用性信息素加农药诱杀器防治梨小食心虫的田间试验

在设计出性信息素加农药诱杀器后,以60、135、240、480个／km2诱杀器田间处理,看出以135个／km2诱杀器处理即有明显的防治效果。经在不同的虫口密度果园试验,以诱蛾量下降率、为害率和雌蛾交配率3项指标考察,该诱杀器1次挂出,在田间有效期达70～80天,取得了较理想防治效果。     

梨的小食心虫雄蛾对性诱剂趋性的田间观察

通过田间诱蛾比较,筛选出诱蛾力强的性诱剂配比,该配比为Z18-12AC:E8-12AC:Z8-12OH:n-12OH=95:5:5:300微克.经持效期测定,有效期在80天以上.在田间对雄蛾趋向于性诱剂的行为观察,看出雄蛾的趋性受诱芯配比、暴露天数影响显著,雄蛾的着陆受活动期风速影响明显。     

江苏无锡梨小食心虫发生动态及性诱剂防治

利用性诱剂调查江苏无锡地区三个水蜜桃Prunus persica种植区梨小食心虫Gtapholitha molesta成虫的年发生动态,并比较不同时间挂放诱芯的诱集效果。结果表明,在无锡地区,梨小食心虫年发生5代,部分发育较快的五代幼虫在越冬前发育为成虫,但因无法找到合适的产卵场所而成为无效虫口。越冬代成虫和一代成虫发生较为整齐,可以使用性诱剂集中诱杀,但从二代成虫开始,发生呈现多个高峰,田间世代重叠明显。对梨小食心虫的性诱剂防治试验表明,在无锡地区,需高密度放置诱芯并2周更换1次诱芯方能达到防治效果。     

不同口径陷阱诱捕器诱杀梨小食心虫研究

梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)是重要的蛀果类害虫之一,目前性信息素广泛应用于梨小食心虫防治,为明确性信息素陷阱诱捕器的诱捕效果,针对开口方式设计四面开口和两面开口两种处理的陷阱诱捕器;针对口径的大小下设计2、3、4、5、6 cm的5种口径的对口瓶陷阱式诱捕器,分别在桃园对梨小食心虫进行诱捕试验,诱捕结果显示两面开口的诱捕器诱捕效果比四面开口的诱捕器效果显著,口径为2 cm和3 cm的陷井式诱捕器诱捕效果最佳,诱捕量显著高于5 cm和6 cm,诱捕量达34.6头/日和20.4头/日。通过试验明确了陷阱诱捕器的最佳诱捕效果的参数,同时为测报及田间大量诱杀的诱捕器使用提供依据,为防控梨小食心虫性信息素诱捕器提供标准化参数。     

糖醋酒液与性诱剂结合对梨园梨小食心虫的最佳诱捕效果研究

【目的】糖醋酒液能有效诱集梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta(Busck),而性诱剂辅助正好使糖醋酒液诱捕效果得以补充。【方法】本文对6种配方的糖醋酒液、3种窗口形状诱瓶、有无性诱剂辅助、4种高度、5种间距在梨园对梨小食心虫的诱捕效果进行了研究,总结出糖醋酒液对梨小食心虫最佳诱捕效果的设计方案。【结果】结果表明,在梨园利用糖醋酒液防治梨小食心虫时,选择红糖∶食用醋∶白酒∶清水=3∶1∶3∶80的糖醋酒液配方,窗口形状为长方形的诱瓶,辅以性信息素诱芯,挂瓶高度为1.5 m,间距为4 m时诱捕效果最佳。【结论】合理利用糖醋酒液防治梨小食心虫是一种简便有效的方法。     

梨小食心虫生物防治研究进展

梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta(Busck)是世界性分布的果树主要害虫之一,可危害多种果树。多年来,过度依赖化学农药防治梨小食心虫效果并不理想,且杀伤天敌、污染环境、导致农药残留。利用自然天敌防治梨小食心虫高效、无毒、无污染,符合当前社会对环保的要求。本文结合前人工作,从病原微生物、寄生性天敌、捕食性天敌、性信息素、化学信息物质等方面,综述了梨小食心虫生物防治的研究进展,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

桃园中食心虫单一性诱芯及其复合配置的诱蛾效率比较

【目的】明确两种食心虫性诱芯复合配置的诱蛾效果,提高其监测或防治效率及其绿色环保化水平,为果树生产中食心虫的高效监测和绿色防控提供科学依据。【方法】田间系统调查研究了梨小食心虫(以下简称"梨小")、桃小食心虫(以下简称"桃小")单一性诱芯及其复合配置3种处理的诱蛾效率,并利用"Y"型嗅觉仪比较研究了其间梨小雄蛾趋向性的差异。【结果】(1)梨小和桃小性单一诱芯及其复合配置对梨小均具有引诱作用,其诱蛾总量依次为8 238.33、1 451.67、8 321.67头/诱捕器,其中第1、2、3代时复合配置诱蛾量最大,越冬代和第4代时梨小单一性诱芯诱蛾量最大,而各世代桃小单一性诱芯诱蛾量均最低。梨小单一性诱芯及其复合配置均监测到5个梨小发生高峰,且峰期基本一致,但复合配置的峰日诱蛾量均较高;桃小单一性诱芯仅监测到3个梨小发生高峰,且峰日诱蛾量亦较低。(2)桃小单一性诱芯及其复合配置对桃小均具有引诱作用,其诱蛾总量依次为4.00、2.33头/诱捕器,而梨小单一性诱芯对桃小无引诱作用。(3)"Y"型嗅觉仪研究发现,梨小食心虫对梨小和桃小各单一性诱芯及其复合配置均具有趋向作用,其趋向率依次为50.67%、8.67%、53.33%。【结论】梨小和桃小单一性诱芯复合配置对梨小诱捕量有微增效作用,而对桃小诱捕量有一定干扰作用,但影响均不显著。据此,该复合配置可用于桃园中梨小和桃小的监测与防控。     

不同栽培管理梨园梨小食心虫发生程度研究

梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)是梨园中的一种重要害虫。本论文采用性诱剂诱集法研究了不同栽培管理条件下梨园梨小食心虫发生的情况。结果表明,在5种不同种植模式的果园中,梨小食心虫在单植桃园中发生最重,试验期间梨小食心虫的日平均诱蛾量为10.9头/盆,与其他4种栽植模式果园的诱捕量均呈显著差异,且混有桃树的果园中梨小食心虫的发生数量多,而单植梨园、梨苹果混栽园、单植苹果园的梨小食心虫发生相对较轻。果实套袋的管理方法也可以显著降低梨小食心虫的发生数量,非套袋梨园的日平均诱捕量为13.8头/盆,是套袋梨园的1.52倍。试验还表明,不同品种和不同树龄的梨树对梨小食心虫的抗虫性均存在显著差异。酥梨比巴梨的抗虫性差,试验期间酥梨园的日平均诱捕量为12.6头/盆,是巴梨园的2.21倍,而40年老酥梨园日平均诱蛾量为12.5头/盆,是20年酥梨园诱蛾量的2.5倍。     

苹果蠹蛾性信息素对梨小食心虫的诱集和迷向作用

【背景】在中国,苹果蠹蛾和梨小食心虫经常混合发生,但有关苹果蠹蛾迷向设置对梨小食心虫影响的研究却较少。【方法】在苹果蠹蛾和梨小食心虫同时发生的果园中设置2种迷向发散器,使用三角胶粘式信息素诱捕器监测2种昆虫的发生动态,以观察苹果蠹蛾性信息素是否会对梨小食心虫产生诱捕效果或类似的迷向作用。【结果】无论是否设置性信息素迷向发散器,苹果蠹蛾性信息素诱捕器均能诱集到梨小食心虫的雄性成虫。在2009~2011年的田间试验中,苹果蠹蛾性信息素诱捕器对梨小食心虫雄性成虫的诱集量最多能达梨小食心虫性信息素诱捕器的1.1倍,占2种诱捕器诱集总量的51.7%。在设置性信息素迷向发散器的果园中,梨小食心虫雄性成虫的诱集量受苹果蠹蛾性信息素迷向发散器的影响而下降:相比无迷向设置的对照果园,同时设置2种昆虫迷向发散器的果园中,苹果蠹蛾性信息素诱捕器内的梨小食心虫雄性成虫诱集总量最高下降了90.9%,梨小食心虫自身性信息素诱捕器内的梨小食心虫雄性成虫诱集总量最高下降了92.4%;在仅设置苹果蠹蛾性信息素迷向发散器的果园中,苹果蠹蛾性信息素诱捕器内的梨小食心虫雄性成虫诱集总量最高下降了87.5%,梨小食心虫性信息素诱捕器内的梨小食心虫雄性成虫诱集总量最高下降了60.6%。【结论与意义】苹果蠹蛾迷向发散器对于梨小食心虫雄性成虫存在"迷向"作用。在2种害虫同时发生的情况下使用2种迷向发散器,对于2种害虫能够达到比较好的防治效果。     

Dual pheromone dispenser for combined control of codling moth Cydia pomonella L. and oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lep., Tortricidae) in pears

Codling moth (CM) and oriental fruit moth (OFM) are very important orchard pests worldwide, and particularly in Victoria, Australia, where both species damage pome fruit. Individually CM and OFM have been controlled successfully by pheromone‐mediated mating disruption, but treatment of pome fruit with full registered rates of two individual hand‐applied dispensers for CM and OFM could be uneconomical for growers. Field trials conducted over three seasons in plots sprayed with insecticides consistently demonstrated that dual Isomate C/OFM TT dispensers, designed to disrupt both CM and OFM, were as effective as Isomate CTT and Isomate OFM Rosso dispensers applied individually in pears for control of CM and OFM respectively. The dual‐ and individual‐species dispensers reduced moth catches and fruit damage to a similar degree. The results suggest that combined control of CM and OFM in pears by applying dual Isomate C/OFM TT dispensers at the full‐recommended rate of 500 dispensers per hectare will be more economical than use of individual species dispensers, because the price and application cost of dual dispenser is about half that for individual dispensers.     

Mating disruption barriers in pome fruit for improved control of oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta Busck (Lep., Tortricidae) in stone fruit under mating disruption

Oriental fruit moth (OFM) Grapholita molesta Busck (Lep., Tortricidae) is a very important pest in commercial orchards in Victoria, Australia. Pheromone‐mediated mating disruption (MD) applied in stone fruit orchards successfully controlled OFM populations for many years, but damage to shoot tips and fruit at the edge of peach blocks located adjacent to pear blocks under insecticide treatments has become problematic. To improve protection of stone fruit against edge damage and outbreaks of OFM, all orchards were treated with sex pheromone dispensers for MD on an area‐wide basis. Area‐wide MD treatment, including all pome and stone fruit orchards in a discrete area, successfully controlled edge infestations of OFM, but was expensive. To reduce the cost of OFM control, sex pheromone dispensers for MD were applied as barrier treatments to 54–60 m of neighbouring pears adjacent to peaches under MD. Detailed monitoring of the OFM population, shoot tip and fruit damage assessments indicated that application of MD barriers on pears during two consecutive seasons provided sufficient control of OFM on peaches. This MD barrier treatment was able to reduce the number of OFM caught in all experimental peach blocks, with damage to shoot tips and fruit giving similar results to MD treatment of the whole neighbouring pear block. Extending the MD treatment area for 54–60 m into the neighbouring pear block significantly reduced the edge damage in MD‐treated peaches in the first season and almost eliminated OFM damage in the second season.     

梨小食心虫化学通信中的信息物质

梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta Busck是我国北方果区发生的重要害虫。当前对该虫的防治主要依赖化学农药, 但引起的害虫抗药性、 杀伤天敌和环境污染等问题非常严重。食心虫自身的信息素、 寄主/非寄主的他感化学物质对于调节其配偶选择和寄主定位起着至关重要的作用, 基于信息化学物质的害虫管理策略为果园食心虫的治理提供了新的途径。本文综述了国内外有关梨小食心虫化学信息物质研究进展, 包括雌蛾释放的性信息素组分及对雄、 雌两性的引诱, 雄蛾释放的信息素, 利用性信息素的迷向研究, 寄主植物挥发性引诱物质的鉴定和筛选, 以及梨小食心虫寄主转换机制等方面的研究现状和存在的问题。具体来说, 雌蛾的性信息素包括顺-8-十二碳烯醋酸酯、反-8-十二碳烯醋酸酯、顺-8-十二碳烯-1-醇和十二碳-1-醇, 各个组分的比例在地理种群间存在变异。在室内, 通过行为试验证实两种醋酸酯对雄蛾的引诱是必不可少的, 微量的顺-8-十二碳烯-1-醇对二元组分起到增效作用。在田间, 上述3种物质组成的诱芯具有较强的活性; 由此开发的性信息素迷向技术（人工迷向丝、 可喷施的微胶囊和蜡滴）被用于梨小食心虫交配干扰, 取得了很好的效果。梨小食心虫最主要的寄主植物桃梢挥发物包括22种化合物, 其中绿叶挥发物占到50%, 行为生测证实6~8个碳原子的物质是主要的活性化合物。顺-3-己烯丁酸酯、顺-3-己烯醇、反-2-己烯醛、苯甲醛和苯甲腈的五组分混合物, 其引诱力与天然桃梢挥发物相当。通过钙成像试验证实, 尽管苯甲腈在桃梢天然挥发物中仅占0.14%, 但雌蛾对含有该物质的混合物有显著趋性, 该物质对梨小食心虫成功识别寄主具有重要意义。最后对梨小食心虫信息化学物质下一步的研究和应用前景进行了探讨。     

利用人工合成性信息素诱捕器诱捕印度谷螟的影响因素分析

采用自行设计式及仿制圆筒式诱捕器,以人工合成性信息素(Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate (简称TDA) 为引诱源在实验室条件下对影响诱捕器诱捕印度谷螟Plodia interpunctella效果的几个因素进行分析测定。多元线性回归分析结果表明：日平均温度在18.5～26.2℃,人工合成性信息素TDA散发日数9～37天,温度(X₁)、TDA散发日数(X₂)、当日释放蛾(雄)量(X₃)、累计2日释放蛾量(X₄)、累计3日释放蛾量(X₅)等5个因素与每日诱捕蛾量间存在着相关关系。对5个因素进行逐步回归分析和筛选,得出线性回归方程：Y=-27.31+1.37X₁+0.28X₃,回归系数R（0.90）>R_0.01(n-2,0.63)。统计分析结果表明：日平均温度(X₁)、当日释放蛾量(X₃)与诱蛾量(Y)之间呈显著线性相关关系。卡方测验表明预测值与实测值之间差异不显著。     

Reduction of the response to sex pheromone in the oriental fruit moth,Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) following successive pheromonal exposures

The effects of prior pheromonal experience upon the pheromone- mediated upwind flight response was examined in the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta(Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Adult male G. molestawere subjected to a parallel series of staggered and repeated pheromonal exposures in a sustained-flight wind tunnel. Levels of response to pheromone in male G. molestasignificantly decreased in a (a) rectilinear function with increased ages of individuals, (b) logarithmic function of successive trials, and (c) steeper logarithmic function of successive trials with increased dosage of sex pheromone. The baseline levels of responding were not affected by either the (a) dosage of sex pheromone, (b) posteclosion ages of individuals for their initial exposures once the main effect of age itself was estimated, (c) elapsed time in hours between trials, or (d) discrete days of testing as integral intervals, disregarding hours within days.     

斜纹夜蛾性信息素诱捕器田间应用技术

考查斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura(Fabricius)性信息素诱捕器放置高度、间隔距离以及气象因子对性信息素诱集效果的影响。结果表明,放置高度为1m时,性信息素诱捕器易引起斜纹夜蛾的反应,明显优于0.5m和1.5m的诱集效果。诱捕器放置的间隔距离,以25m为诱集效果最佳,与10,15,20及30m的具有显著差异。夜间风向对诱捕器的诱蛾效果具有明显影响,在3个成一列放置的诱捕器中,诱集量最大的是放在上风口位置的诱捕器;同时,与夜间风向平行设置的诱捕器,其诱集量显著高于与夜间风向垂直设置诱捕器的诱集量。     

The effects of pheromone concentration on the flight behaviour of the oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha molesta

ABSTRACT. Male oriental fruit moths, Grapholitha molesta (Busck) (Tortricidae), flew at lower overall and net ground velocities when they flew toward higher concentration pheromone sources. Turning frequency was greater with increased pheromone concentration, while the distance of turns from the plume axis back towards the axis decreased. Turning magnitude and inter-reversal track angles remained constant at all concentrations tested. Concomitant with the changes in ground velocity but constant inter-reversal angles, were decreases in airspeed, decreases in the moths' course angles and increases in their drift angles. The significance of these changes is discussed in relation to their possible role in a longitudinal chemoklinotactic programme of turning operating in conjunction with anemotaxis to allow location of a pheromone source in wind.     

Behaviour of flying oriental fruit moth males during approach to sex pheromone sources

Abstract. The pheromone-modulated upwind flight tracks of Grapholita molesta (Busck) males were video recorded as they approached a point-source of pheromone in a wind tunnel. The field of view of the video recording was divided longitudinally into 33 cm sections and the flight behaviour of the males in these sections was measured and compared as they approached from 233 cm to 50 cm downwind of the pheromone source. As the males approached the source, their mean ground speeds decreased. The mean values of their track angles increased with respect to due upwind (0), indicating movement more across the wind. These changes resulted mainly from the males decreasing their air speeds as they progressed up the plume toward the source. They did not change the average direction of their steering (course angle). Thus, the increase in track angles resulted from the males allowing themselves to drift more in the wind as they approached the odour source. The males also increased their average rate of counterturning as they approached the source. The net result of all these behavioural changes was a track that slowed and grew narrower, giving the impression that the males were 'homing-in' on the pheromone source as they approached. Causes of these systematic changes in behaviour are considered with respect to the known systematic changes in pheromone plume structure as the distance to the source decreases.