Immune-Enhancing Activity Screening on Extracts from Two Crickets, Gryllus bimaculatus and Teleogryllus emma

This study was performed to explore novel and valuable uses of insect resources, important subjects of the natural compound used in bio‐industries. The whole bodies of two crickets, Gryllus bimaculatus and Teleogryllus emma, selected from medicinal insect species, were carefully ground and treated with 80% EtOH. The insect extracts were solubilized and separated by hexane, butanol, and D.W according to their polarities. Three types of extracts, a D.W fraction (G1) and a boiling extract (G2) of an introduced cricket, G. bimaculatus, and a D.W fraction (T1) of a Korean local cricket, T. emma, were prepared to assay immune stimulating activity of cricket originated compounds. The all of three treated cricket extracts showed to increase IL‐4, IFN‐, and TNF‐α. Among those extract, extract G2, boiled extract from G. bimaculatus, was the best immune–enhancing fraction. The results of this study could be fundamental information for further works to use insects as natural resources having plenty of potentials and varieties.     

The necessity for low temperature treatment on the eggs of Emma Cricket,Teleogryllus emma and the method of increasing the hatching rate after low temperature treatment

The necessity for low temperature treatment of Emma Cricket Eggs, Teleogryllus emma, to dormancy breaking and the method of increasing hatching rate after low temperature treatment were investigated. Emma Cricket Eggs were treated by constant temperature, room temperature, low temperature, step‐down low temperature. As a result, constant temperature treatment was the lowest on hatching rate. The hatching rates of the rest of other temperature treatments were not different statistically (one‐way ANOVA). In other word, low temperature treatment was not necessary to dormancy breaking. But low temperature treatment was necessary to control individual number of Emma Cricket, Teleogryllus emma, on the mass indoor‐rearing system. And the step‐up temperature treatment was necessary to increase hatching rate after low temperature treatment.     

The effect of age at mating on the rate of egg laying in the cricket, Teleogryllus commodus

As female crickets, Teleogryllus commodus (Walker) age there is a progressive change in their ability to produce eggs as indicated by the number deposited. Virgin females lay very few eggs (11/week) when only one week old, but the number increases to an average value of 160/week by the age 3, 5 or 7 weeks post imago. There is essentially no change in the number of eggs oviposited when very young (1 week old) or senescent (7 weeks old) females are mated, but there is a dramatic increase in the long term production of eggs when females are mated at middle age (3 and 5 weeks old). The results are correlated with previously published data from this species on the JH III titres of virgin females and females mated at different ages.

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Zusammenfassung Das Altern von T. commodus-Weibchen bringt eine fortschreitende Veränderung in ihrer Eiproduktion mit sich, die sich in der Anzahl von abgelegten Eiern ausdrückt. Während 1 Woche-alte, unbegattete Weibchen wenige Eier (11/Woche) ablegen, steigt ihre Zahl im Alter von 3, 5 oder 7 Wochen auf eine Durchschnittswert von 160/Woche an. Eine Begattung von jungfräulichen Weibchen im Alter von 1 Woche oder 7 Wochen ändert die Anzahl der abgelegten Eier nicht, wogegen sich bei 3–5 Wochen alten Weibchen zu einem dramatischen Anstieg in der langfristigen Eiproduktion führt. Die Ergebnisse sind mit früher publizierten Daten an T. commodus korreliert, die unterschiedliche JH III Titer in unbegatteten und begatteten Weibchen aufzeigten.

     

黄脸油葫芦线粒体基因组:一种新的基因排列方式

采用长距PCR扩增及保守引物步移法测定并注释了黄脸油葫芦（Teleogryllus emma）线粒体基因组全序列。结果表明,黄脸油葫芦的线粒体基因组全长15 660 bp,A+T含量为73.1%。谷氨酸、色氨酸及天冬酰胺的转运RNA基因由N链编码,形成了直翅目中的第三种基因排列顺序,其余结构与其它螽亚目昆虫的线粒体结构一致。基因间隔序列共计73 bp,间隔长度从1—24 bp不等;有14对基因间存在共54 bp重叠,重叠碱基数在1—11 bp之间。13个蛋白质编码基因中12个基因（除COⅠ基因外）的起始密码为标准的ATN组成,COI基因的起始密码子为TTA。有10个基因在基因3＇端能找到完全的TAA或TAG终止密码子,而有三个基因（COII,ND5和ND4）终止密码子为不完整的T。除tRNASer（AGN）外,其余21个tRNA基因的二级结构均属典型的三叶草结构。黄脸油葫芦940bp的A+T富集区中存在一个被认为与复制起始有关的保守的二级结构,该结构不仅存在于直翅目昆虫中,而且也存在于双翅目、鳞翅目和膜翅目中,但是未见于昆虫纲的早期分化类群——弹尾目中。     

Effects of delayed mating on the fecundity,fertility and longevity of females of diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella

Abstract The effects of delayed mating on the copulation duration, female fertility, fecundity, egg fertility, longevity and the number days alive after mating of females of diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, were studied. When male mating was delayed, the female fertility, fecundity, egg fertility, longevity and number days alive after mating of DBM decreased, and there was a negative correlation between the age of the moth with those variables except copulation duration. When female mating was delayed, the female fertility, fecundity, percent egg fertility and number days alive after mating of DBM also decreased, but the longevity increased, which also showed a negative relationship between the age of the moth with the variables except copulation duration and longevity. When both males and females delayed mating, the female fertility and fecundity decreased; egg fertility was affected marginally, and the longevity of females increased. The moth age was negatively correlated with those variables.     

The function of multiple mating in oviposition and egg maturation in the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus

Abstract.  To comprehend the significance of multiple mating in female Callosobruchus maculatus , the material-benefits hypothesis is tested, as well as the potential function and mechanism of additional mating for females. The results show that longevity and lifetime fecundity are significantly higher in doubly-mated females, whereas females subject to an interrupted second copulation (which transfers no ejaculate) show resemblance with singly-mated females in lifetime fecundity and daily fecundity, supporting the material-benefits hypothesis. Female lifetime fecundity increases with ejaculate size in doubly-, but not singly-mated females. Doubly-mated females exhibit an immediate increase in fecundity on the day of remating. Moreover, dissection of ovaries after remating shows that the number of unlaid eggs is lower in doubly-mated females in comparison with singly-mated females, whereas the total number of unlaid and laid eggs shows no significant difference. This suggests that the second mating increases the oviposition rate, but not the egg maturation rate in female C. maculatus . Thus, ejaculate serves as a stimulus for oviposition, at least on the remating day. However, because doubly-mated females lay more eggs in total than singly-mated females, doubly-mated females appear to mature more eggs than the singly-mated counterparts. This is attributed to the 'indirect-driven' hypothesis, which states that the reduction in the number of mature eggs in the oviducts brought about by oviposition stimulates the maturation of oocytes in ovarioles to replenish the number of mature eggs.     

温湿度对桃小食心虫成虫生殖力的影响

在实验室内观察研究桃小食心虫Carposina niponensis Walsingham越冬代成虫在一系列温度和湿度下的生殖能力。结果表明,环境温度和相对湿度显著影响食心虫成虫寿命、交尾和产卵。从19℃到29℃,雌成虫寿命随温度升高而缩短。适宜成虫交尾和产卵的温度为23～26℃,相对湿度为80%～100%。     

贡嘎钩蝠蛾交配及生殖力的研究

为明确交配时长、性比、密度及温度对贡嘎钩蝠蛾Thitarodes gonggaensis交配、产卵、孵化的影响,研究了不同交配时长、不同性比、不同成虫密度、不同交配温度对成虫交配、生殖力的影响.结果表明,成虫正常交配时长差异较大,交配时长为22～270 min,平均交配时长为90.85 min,均能够完成正常的产卵,平...     

Effects of mating rate and delayed mating on the fecundity of Adoxophyes orana

Females of Adoxophyes orana F. v. R. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) could mate after one day, or after up to 7 days, after eclosion. It was recorded how many eggs per female were laid, had been fertilized and ultimately hatched. Mating rate was assessed by counting the spermatophores in a female.Egg production did not depend on mating rate, but proportion fertilization of eggs from females with three or more spermatophores was reduced. Delayed mating promoted longevity and changed the pattern of oviposition in time. No correlation was found between the proportion hatching of fertilized eggs and any of the other variables in the experiments.The data were introduced into a population model to compute the relation between fecundity and probability to mate.

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Effets du nombre d'accouplements et du retard de la date du premier accouplement sur la fécondité de Adoxophyes orana

Résumé Des femelles de A. orana F. v. R. (Lep., Tortricid.) ont eu la possibilité de s'accoupler le lendemain de leur émergence. Nous avons dénombré l'effectif d'oeufs pondus par chaque femelle, et calculé leur taux de fertilisation et d'éclosion. Les femelles ont été disséquées et les spermatophores comptés pour déterminer le nombre de copulations. La même procédure a été suivie avec d'autres femelles qui ont pu copuler librement jusquà leur mort, (leur longévité a été notée), mais avec une date du premier accouplement pouvant être retardée jusqu'à 6 jours après l'émergence.La production d'oeufs ne dépend pas du nombre de copulations, mais le taux de fertilisation des femelles avec 3 ou 4 spermatophores a été plus faible. Le retard de la date du premier accouplement augmente la longévité, mais réduit légérement le taux de fertilisation. La production d'oeufs était à peu près proportionnelle à la durée de la vie décomptée à partir du moment où la copulation était possible. Aucune corrélation n'a été mise en évidence entre la taux d'éclosion des oeufs fertilisés et les variables de l'habitat.Pour évaluer ces résultats et obtenir plus de connaissances sur les conséquences des copulations retardées, par exemple provenant de procédures d'interruption des copulations, les données ont été introduites successivement dans un modèle de populations pour établir la relations entre fécondité et probabilité d'accouplement.

     

Sexual transfer of prostaglandin precursor in the field cricket, Teleogryllus commodus

ABSTRACT. When injected into the haemolymph of newly emerged adult males of the field cricket, Teleogryllus commodus (Walker), [³H]arachidonic acid is incorporated into tissue phospholipids. Two reproductive tissues, testes and accessory glands, incorporate and preserve the labelled arachidonic acid for at least 49 days. With onset of circadian rhythm-controlled spermatophore production, radioactive arachidonic acid is incorporated into spermatophore phospholipids. After mating with untreated females, radioactivity was detected in spermathecae and in haemolymph from females. Some of the transferred radioactive arachidonic acid is subsequently converted into prostaglandins. Hence, males of T. commodus transfer prostaglandin synthetase activity and substrate by way of spermatophores during mating     

Control of reproduction and a survival cost to mating in female Bicyclus anynana butterflies

Abstract.  1. Given that sexual conflict is all pervasive, investigating potential costs to mating and the control of female reproduction are important issues.
2. Here, female reproductive output and longevity are investigated in relation to mating status (virgin vs. once-mated females) and host-plant availability in the tropical butterfly Bicyclus anynana .
3. Both factors significantly affected realised fecundity in a manner demonstrating that female reproduction is not entirely under control of the female herself, but is rather subject to additive contributions of the female, her male partner, and intrinsic physiological processes. As evident from the deposition of significant egg numbers by virgin, host-deprived females, B. anynana is effectively unable to completely inhibit oogenesis.
4. Mated females suffered a reduction in adult life span, which cannot be explained as a side-effect of variation in egg size, lifetime, or early fecundity.
5. Such detrimental effects of mating per se are indicative of the cooperation–conflict balance between sexes being shifted towards conflict in B. anynana .     

Molecular cloning and characterization of a glycosyl hydrolase family 9 cellulase distributed throughout the digestive tract of the cricket Teleogryllus emma

A novel endogenous β-1,4-endoglucanase (EG) gene belonging to the glycosyl hydrolase family 9 (GHF 9) that is distributed throughout the digestive tract of the cricket Teleogryllus emma was cloned and characterized. This gene, named TeEG-I, consists of eight exons encoding 453 amino acid residues and exists as a single copy in the T. emma genome. TeEG-I possesses all the features, including signature motifs and catalytic domains, of GHF 9 members, sharing high levels of identity with the termite, Mastotermes darwiniensis (64% protein sequence identity), and the cockroach, Panesthia cribrata (62%), GHF 9 cellulases. Recombinant TeEG-I, which is expressed as a 47-kDa polypeptide in baculovirus-infected insect Sf9 cells, showed an optimal pH and temperature of pH 5.0 and 40 °C. The K_m and V_max values for digestion of carboxymethyl cellulose were 5.4 mg/ml and 3118.4 U/mg, respectively. Northern and Western blot analyses revealed that TeEG-I is present throughout the digestive tract, which correlated with the TeEG-I distribution and cellulase activity in the digestive tract as assayed by immunofluorescence staining and enzyme activity assay, respectively. These results indicate that TeEG-I is distributed throughout the entire digestive tract of T. emma, suggesting a functional role of endogenous TeEG-I in a sequential cellulose digestion process throughout the T. emma digestion tract.     

温度对蟋蟀若虫生长发育的影响

澳洲黑蟋蟀Teleogryllus commodusWalker若虫在22℃下,有9个龄期,在28℃下,只有8个龄期。若虫在22℃和28℃的平均历期分别是159d和79d,并且若虫胸部和腹部相对于头部的生长速率在低温条件下均小于高温条件下的若虫。     

Effect of male and female multiple mating on the fecundity, fertility, and longevity of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.)

Abstract:  The effect of diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (Lep., Plutellidae) male and female multiple mating on fecundity, fertility, and longevity was studied. Males could mate for five times with virgin females during scotophase. The successful copulation rates, fecundity of female, and longevity of both females and males decreased when male mating times increased, whereas copulation duration increased. Correlation coefficient between copulation duration and male mating times was significant ( r  = 0.7358, P = 0.0001, spearman rank-order correlation). There were linear relationships between mating history of males and longevities of males and females, and regression relationships between them were significant. Mated females had similar daily reproductive pattern, which laid the most eggs on the first day after mating in spite of their mates' mating history. Virgin females laid some infertile eggs before they died. Most of the females mated once during their lifespan but 19.9% of females mated twice when one female kept with one male during scotophase. There were no significant differences in the fecundity, fertility and longevity between the single- and twice-mated females. Correlation coefficient between copulation duration and female mating times was not significant ( r  = 0.0860, P = 0.8575). Results suggested that DBM females may be monandrous. Multiple mating did not increase male or female mating fitness.     

Effect of diet on the fecundity of three carabid beetles

Abstract In the present study, the importance of diet in terms of fecundity is compared for three species of the carabid genus Amara (Coleoptera: Carabidae), using an insect diet, two types of seed diet (Capsella bursa‐pastoris, Stellaria media) and a mixed diet. It is expected that the species of carabid studied have different food requirements for reproduction. Diet affects reproduction performance and egg production significantly. A mixed diet and both single‐seed diets are suitable for reproduction in Amara aenea (DeGeer) because a higher proportion of the females reproduce and lay significantly more eggs than on a purely insect diet. Females of Amara familiaris (Duftschmid) do not reproduce unless provided with seeds of S. media. Seeds of C. bursa‐pastoris or a mixed diet are equally suitable diets for reproduction of Amara similata (Gyllenhal); a diet of insects or seeds of S. media is unsuitable. The results support the hypothesis that the species under investigation have specific food requirements, suggesting that seed feeding has evolved to different degrees in particular species: A. aenea is omnivorous, whereas A. familiaris and A. similata specialize on the seed of a particular plant species or family. This resource partitioning facilitates co‐occurrence of carabid species.     

延迟交配对马铃薯块茎蛾繁殖力及寿命的影响

为明确延迟交配对马铃薯块茎蛾Phthorimaea operculella的影响,在室内条件下,分别对初羽化未交配的马铃薯块茎蛾雌虫、雄虫及雌雄虫同时延迟1～5 d配对饲养,研究不同延迟交配处理对该虫产卵量、卵的孵化率及雌雄成虫寿命的影响.结果表明,从产卵量来看,分别将雄虫或雌虫延迟1～3 d交配对产卵量无显著影响,而...     

Effects of delayed mating and male mating history on the reproductive potential of Leucoptera coffeella (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae)

Abstract 1 Despite the importance of Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin‐Mèneville) in coffee production worldwide, there is a lack of information on its reproduction. This knowledge will help in mass rearing, and support the development of behavioural control techniques for this insect. The present study determined the effects of delayed mating and previous matings of male L. coffeella on fecundity, egg viability and frequency of female remating. 2 The highest levels of fecundity and egg viability were obtained from matings of 1–3‐day‐old females. When females mated at 5 days of age, there were reductions of 40% in oviposition and of 43% in egg viability. 3 Females mated with 2‐day‐old virgin males were more fecund than those mated with older males; egg viability was also low (18%) from females mated with older males. 4 Virgin females that mated with virgin males laid a greater number of eggs than those mated with previously copulated males. Egg viability decreased with the increase in the number of previous male matings. 5 Five‐day‐old females remated in greater proportion than 2–3‐day‐old females. Females that copulated with males that had previously mated three times had higher rates of remating than those that copulated with virgin males. 6 The results obtained indicate that 1–3 days after emergence is the optimum age for mating. The implications of these findings for the control of L. coffeella by synthetic sex pheromone are discussed.     

Influence of mating duration on fecundity and fertility in two aphidophagous ladybirds

Abstract:  The influence of different mating durations on fecundity and fertility has been studied in two aphidophagous ladybirds, Cheilomenes sexmaculata and Coelophora saucia . Pre-oviposition period decreased while fecundity and fertility increased with increase in mating duration in both the ladybird species. The increase in fecundity with longer mating durations is probably due to the female response because of cryptic female choice. Mating of 10-s duration resulted in oviposition but of unviable eggs probably because of lack of sperm transfer. A minimum duration of 1 min of mating was probably essential for fertilization of the eggs. Absence of spermatophore in the reproductive tract of females is indicative of direct sperm transfer in both the ladybird species. Trend of fertility (similar fertility at 1 and 5 min followed by increase at 60 min which was again similar to that at complete mating) indicates probable sperm transfer in spurts in C. sexmaculata while continuous transfer in C. saucia is indicated by continuous increase in fertility with increase in mating duration.     

延迟交配对昆虫生殖行为的影响以及与性信息素防治害虫的关系

对鳞翅目昆虫延迟交配对昆虫生殖力、卵孵化率、交配成功率、成虫寿命等进行了总结。雌虫延迟交配降低雌虫的生殖力、卵的孵化率及与雄虫成功交配率,但可以延长雌虫寿命。雄虫延迟交配降低雌虫的生殖力、卵的孵化率、产卵时间,雄虫的精子质量下降但寿命有所增加。已发现延迟交配在迷向法中控制害虫起着重要的作用,对进一步认识迷向法中不同作用机理以及延迟交配在迷向法防治害虫中的潜力进行了探讨。     

Little effect of delayed mating on fecundity or fertility of female fungus gnats Lycoriella ingenua

The effect of delayed female mating for the mushroom fungus gnat Lycoriella ingenua is investigated. We examine the effect of delaying female mating on the fertility and egg viability of female flies that have a mating delay of 0–5 days after emergence. Male fly age is held constant. Female age does not impact male acceptance and most flies copulate within seconds of pairing. We find that female flies experiencing mating delays of 0–4 days after emergence lay a similar number of eggs onto artificial substrates. Females that experience a mating delay of 5 days lay 54% fewer eggs than those that mate on day 0 (day of emergence). There is no effect of mating delay on the percentage of larvae that emerge. The results of the present study indicate that mating delays have little effect on the fertility or fecundity of the mushroom fungus pest L. ingenua.