. sp. auf Blättern vonInga fagifolia (L.)Willd. aus Manaus, Amazonas, Brasilien. Zwei neue Binome sind:Eriomycopsis paraensis Batista &Peres n. sp. auf Blättern vonBertholletia excelsa H.B.K. aus Belém, Staat Pará, Brasilien,Sporidesmium americanense Batista &Peres n. sp. auf Blättern vonQuercus wislizenii A.D.C. aus U.S.A. undSporidesmium cookei (Hughes)W. B. Ellis, auf Blättern von Lauraceae, aus Manaus, Amazonas.

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Dedicado à Mrmória do Prof.Raffaele Ciferri     

Morphological and cytological evidence for polyphyletic allopolyploidy inArctostaphylos mewukka (Ericaceae)

The central Sierran tetraploidArctostaphylos mewukka Merriam has been reported to be an allopolyploid originating from the diploid species,A. patula Greene and eitherA. viscida subsp.viscida Parry orA. viscida subsp.mariposa (Dudley)P. V. Wells, although without conclusive evidence. Morphometrics and the verification and determination of chromosome numbers were used to substantiate the evolutionary relationships among these species. A closely related species,Arctostaphylos truei Knight, was also examined using these methods to determine its separability fromA. mewukka. The morphometric analyses support a hypothesis for a polyphyletic origin ofA. mewukka from different races ofA. viscida andA. patula. The chromosomal data, although inclusive, also support this hypothesis. The data do not support the recognition ofA. truei as a taxonomic entity separate fromA. mewukka at the species level.     

Larval and pupal parasites ofLymantria dispar and notes on parasites of otherLymantriidae [Lep.] in Poland 1975

Larvae and pupae ofLymantria dispar (L.) were collected periodically from infestations on Linden trees at Nieborów near Skierniewice and at Alexandrowa, south of Poznan, Poland during May–July 1975. The following parasites were recovered:Braconidae: Apanteles liparidis (Bouché),A. melanoscelus (Ratzeburg),A. porthetriae Muesebeck,Meteorus pulchricornis (Wesmael);Ichneumonidae: Coccygomimus instigator (F.),Hyposoter tricoloripes (Viereck),Phobocampe n. sp.,P. disparis (Viereck);Tachinidae: Blepharipa pratensis (Meigen),Blondelia nigripes (Fallén),Carcelia separata (Rondani),Compsilura concinnata (Meigen),Parasetigena silvestris (Robineau-Desvoidy),Palexorista sp. Similar but less extensive collections were made of larvae ofOrgyia antiqua (L.). These yieldedApanteles sp.,A. melanoscelus, Tramosema rostrale (Brischke),Meloborus sp.,B. nigripes andP. silvestris; larvae ofLeucoma salicis (L.) yieldedA. melanoscelus andMeteorus versicolor (Wesmael). OnlyBlondelia sp. was recovered from the few larvae ofPorthesia similis (Fuessly) collected.

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Résumé Des chenilles et des chrysalides deLymantria dispar (L.) ont été ramassées périodiquement en Pologne de mai à juillet 1975 dans les peuplements de tilleuls infestés, à Nieboróv près de Skierniewice et à Alexandrowa, au sud de Poznan. Les parasites obtenus ont été les suivants: lesBraconidae: Apanteles liparidis (Bouché),A. melanoscelus (Ratzeburg),A. porthetriae Muesebeck,Meteorus pulchricornis (Wesmael); lesIchneumonidae: Coccygomimus instigator (F.),Hyposoter tricoloripes (Viereck),Phobocampe n. sp.,P. disparis (Viereck); lesTachinidae: Blepharipa pratensis (Meigen),Blondelia nigripes (Fallén),Carcelia separata (Rondani),Compsilura concinnata (Meigen),Parasetigena silvestris (Robineau-Desvoidy), etPalexorista sp. Des collectes du même type mais moins importantes de chenilles d’Orgyia antiqua (L.) ont permis d’obtenir les parasites suivants:Apanteles sp.,A. melanoscelus. Tranosema rostrale (Brischke),Meloborus sp.,B. nigripes, etP. silvestris. Des chenilles deLeucoma salicis (L.) ont donnéA. melanoscelus etMeteorus versicolor (Wesmael). SeulBlondelia sp. a été obtenu à partir de quelques chenilles dePorthesia similis (Fuessly).

     

Studies on aspergilli. VI. The utilization of amino acids in mixtures by some ascosporic members of the aspergillus nidulans group

Summary The utilization of certain amino acids when supplied in three different combinations, (a) glycine, serine, valine, histidine (b) methionine, valine, alanine, arginine (c) leucine, tryptophane, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, byA. nidulans (Eidam)Wint;A. rugulosus Thom andRaper;A. variecolor (Berk. andBr.)Thom andRaper;A. quadrilineatus Thom andRaper andA. violaceus Fennel andRaper was studied through circular partition chromatography. It was found that these Aspergilli which are so closely related morphologically exhibited different rate of assimilation of amino acids. Amino acids in mixtures were utilized better than when supplied singly. Although different species had their own preference to certain amino acids yet there was a simultaneous utilization of both good and poor amino acids.     

Identification and characterization of the bacterial <Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">d</Emphasis>-gluconate dehydratase in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Achromobacter xylosoxidans</Emphasis>

Achromobacter xylosoxidans is known to utilize d-glucose via the modified Entner-Doudoroff pathway. Although d-gluconate dehydratase produced from this bacterium was purified and partially characterized previously, a gene that encodes this enzyme has not yet been identified. To obtain protein information on bacterial d-gluconate dehydratase, we partially purified d-gluconate dehydratase in A. xylosoxidans and investigated its biochemical properties. Two degenerate primers were designed based on the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the partially purified d-gluconate dehydratase. Through PCR performed using degenerate primers, a 1,782-bp DNA sequence encoding the A. xylosoxidans d-gluconate dehydratase (gnaD) was obtained. The deduced amino acid sequence of A. xylosoxidans gnaD showed strong similarity with that of proteins belonging to the dihydroxy-acid dehydratase/phosphogluconate dehydratase family (COG0129). This is in contrast to the archaeal d-gluconate dehydratase, which belongs to the enolase superfamily (COG4948). The phylogenetic tree showed that A. xylosoxidans d-gluconate dehydratase is closer to the 6-phosphogluconate dehydratase than the dihydroxy-acid dehydratase. Interestingly, a clade containing A. xylosoxidans enzyme was clustered with proteins annotated as a second and a third dihydroxy-acid dehydratase in the genomes of Clostridium acetobutylicum (Cac_ilvD2) and Streptomyces ceolicolor (Sco_ilvD2, Sco_ilvD3), indicating that the function of these enzymes is the dehydration of d-gluconate.     

The alternative<Emphasis Type="SmallCaps"> d</Emphasis>-galactose degrading pathway of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Aspergillus nidulans</Emphasis> proceeds via<Emphasis Type="SmallCaps"> l</Emphasis>-sorbose

The catabolism of d-galactose in yeast depends on the enzymes of the Leloir pathway. In contrast, Aspergillus nidulans mutants in galactokinase (galE) can still grow on d-galactose in the presence of ammonium—but not nitrate—ions as nitrogen source. A. nidulans galE mutants transiently accumulate high (400 mM) intracellular concentrations of galactitol, indicating that the alternative d-galactose degrading pathway may proceed via this intermediate. The enzyme degrading galactitol was identified as l-arabitol dehydrogenase, because an A. nidulans loss-of-function mutant in this enzyme (araA1) did not show NAD⁺-dependent galactitol dehydrogenase activity, still accumulated galactitol but was unable to catabolize it thereafter, and a double galE/araA1 mutant was unable to grow on d-galactose or galactitol. The product of galactitol oxidation was identified as l-sorbose, which is a substrate for hexokinase, as evidenced by a loss of l-sorbose phosphorylating activity in an A. nidulans hexokinase (frA1) mutant. l-Sorbose catabolism involves a hexokinase step, indicated by the inability of the frA1 mutant to grow on galactitol or l-sorbose, and by the fact that a galE/frA1 double mutant of A. nidulans was unable to grow on d-galactose. The results therefore provide evidence for an alternative pathway of d-galactose catabolism in A. nidulans that involves reduction of the d-galactose to galactitol and NAD⁺-dependent oxidation of galactitol by l-arabitol dehydrogenase to l-sorbose.     

Patterns of intraspecific variation inAntennaria alborosea,A. corymbosa,A. marginata,A. microphylla,A. parvifolia,andA. umbrinella (Asteraceae:Inuleae)

Patterns of intraspecific variation were examined inAntennaria alborosea A. E. Porsild,A. corymbosa E. Nels,A. marginata Greene,A. microphylla Rydb.,A. parvifolia Nutt., andA. umbrinella Rydb. AlthoughA. alborosea was initially considered arctic in distribution, it became apparent that a southern montane element also exists. Our results suggest that morphological differences between arctic and southern montane specimens represent clinal variation. The additional morphological data for specimens that occur more than 1,500 km south of the species' range as it was initially described result in a better understanding of this once presumed arctic taxon. Morphological variation in the dioecious speciesA. corymbosa, A. marginata, A. microphylla, A. parvifolia, andA. umbrinella was greater between the genders than was geographic variation within each gender. These results demonstrate that both pistillate and staminate specimens must be examined in dioecious species ofAntennaria if morphological variation in the respective species is to be fully understood. Character size or number of broadly distributed species (A. microphylla andA. parvifolia) generally decreased with increasing longitude, whereas characters of species with more restricted distributions (A. alborosea, A. corymbosa, andA. marginata) generally increased in size or number with increasing latitude or longitude.Antennaria umbrinella was an exception in this respect.     

Zwei Ausgangskaryotypen bei der Gräser-GattungAira L.

Zusammenfassung Für die Arten der GattungAira L. werden die folgenden Chromosomenzahlen mitgeteilt:A. capillaris Host, 2n=14;A. caryophyllea L., 2n=14 und 28;A. multiculmis Dum., 2n=28;A. praecox L., 2n=14;A. tenorii Guss., 2n=14;A. provincialis Jord., 2n=28 undA. cupaniana Guss., 2n=14. Die Zahlen der letzten drei Arten werden zum erstenmal veröffentlicht.Bei den diploiden Arten kommen zwei unterschiedliche Karyotypen vor: A ist verbreitet, B aufA. praecox beschränkt. Der Karyotyp der tetraploidenA. caryophyllea setzt sich aus A+B zusammen, während es sich beiA. multiculmis um eine Verdoppelung von A handelt. — Über die Verbreitung der Arten und Cytotypen werden einige Hinweise gegeben.

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Two basic karyotypes in the grass genusAira L.

Summary Chromosome numbers of all known species of the genusAira L. are counted:A. capillaris Host, 2n=14;A. caryophyllea L., 2n=14 and 28;A. multiculmis Dum., 2n=28;A. praecox L., 2n=14;A. tenorii Guss., 2n=14;A. provincialis Jord., 2n=28 andA. cupaniana Guss., 2n=14. The numbers of the last three species are published for the first time. Two different karyotypes are found amongst the diploids: A is widespread, B limited toA. praecox. The karyotype of the tetraploidA. caryophyllea can be described as AB, that ofA. multiculmis as AA. — Remarks on the distribution of the species and cytotypes are added.

     

Zur Cytotaxonomie vonArabis hirsuta agg. (Cruciferae). IV. Chromosomenzahlen vonA. sagittata (Bertol.) DC. undA. hirsuta (L.)Scop. s. str. aus Europa

Zusammenfassung A. sagittata (Bertol.) DC. von zehn Herkünften aus Europa ist mit 2 n=16 diploid.A. hirsuta (L.)Scop. s. str. einschließlich der sicherlich hierhergehörigen var.glaberrima Wahlenb. von 30 europäischen Herkünften ist mit 2 n=32 tetraploid; diploide Pflanzen konnten beiA. hirsuta s. str. nicht gefunden werden.

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Summary A. sagittata (Bertol.) DC. from 10 different places in Europe has 2 n=16 chromosomes and is diploid.A. hirsuta (L.)Scop. s. str., its var.glaberrima Wahlenb. being included, has been investigated from 30 provenances in Europe, it has the tetraploid chromosome number 2 n=32, diploid plants could not be found in this species.A. hirsuta var.glaberrima (2 n=32) is surely belonging toA. hirsuta s. str. and not toA. allionii (2 n=16).

     

Deuteromycetes from Jabalpur. III

Summary In this paper the author has described seventeen new Deuteromycetes from Jabalpur (M.P.) India. These are: Phyllosticta careyae Sahni onCareya arborea Roxb.,Phyllosticta anogeissi Sahni onAnogeissus latifolia Wall.,Phomopsis dalbergiae Sahni onDalbergia sissoo Roxb.,Phomopsis yuccae Sahni onYucca aloifolia L.,Phomopsis dracaenae Sahni onDracaena brachystachys Hook.,Phomopsis buteae Sahni onButea monosperma (Lam.)Kunze,Cytospora grevilleae Sahni onGrevillea robusta A. Cunn.,Coniothyrium sarcinellae Sahni onSarcinella palawanensis (Syd.)Sahni parasitising leaves ofCalastrus paniculatus Willd.,Coniothyrium dioscoreae Sahni on fruits ofDioscorea sp.,Amerodiscosiella indica Sahni onIxora parviflora Vahl.,Ascochyta nyctanthis Sahni onNyctanthes arbor-tristis L.,Pseudodiplodia buteae Sahni onButea monosperma (Lam.)Kunze,Pseudodiplodia oreodoxae Sahni onOreodoxa oleracea Mart.,Phaeoseptoria bougainvilleae Sahni onBougainvillea glabra Choisy,Hainesia jabalpurensis Sahni onWoodfordia fruticosa (L.)Kurz.,Colletotrichum arjunae Sahni onTerminalia arjuna W. & A., andColletotrichum terminaliae Sahni onTerminalia bellirica (Gaertn.)Roxb.     

Multivariate analysis of theSenecio nemorensis group (Compositae) in the Carpathians with a new species from the East Carpathians

Six species and subspecies of theS. nemorensis group from the Carpathians are recognized here, based on morphometric analyses (cluster and discriminant analyses). A new speciesS. ucranicus Hodálová and a new hybridS. ×dominii Hodálová=S. germanicus Wallr.×S. ucranicus Hodálová, occurring in the East Carpathians and the eastern part of the South Carpathians, are described. The vicarious nature ofS. hercynicus Herborg subsp.hercynicus, S. dacicus Hodálová etMarhold andS. ucranicus Hodálová in the Carpathians is documented. A key to theS. nemorensis group in the Carpathians as well as toS. nemorensis L. s. str. is presented.     

Régime alimentaire d'un thrips prédateurAeolothrips intermedius [Thys.: Aeolothripioas]

Résumé Diverses proies ont été présentées aux larves d'Aeolothrips intermedius Bagnall. Les durées de développement larvaire ont servi de critère pour tester leur valeur nutritive. Les larves de thrips (Thrips tabaci Lind.,Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Bouché etOdontothrips confusus Pr.) ont permis le développement le plus rapide (12 j en moyenne). Les acariens (Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisd.,Tetranychus urticae Koch,Tetranychus atlanticus McGregor,Panonychus ulmi Koch,Cenopalpus pulcher Oudem.) ont donné de moins bons résultats (19 j en moyenne). Les aleurodes et les psylles n'ont pas assuré un développement complet. Quant aux aphides, ils n'ont pas été attaqués. Les adultes deA. intermedius doivent consommer des tissus floraux pour parvenir à la maturité sexuelle. A défaut de proies une alimentation florale peut aboutir au développement complet du prédateur. Des études quantitatives ont confirmé les résultats obtenus. Il semble donc qu'A. intermedius soit surtout un prédateur de thrips mais qu'il puisse aussi se nourrir d'acariens.

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Summary Various species of preys were given to the larvae ofAeolothrips intermedius Bagnall. Duration of larval development was used to gauge their nutritive value. Larvae of thrips (Thrips tabaci Lind.,Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Bouché, andOdontothrips confusus Pr.) allowed the fastest development (12 days/average). (Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisd.,Tetranychus urticae Koch,Tetranychus atlanticus McGregor,Panonychus ulmi Koch,Cenopalpus pulcher Oudem.) gave less good results (19 days/average). Aleyrodids and psyllids did not allow full grown. As for the aphids, they are not preyed. Adults ofA. intermedius need to feed on flowers to reach sexual maturity., In the absence of prey a floral diet can give full larval growth in predator. Quantitatives studies confirm these results. It seems thatA. intermedius is chiefly a predator of thrips but it can also prey on acari.

     

Weitere untersuchungen über die methode der zeitfange

Ohne ZusammenfassungAbkürzung der Artnamen A.o. Armadillidium opacum (C. L. Koch) - A.pu. Armadillidium pulchellum B.-L. - L. Ligidium hypnorum (Cuv.). - O. Oniscus asellus L. - P.c. Porcellium conspersum (C. L. Koch) - Ph. Philoscia muscorum Scop. var. sylvestris (Dahl) - P.r. Porcellio (Tracheoniscus) rathkei Br - P.sc. Porcellio (Euporcellio) scaber Latr - Tr. Trichoniscus caelebs (Verhoeff) und Trichoniscus elisabethae Herold     

Subdivision ofPelargonium sect.Cortusina (Geraniaceae)

The sect.Cortusina (Dc.)Harv. s.l. is divided into the sectt.Cortusina (Dc.)Harv. s. str. andReniformia (Knuth)Dreyer, comb. nov.,P. cortusifolium L'Hérit.,P. crassicaule L'Hérit.,P. echinatum Curt.,P. magenteum J. J. A. Van der Walt, andP. sibthorpifolium Harv. remain in the sect.Cortusina s. str., while the speciesP. album J. J. A. Van der Walt,P. dichondrifolium Dc.,P. odoratissimum (L.)L'Hérit.,P. reniforme Curt., andP. sidoides Dc. are removed from the sect.Cortusina s.l. and included in the revised sect.Reniformia. Both sections are well characterized by morphological, anatomical, karyological and palynological features. The chromosomes ofCortusina s. str. are small and based upon x = 11; those ofReniformia are larger and based upon x = 8. The size and surface sculpture of the pollen grains differ markedly between the two sections. Flavones and hydrolysable tannins occur in sect.Reniformia, but are absent in sect.Cortusina s. str. After hydrolysis hydroxybenzoic acids, which are present in large amounts inReniformia, occur only in traces inCortusina. The two sections also occupy distinctly different geographical areas. A close relationship between sect.Reniformia and some species of sect.Ligularia (Sweet)Harv. is indicated by the occurrence of artificial hybrids.