吸毒人群口腔念珠菌的药物敏感性分析

目的了解吸毒人群口腔念珠菌对常用抗真菌药物的敏感性,为临床治疗念珠菌病提供参考资料。方法采用美国CLSI推荐的微量稀释法测定75株念珠菌对4种常用抗真菌药物两性霉素B、5-氟胞嘧啶、氟康唑和酮康唑的药物敏感性。结果 75株吸毒人群口腔念珠菌对两性霉素B、5-氟胞嘧啶、氟康唑和酮康唑的耐药率分别为0%、4%、8%和13.3%(P0.01),对氟康唑和酮康唑的交叉耐药率为8%;非白念珠菌对氟康唑和酮康唑的耐药率高于白念珠菌(P0.05)。结论吸毒人群口腔念珠菌对两性霉素B和5-氟胞嘧啶的敏感性高于对氟康唑和酮康唑的敏感性。吸毒人群口腔念珠菌存在着对氟康唑、酮康唑和5-氟胞嘧啶的天然耐药株和对唑类药物的天然交叉耐药株,且非白念珠菌对氟康唑和酮康唑的耐药率及交叉耐药率高于白念珠菌。     

生殖道念珠菌病病原真菌的调查及药敏试验

目的了解本地区生殖道念珠菌病病原真菌构成及其体外药敏试验情况。方法采用科玛嘉念珠菌显色培养基和YBC鉴定卡对患者1164份生殖道标本的致病真菌进行分离和鉴定,并用ROSCO纸片扩散法检测分离菌株对制霉菌素、酮康唑、氟康唑、伊曲康唑、咪康唑和特比萘芬的药敏情况。结果共分离9种295株念珠菌,其中自念珠菌为85．76％,近平滑念珠菌为7．46％,光滑念珠菌为3．39％,其他念珠菌为3．39％。295株念珠菌对制霉菌素、酮康唑、氟康唑、伊曲康唑、咪康唑和特比萘芬的敏感性分别为99．66％、97．29％、89．83％、72．22％、46．44％和36．61％。结论本地区生殖道念珠菌病患者致病菌分布以白念珠菌为主,体外药敏显示制霉菌素、酮康唑和氟康唑有较好的敏感性。     

Comparative Study of Agar Diffusion Test and the NCCLS Macrobroth Method for In Vitro Susceptibility Testing of Candida spp.

We performed a prospective double-blind study to evaluate the correlation between inhibition zones obtained by a disk-diffusion test, using Neo-sensitabs of fluconazole (Rosco Diagnostica), and the MICs generated by the NCCLS macrobroth dilution assay. Eighty clinical isolates, representing 5 of the clinically relevant species of Candida, were tested simultaneously by both methods. A clear inverse correlation was found between the results obtained by both tests (r = −0.69). In addition, there was high degree of agreement between methods in the identification of susceptible isolates. However, the resistance definition by disk-diffusion test had a positive predictive value of only 17%. Our data support the hypothesis that Rosco Fluconazole Neo-sensitabs have potential as a screening test for the identification of Candida isolates susceptible to fluconazole. Resistant isolates should be further investigated by standardized broth procedures. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

致念珠菌性包皮龟头炎白假丝酵母菌对9种抗真菌药物最低抑菌浓度测定

目的检测引起念珠菌性包皮龟头炎的白假丝酵母菌对9种抗真菌药物MIC,为临床治疗念珠菌性包皮龟头炎提供参考依据。方法常规培养分真菌,并鉴定到种,采用最低抑菌浓度法对白假丝酵母菌进行体外药物敏感试验。结果培养分离的12株菌中,白假丝酵母菌占75.00%,白假丝酵母菌生物变种占16.67%,近平滑假丝酵母菌占8.33%;11株白假丝酵母菌耐药率由高到低依次是氟康唑,伊曲康唑,咪康唑,酮康唑,克霉唑,益康唑,5-氟胞嘧啶啶,两性霉素B,制霉菌素,其中6种药物耐药率大于50%。结论白假丝酵母菌仍是造成念珠菌性包皮龟头炎最常见的致病菌,耐多药现象较为普遍,应根据临床实验室的体外药敏试验结果,指导临床合理用药。     

米卡芬净对分离自中国的念珠菌和曲霉临床株体外抑菌活性的研究

目的了解新型抗真菌药物米卡芬净(micafungin,MFG)对分离自中国的念珠菌和曲霉临床株的体外抑菌活性。方法参照CLSI(Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute,以前为NCCLS)制定的M27-A2和M38-A方案测定86株念珠菌和35株曲霉的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)或最低有效浓度(MEC)。结果MFG对大多数念珠菌属和曲霉属均有较好的抑菌作用。对念珠菌属的MIC90从高到低依次为:氟康唑(FLC)敏感的白念珠菌、热带念珠菌、光滑念珠菌为0.125μg/ml,FLC耐药和剂量依赖敏感株为0.25μg/ml,克柔念珠菌为0.5μg/ml,近平滑念珠菌8μg/ml,季也蒙念珠菌>16μg/ml。MFG对烟曲霉的MEC90为≤0.03μg/ml,对非烟曲霉的曲霉属MEC90为0.06μg/ml。MFG与唑类药物、两性霉素B(AMB)不存在交叉耐药,对FLC耐药的念珠菌、伊曲康唑耐药的曲霉、AMB不敏感的曲霉均有好的抑菌活性。结论MFG对多数念珠菌属和曲霉属(包括对唑类耐药和AMB不敏感的菌株)有较好的体外抑菌作用。     

广州地区生殖系统念珠菌感染的菌型及其体外药敏分析

目的 了解性传播疾病病人中生殖系统念珠菌感染的菌型及其对临床常用抗真菌药物的敏感性.方法 采用法国梅里埃公司的ATB ID32C酵母菌鉴定反应板鉴定菌种并使用Rosco纸片扩散法进行体外药敏检测,比较不同菌型念珠菌的药敏情况.结果 临床131例生殖系统念珠菌感染者中,白色念珠菌116例(88.55％)、近平滑念珠菌7例(5.34％)、光滑念珠菌5例(3.82％)、季也蒙念珠菌2例(1.53％)、克柔念珠菌1例(0.76％).药敏分析结果:念珠菌属对制霉菌素(96.18％)、酮康唑(90.84％)、氟康唑(70.23％)敏感,而对咪康唑(31.30％)、嗌康唑(31.30％)、伊曲康唑(47.33％)和特比奈酚(7.63％)的中度敏感性和耐药性比较高.结论 生殖系统念珠菌感染以白色念珠菌为主,感染的念珠菌除了对多烯类药物敏感率高外,对唑类抗真菌药有不同程度的交叉耐药,不同菌型其药敏谱存在差异.     

广州地区生殖系统念珠菌感染的菌型及其体外药敏分析

【摘 要】 目的 了解性传播疾病病人中生殖系统念珠菌感染的菌型及其对临床常用抗真菌药物的敏感性。 方法 采用法国梅里埃公司的ATB ID32C酵母菌鉴定反应板鉴定菌种并使用Rosco纸片扩散法进行体外药敏检测,比较不同菌型念珠菌的药敏情况。 结果 临床131例生殖系统念珠菌感染者中,白色念珠菌116例（88.55%）、近平滑念珠菌7例（5.34%）、光滑念珠菌5例（3.82%）、季也蒙念珠菌2例（1.53%）、克柔念珠菌1例（0.76%）。药敏分析结果：念珠菌属对制霉菌素（96.18%）、酮康唑（90.84%）、氟康唑（70.23%）敏感,而对咪康唑（31.30%）、嗌康唑（31.30%）、伊曲康唑（47.33%）和特比奈酚（7.63%）的中度敏感性和耐药性比较高。 结论 生殖系统念珠菌感染以白色念珠菌为主,感染的念珠菌除了对多烯类药物敏感率高外,对唑类抗真菌药有不同程度的交叉耐药,不同菌型其药敏谱存在差异。     

In vitro antifungal susceptibility of clinical isolates of Candida spp. obtained from patients with different predisposing factors to candidosis

The increase in the number of infections caused by Candida species and the consequent use of antifungal agents favours an increase of resistant isolates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal susceptibility of Candida spp. isolates from patients with different systemic predisposing factors to candidosis. Seventy-nine Candida spp. isolates were assayed for in vitro susceptibility to amphotericin B, fluconazole, 5-flucytosine and itraconazole using the technique proposed by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Four C. albicans, one C. guilliermondii, four C. parapsilosis and two C. tropicalis isolates were resistant to amphotericin B. Only two isolate was resistant to itraconazole. All the isolates tested were susceptible to fluconazole and flucytosine. It could be concluded that the most efficient drugs against the Candida isolates studied were fluconazole and flucytosine and that all of the antifungal agents used in this study were effective against the Candida spp. isolates tested.     

In vitro susceptibility to 9 antifungal agents of 14 strains of Zygomycetes isolated from clinical specimens

Fourteen clinical isolates of Zygomycetes were tested for their in vitro susceptibility to nine antifungal agents. Susceptibility assessment was performed using a microtiter broth dilution method. Synthetic broth with YNB and glucose was used for 5-fluorocytosine and BHI broth for all the other antimycotics. Amphotericin B exhibited the strongest activity against all isolates tested. MIC values of other two polyenes — nystatin and pimaricin — ranged within the susceptibility limits, with a little pronounced higher activity of pimaricin. The isolates of the genusAbsidia andSyncephalastrum were well sensitive to all antimycotics with the exception of 5-fluorocytosine and naftifine. A very weak or zero growth inhibitory effect against all members of the generaMucor andRhizopus was found in azoles, 5-fluorocytosine and naftifine.     

棘白菌素对氟康唑耐药的念珠菌体外药物敏感性的研究

目的评价3种棘白菌素类药物（卡泊芬净、米卡芬净、阿尼多芬净）体外对氟康唑耐药念珠菌的药物敏感性。方法采用微量液体稀释法和琼脂稀释法测定最小抑制浓度（MIC）。结果微量液体稀释法：59株耐药白念珠菌3种药物MIC50均为0.06μg/mL,米卡芬净、阿尼多芬净的MIC范围均为0.015～0.125μg/mL,卡泊芬净为0.015～0.25μg/mL;8株耐药光滑念珠菌MIC值均为0.063μg/mL。琼脂稀释法：59株耐药白念珠菌和8株耐药光滑念珠菌3种药物MIC值均为0.063μg/mL。结论3种棘白菌素类药物可能具有治疗氟康唑耐药的念珠菌感染的临床价值。     

Cuticular Analysis – a method to distinguish the leaves of Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots Pine) from those of Pinus mugo s. str. (Dwarf Mountain-pine)

Fragments of leaf needles from the early Holocene were found in peat sediments of the Adršpašskoteplické skály nature reserve in northeast Bohemia. These remains were identified from macroscopic characters as belonging to Pinus sp. (pine), and they were identified to species level by cuticular analysis. This identification method uses the number and shape of subsidiary stomatal cells and has been verified by comparision of both fossil and modern material. Taxonomic characters have been discovered which distinguish the leaves of Pinus sylvestris (Scots Pine) from those of P. mugo s. str. (Dwarf Mountain-pine) on the basis of stomatal density, crypt morphology and length of the crypt. This method is helpful in palaeobotany and archaeobotany for identifying most such leaf remains. Received June 28, 2001 / Accepted June 18, 2002     

含有额外拷贝黄曲霉cyp51同源基因的烟曲霉对抗真菌药物的敏感性测定

目的通过构建黄曲霉cyp51同源基因额外拷贝株,研究这些基因对抗真菌药物敏感性的影响。方法通过序列同源性比对,在黄曲霉基因组中找出其cyp51基因的开放读码框(ORF)及其上下游约1 000 bp的基因序列,PCR扩增后利用DNA重组技术将该片段克隆到穿梭质粒pRG3-AMA1-NotI;用重组后的质粒和空质粒转化烟曲霉嘧啶营养缺陷株(pyrG-)AF293.1,并利用美国临床实验室标准化研究所(CLSI)M38-A2中的微量液基稀释法和E-test法测定转化株对两性霉素B(AMB)、伊曲康唑(ITC)、伏立康唑(VRC)、泊沙康唑(POS)和卡泊芬净(CAS)敏感性。结果黄曲霉cyp51同源基因有3个:cyp51A、cyp51B和cyp51C,ORF大小约为1 400～2 000 bp;将其克隆到穿梭质粒pRG3-AMA1-NotI产生重组质粒pRG3-AMA1-CYP51A、pRG3-AMA1-CYP51B和pRG3-AMA1-CYP51C;连同空质粒转化AF293.1后得到阳性转化子rC-YP51A、rCYP51B、rCYP51C和rpRG;微量液基稀释法和E-test法显示,rCYP51A和rCYP5...     

In vitro susceptibilities of Candida spp. to Panomycocin, a novel exo-beta-1,3-glucanase isolated from Pichia anomala NCYC 434

Panomycocin, the killer toxin of Pichia anomala NCYC 434 (K5), is a 49 kDa monomeric glycoprotein with exo-beta-1,3-glucanase activity (patent pending). In this study we evaluated the in vitro activity of panomycocin against a panel of 109 human isolates of seven different pathogenic Candida spp. using microdilution and time-kill methods. Panomycocin was most active against C. tropicalis, C. pseudotropicalis and C. glabrata with MIC(90) values of 1 microg/ml. It displayed significant activity against C. albicans and C. parapsilosis with MIC(90) values of 4 and 2 microg/ml, respectively. For C. krusei, the MIC(90) value was 8 microg/ml. Panomycocin was fungicidal against all the tested Candida spp. The MFC values were only one or 2 dilutions higher than the MICs with the exception of C. krusei isolates with MFCs greater than or equal to 4xMIC. Results of this study indicated that panomycocin could be considered as a natural antifungal agent against Candida infections and has significant potential for further investigation.     

Development of Pathogenicity and AFLP to Characterize Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. momordicae Isolates from Bitter Gourd in China

Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) cultivated in China is regarded as an important vegetable crop and is of considerable economic importance. However, it is susceptible to fusarium wilt, which causes heavy economic losses. Forty‐eight isolates were isolated from diseased bitter gourd plants that displayed typical fusarium wilt symptoms. Based on the morphological features, the rDNA internal transcribed space (ITS) sequences, pathogenicity and host biotypes, all of the isolates tested were pathogenic to the susceptible bitter gourd plants species (cv. ‘Guinongke No. 2’) and were identified as Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. momordicae (FOM). Our results classified different isolates as slightly, moderately or highly virulent. Among the isolates tested, 43 isolates slightly infected bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria var. clavata), whereas they did not infect other species from the family Cucurbitaceae. Genetic diversity among 48 isolates was characterized using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. The number of bands amplified by each primer pairs ranged from 41 to 66, with sizes ranging from 200 to 500 bp. A total of 366 bands were observed, out of which 363 were polymorphic (99.14%). The Nei's genetic identity of the six geographical populations varied from 0.7362 to 0.9707. The mean Nei's gene diversity index (H = 0.2644) and the mean Shannon's information index (I = 0.4071) at species level were higher than ones at populations level, indicated that the variation within populations was greater than that among populations. The Nei's GST (0.5103) and gene flow (Nm = 0.4923) revealed that genetic differentiation was mainly among populations and few gene exchanges. The dendrogram obtained from AFLP marker showed that there was a good correlation between isolates from different geographical locations and their pathogenicity. The AFLP marker effectively distinguished the high virulent isolates from the less virulent isolates. The highly virulent isolates were distinctly separated in different clusters, which indicated a significantly high correlation with the geographical origin in the AFLP dendrogram. The pathogenicity and molecular marker analysis confirmed the presence of variation in virulence as well as genetic diversity among the FOM isolates studied.