Prominent genetic structure across native and introduced ranges of Pluchea indica,a mangrove associate,as revealed by microsatellite markers

阔苞菊(Pluchea indica)是一种红树林伴生植物，以其在原产地的药用特性和部分引入地的入侵性而闻名。本研究旨在评估阔苞菊在其分布范围内遗传变异的地理分布，确定影响其遗传结构的因素，并利用这些信息对阔苞菊在原产地和引入地的保护和管理策略提出建议。 我们以来自阔苞菊原产地(亚洲)和引入地(美国)的31个种群共348个个体的15个核微卫星位点数据对阔苞菊的遗传多样性和种群结构进行了评估。在大尺度范围以及局部区域两种空间尺度上对阔苞菊遗传变异的空间格局进行了探讨，并验证了以下假说：地理距离和自然地理屏障将影响种群结构并在空间尺度上产生不同程度的分化。研究结果表明，与所研究区域内的其它红树林物种的遗传多样性参数相比， 我们发现阔苞菊在种群水平上具有相对较高的遗传多样性以及在物种水平上具有明显的遗传分化。大多数阔苞菊种群显示杂合子缺失， 这主要是由于近交和有限的基因流所导致。在较大空间尺度上进行的种群结构分析显示，该物种自然分布范围内存在两个主要遗传谱系，中国的种群与印度尼西亚、马来西亚、新加坡、泰国、柬埔寨和菲律宾的种群分别属于不同的谱系，而美国的种群可能来自于中国的谱系。 此外，在局部区域范围内也同样检测到种群之间的遗传分化。大部分阔苞菊种群所表现出的遗传瓶颈效应强调了其具有本地灭绝的风险。基于上述研究结果，我们建议采用原位保护策略对阔苞菊进行管理，并开展对优先保护种群的保护行动以维持遗传多样性。     

革苞菊属的分类及其地理分布

研究认为卵叶革苞菊是一个独立种。因此,革苞菊属包含了２个种。革苞菊为北阿拉善一东戈壁分布种,卵叶革苞菊为南阿拉善东部（桌子山－贺兰山）低山丘陵分布种,二者形成明显的替代分布格局。该属为阿拉善荒漠特有属,亦为蒙古高原特有属。     

贵州省拟大萼苔属Cephaloziella植物的初步研究

在查阅文献和标本的基础上,对贵州省拟大萼苔属Cephaloziella植物进行了系统的整理和研究,初步理清了该属植物在贵州的分布,确认贵州省拟大萼苔属植物有8种1变种。其中,刺茎拟大萼苔C.spinicaulis为贵州新记录种,并提供了该种的详细形态描述。本研究还编制了贵州省拟大萼苔属植物的分种检索表。     

中国苔类新记录种--疣茎类钱袋苔

报道产于西藏和云南的中国苔类植物缺萼苔科类钱袋苔属1个新记录种：疣茎类钱袋苔Apomarsupella crystallocaulon（Grolle）Vana。该种主要特征为茎皮部细胞角质层具透明疣,有别于本科其他种类。     

革苞菊属的再订正

革苞菊属是Iljin(1928)以革苞菊Tugarinovia mongolica Iljin为模式而建立的。模式标本采自蒙古戈壁湖泊谷区山地。关于属的形态特征,198G年,马毓泉教授经过研究,对照原描述,曾作了部分地订正与补充。1981年,作者在编写《内蒙古植物志》第六卷的过程中,整理和研究了内蒙古地区所产的许多革苞菊标本,并经过野外实地观察,发现革苞菊与原描述及其订正的主要不同点是雌雄异株。Iljin的原文献中属的形态特征,实系根据所采到的雄株标本     

中国苔类新记录种——疣茎类钱袋苔

报道产于西藏和云南的中国苔类植物缺萼苔科类钱袋苔属1 个新记录种: 疣茎类钱袋苔Ap omarsup ella
crystallocaulon ( Grolle) Vana。该种主要特征为茎皮部细胞角质层具透明疣, 有别于本科其他种类。     

新疆粉苞苣属植物的生境调查与园林应用评价

粉苞苣属（Chondrilla L．）植物是菊科多年生草本,约25种,主要分布中亚、北亚和欧洲。我国有10种,主要分布在新疆北部。通过对粉苞菊的生境、分布调查,得知粉苞苣属植物在新疆分布非常广泛,主要生长于砾石地和沙地,在公路两旁有大量的自然分布。粉苞苣属植物花期长,花色鲜艳,姿态优雅,是一种难得的野生观赏植物;同时,粉苞苣属植物具有耐盐碱、抗旱及耐贫瘠的特性,以其强盛的适应性和繁殖能力生长于荒漠、戈壁地带,是园林绿地、公路铁路和荒山荒坡绿化的理想植物。     

中国西南特有翅茎草属的种间界定——基于形态学和分子系统学分析

翅茎草属(Pterygiella)是中国西南地区特有的半寄生植物.翅茎草属4种植物形态差异不显著,种的界定依据较模糊;此外,杜氏翅茎草2变种的划分依据也存在疑问.本研究选取了翅茎草属4种13个居群,通过数量性状的主成分分析和质量性状的非加权组平均法聚类分析;结合叶绿体4个片段(即atpB-rbcL、trnD-trnT、trnS-trnG和sbA-trnH)和核基因组的ITS片段研究,对该属下的种类划分作了重新界定.研究表明:翅茎草属应包括3种,即翅茎草、杜氏翅茎草和圆茎翅茎草;川滇翅茎木应作为圆茎翅茎草的变种.对杜氏翅茎草指定了后选模式,该种仅包括茎无毛的个体,而茎疏被毛的个体应归入翅茎草中.基于以上研究结果,本文提出了一个新的翅茎草属分种检索表,并做了分类修订.     

红皮糙果茶的体细胞染色体形态

红皮糙果茶Camellia crapnelliana是一种常绿小乔木、叶大、革质、表面发亮,树皮平滑,花、果特大,挂果期长,是一种良好的庭园绿化树种,为国家二级保护植物,在山茶属植物中具有特殊的形态。该种在张宏达的山茶属植物的分类系统中,属山茶亚属Subgen Camellia糙果茶组Sect.Furfuracea,又名博白大果油茶Camelliagigantocarpa。作为山茶属的育种原始材料,我们对其作的核型研究,将为山茶属植物提供细胞遗传学的研究资料,以指导育种工作。该种核型研究,国内外未见报道。本文还结合试验提出一种改进的压片方法。     

广东常山,广东绣球花科一新种

首次发现并描述了中国广东省的绣球花科(Hydrangeaceae)常山属(Dichroa)一新种:广东常山(D.fistulosa)。该种具有空心的茎,这在常山属中是唯一的。该种与海南常山(D.mollissima)相似,但可以通过其叶上的毛被来区分。该种亦与菲律宾常山(D.philippinensis)相似,但其叶的形状及锯齿明显不同。     

Revision of the genus Australimyza Harrison (Diptera: Australimyzidae)

Abstract.  The species of Australimyza Harrison are revised and the saprophagous larvae are described for the first time. The phylogenetic analysis revealed two species groups and one ungrouped species. One species group is distributed in New Zealand and associated subantarctic islands; all other species occur in Australia. Four new species, A. glandulifera , A. kaikoura , A. mcalpinei and A. victoria , are described, A. anisotomae is synonymized with A. australensis and a neotype is designated for the latter species. A lectotype is designated for A. macquariensis .     

Cryptic Species in the Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) albitarsis (Diptera: Culicidae) Complex: Incongruence Between Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA-Polymerase Chain Reaction Identification and Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA COI Gene Sequences

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) diagnostic bands are one tool used to differentiate cryptic mosquito species in the Anopheles albitarsis Complex. Monophyly of four species (A. albitarsis Lynch-Arribálzaga, A. albitarsis B, A. deaneorum Rosa-Freitas, and A. marajoara Galv?o & Damasceno) currently identified with the RAPD technique was assessed using sequences of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) gene. Maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian analyses support monophyly for A. albitarsis s.s., A. albitarsis B, and A. deaneorum. Anopheles marajoara, as identified by RAPD banding patterns, was either polyphyletic or paraphyletic in all phylogenetic analyses. The phylogenetic pattern and within-species genetic distances observed in A. marajoara suggest the existence of a previously unidentified species (species E) in northern Brazil and Venezuela. Diagnostic RAPD bands were unable to distinguish between A. marajoara and species E, probably because of the low number of correlated bands used to identify species and weaknesses of the RAPD technique, in particular, violations of the untested assumption of homology of comigrating bands. A. marajoara (even without species E) is paraphyletic with respect to A. deaneorum; if A. deaneorum is a separate species from A. marajoara, then A. marajoara may consist of two or more species in Amazonian Brazil. Based on mtDNA COI sequences, there are at least four phylogenetic species within the Albitarsis Complex: A. albitarsis s.s., A. albitarsis B, A. marajoara, and species E; the species status of A. deaneorum is ambiguous.     

Trophic levels in community food webs

Summary Four concepts are considered for the trophic level of a species in a community food web. The long-way-up-level (or LU-level) of species A is the length of the longest simple food chain from a basal species (one with no prey in the web) to A. (A simple chain is a chain that does not pass through any given species more than once.) The short-way-up-level (SU-level) of species A is the length of the shortest chain from a basal species to A. The long-way-down-level (LD-level) of species A is the length of the longest simple chain from species A to a top species (one with no consumers in the web). The short-way-down-level (SD-level) of species A is the length of the shortest chain from species A to a top species. The stratigraphy of a web is the analogue for species of the pyramid of numbers for individuals: it is the frequency distribution of species according to level. The LU-, SU-, LD-, and SD-stratigraphies of the seven webs in the Briand-Cohen collection with 30 or more trophic species reveal no species with LU-level or LD-level more than 6, no species with SU-level more than 3, and no species with SD-level more than 2. In all seven webs, SD-levels are stochastically less than SU-levels: species tend to be closer to a top predator than to a basal species. Two stochastic models of food web structure (the cascade model and the homogeneous superlinear model) correctly predict that 95% or more of species should have LU-level and LD-level in the range 0–6. The models also correctly predict some details of the distribution of species in the SU- and SD-stratigraphies, particularly the fraction of species in level 1. The models do not, in general, correctly predict the distribution of species within the range 0–6 of LU-levels and LD-levels.     

中国宽膜伪叶甲属三新种记述及中国种类检索表(鞘翅目:伪叶甲科)(英文)

描述了宽膜伪叶甲属ArthromacraKirby3个新种;红背宽膜伪叶甲A．rubidorsalis、刻胸宽膜伪叶甲A．entypodera和西藏宽膜伪叶甲A．tibetana;对丽宽膜伪叶甲Adecora进行了重新描述;编制了中国已知的10个种的分种检索表;绘制了14幅原始图。     

群落均匀度分形分析

修正了Frontier和Ricotta等关于有效物种丰富度指数A与物种丰富度指数S之间幂律关系的定义．探讨了A与S之间分形关系的生态学意义．认为分形维数D是群落均匀度测度值在物种数S不断增加的过程中．向其逼近的一个理论值;提出了利用双对数坐标上建立的A与S拟合直线的方程．对群落均匀度的4种变化趋势进行描述的方法。以广东黑石顶自然保护区森林演替系列为例．研究了针阔叶混交林和常绿阔叶林样带上．随着样带观察长度的逐渐增加群落均匀度的变化情况。结果表明．230m长的混交林样带只存在一个线性无标度区间．群落均匀度随样带长度的不断增加而逐渐降低．向分形维数D=0．810趋近。170m长的常绿阔叶林样带存在两个线性无标度区问．在0～25m的尺度域内．随着样带长度的逐渐增加均匀度不断降低．向分形维数D=0．525逼近;在30～170m的尺度域内．随着样带观察长度的增加．群落均匀度也逐渐增加．向分形维数D=0．920趋近。     

中国玉蕈甲属一新种一新纪录种(鞘翅目,大蕈甲科)

记述中国玉蕈甲属Amblyopus 1新种,宽胫玉蕈甲A.planitibialis sp.nov.和1新纪录种,纵带玉蕈甲A.vittatus(Olivier,1807).新种与A.csikii Ch(u)j(o),1964在外形上相似,其区别于后者的主要特征是:体背面极度隆起;鞘翅基斑从外缘伸达第3刻点行;胫节宽三角形.提供了我国已知种目录及其检索表.模式标本保存于河北大学博物馆.     

Responses of Anopheles culicifacies sibling species A and B to DDT and HCH in India: implications in malaria control

Differential responses of Anopheles culicifacies Giles sibling species A and B to DDT were evident from higher survival rate of species B in laboratory bioassays and greater proportions of species B in DDT-sprayed villages of northern India, compared with those under HCH pressure. Both species A and B have become almost completely resistant to HCH in this area due to regular house-spraying with HCH for about the last 10 years. Because species A predominates in northern India, where it has been incriminated as an important vector of malaria, and species A is more susceptible than species B to DDT, it is suggested that DDT would control malaria transmission more effectively than HCH in this situation. Monitoring of insecticide resistance in species A is therefore recommended as the basis for future choice of insecticides to be used by the National Malaria Eradication Programme.     

中药黄芪植物分类及其区系地理分布研究

确认了中药黄芪的原植物有膜荚黄芪(Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge)、蒙古黄芪(A. mongholicus Bunge)和北蒙古黄芪(A. borealimongolicus Y. Z. Zhao)3种,其中北蒙古黄芪为一新种;确定了这三种植物的区系地理成分：膜荚黄芪为东亚北部—西伯利亚南部森林带的分布种,蒙古黄芪为华北森林草原带的分布种,北蒙古黄芪为蒙古高原北部草原带的分布种,3种黄芪存在着明显的地理替代分布格局。     

A new species of Arenaria subgenus Odontostemma from Tibet, with a review of the status of the genus Gooringia (Caryophyllaceae)

A specimen collected in southern Tibet in 1928, hitherto identified only as "Arenanu sp.", is found to represent a new species of the subgenus Odontostemma . The new species resembles A. littledalei , the species that forms the basis of the monotypic genus Gooringia , characterized by a dwarf habit, a tetramerous perianth and only two or three stamens. Several other species of Arenaria subgenus Odontostemma resemble A. littledalei in habit and one ( A. saginoides ) is tetramerous, but hitherto none has been found with its extremely reduced androecium. The new species has an identical androecium to A. littledalei and its discovery leaves no doubt that Gooringia should not be recognized taxonomically at any rank. The new species is described as A. pharensis McNcill & Majumdar and a table compares its diagnostic features with those of A. littledalei and five other dwarf Arenaria species of sibgrnus Odontostemma from the mountains of Sikkim, Tibet, Yunnan and Tsinghai.     

THREE NEW SPECIES AND KEY TO SPECIES OF THE GENUS ARTHRO-MACRA KIRBY FROM CHINA (COLEOPTERA: LAGRIIDAE)

Abstract Three new species of the genus Arthromacra Kirby from China, A. rubidorsalis, A. enty-podera and A. tibetana are described. The species A. decora is described. A key to Chinese species of the genus is given. With 14 original pictures.