圆背角无齿蚌血细胞培养

用新设计的培养基培养了圆背角无齿蚌的血细胞,在倒置相差镜下进行了活体观察及扫描电镜摄影,发现培养的血细胞无颗粒细胞、颗粒细胞、透明细胞和类淋巴细胞,前三者均能伸出长的伪足和突起,与瓶壁紧密贴附,呈体外培养的成纤维细胞型;后者呈圆形,不与瓶壁贴附;四者的比例约为4：2：3：1。在活体内注射或在培养基上加入PHA和ConA,培养2－7d中,每天取部分供加入秋水仙素,用空气干燥法制片,作染色体观察,但未观察到转化细胞和有丝分裂相。研究结果表明,圆背角无齿蚌的颗粒细胞、无细胞和透明细胞在体外贴附玻璃表面的特征与高等动物的巨噬细胞类似,而不贴瓶的圆形细胞与高等动物的淋巴细胞类似,但在体外培养均不能繁殖,它们可能是高度分化的细胞。     

圆背角无齿蚌血细胞在体内和体外损伤修复过程中的功能

以圆前角无齿蚌为材料,采用外套膜小片的异体移植与加入血细胞的体外培养,研究了血细胞在体风,唯物 修复及珍珠囊构建中的功能。结果表明人工育珠手术后的损伤修复中,血细胞有形成无颗粒细胞层修复伤口、６诱导表皮细胞迁移和再生并形成珍珠囊的功能,而在体外的组织培养中加入血细胞比不加入血细胞的对照组,能更快地诱导上皮细胞迁移和再生,在整个伤面形成２覆盖层,即形成类似珍珠囊结构。本文首次在国内、外报道了用细胞培     

温度、pH对圆背角无齿蚌滤水率的影响

圆背角无齿蚌（Anodonta woodianapa cifica）是我国重要的经济贝类,广泛分布于各大水系;营底栖生活,通过滤水作用摄食水中的浮游生物和有机碎屑;其肉多壳薄,是优良的动物饵料;在水体生态系统的物质循环和能量流动及水质净化中起着十分重要的作用。     

背角无齿蚌心肌纤维的超微结构观察

本文研究了背角无齿蚌心肌纤维的超微结构,在电子显微镜下观察了心脏各部结构固定的超薄切片,分析和讨论了河蚌心肌纤维的粗丝与细丝的排列状况和徽细结构,测最了粗丝和细丝的直径,并对线粒体,脂褐素等细胞器的形态结构,分布等进行了描述,对心肌纤维的连接方式进行了观察,并与脊椎动物心肌纤维的超微结构进行了相应的比较。     

45Ca在圆背角无齿蚌体内的代谢与分布

关于钙在贝体内的代谢过程,过去的研究往往集中于外套膜的钙代谢,对其中钙的分布、储存、运输、分泌及酶组化等方面都已有报道1-3;而钙在淡水贝体内其他各组织器官中的分布及代谢规律,目前国内外尚未见报道。由于放射性同位素45Ca在机体内具有与Ca相同的生理活性,而其放射性又易于检测,本文通过在圆背角无齿蚌内脏团注射45Ca,在 10min至 30d内,45Ca在蚌血液、肝脏、鳃等12种组织器官中的代谢过程,旨在阐明各组织器官在贝类钙代谢中的地位和作用,为贝壳和珍珠形成机理的研究提供资料。       

背角无齿蚌生殖细胞及钩介幼虫的扫描电镜观察

本文报告背角无齿蚌的精子、卵子、钩介幼虫的扫描电镜观察。精子头部呈椭圆形，由顶体帽、顶体后区、核区和颈部组成，尾细长呈线状，卵子圆形，有许多卵闰，在生殖腺中有各种不同发育程度的卵细胞，钩介幼虫在育儿囊（外鳃）中发育，有一系列变态过程，表明卵子是分期分批排出，钩介幼虫也是分批发育和成熟的。     

背角无齿蚌碱性磷酸酶的功能基团研究

在一定条件下分别采用PMSF、DTT、PCMB、NBS、TNBS、SUAN、BrAc及IBr等化学修饰剂选择修饰背角无齿蚌碱性磷酸酶的多种氨基酸残基,并测定其酶活力变化。结果表明,PMSF、NBS、TNBS、SUAN、DTT的修饰能显著抑制酶的活力,活力的降低与修饰剂的浓度相关。BrAc、IAc、PCMB的修饰不表现对酶的抑制作用。作者初步认为,Ser、Lys和Trp残基是背角无齿蚌碱性磷酸酶的必需功能基团,部分二硫键时保护酶的催化功能也是必需的。     

SCGE技术检测镉对背角无齿蚌血细胞DNA的损伤

以背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana woodiana)为研究对象,利用单细胞凝胶电泳技术检测不同浓度及不同染毒时间氯化镉对背角无齿蚌血细胞DNA的损伤作用。结果显示,染毒后的背角无齿蚌血细胞均出现了拖尾现象,各染毒组与对照组相比,拖尾增长明显。剂量效应组中,蚌暴露在不同浓度(0、1、10、50mg·L^-1)的氯化镉中72 h,各组蚌血细胞DNA平均迁移长度及彗尾DNA含量均明显增加,与阴性对照组比较差异显著(p<0.01),存在显著的剂量-效应关系;在时间效应组中,蚌暴露在10mg·L^-1的氯化镉中分别24、48、72、96 h,随着氯化镉染毒时间的延长,各染毒组细胞DNA平均迁移长度及彗尾DNA含量与0时间组比较差异显著(p<0.01),但时间-效应关系不明显。     

背角无齿蚌幼蚌对水体铜的吸收特征研究

为了探究在不同浓度铜(Cu)暴露下背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)对水体Cu的吸收特征,选定对Cu吸收能力更强的幼蚌作为实验对象,依据Cu对幼蚌96 h-EC50和我国渔业水质标准(GB11607—89)中Cu限量设定5个浓度梯度2.0、1.0、0.1、0.01和0.005 mg·L^-1,进行24 h Cu暴露实验及水体Cu含量测定。结果显示:随暴露浓度的升高,幼蚌Cu吸收效率迅速升高,最高值出现在2.0 mg·L^-1暴露组为(0.69±0.11)μg/(g·h);幼蚌Cu去除率总体呈现出降低趋势,其中0.005 mg·L^-1暴露组去除率最高为84.8%, 1.0 mg·L^-1暴露组去除率最低为28.9%。综上所述,背角无齿蚌幼蚌具有较强的Cu吸收能力,表明其在淡水渔业水域环境Cu污染防控方面以及开发作为监测评价淡水渔业水域环境Cu污染的模式生物方面具有非常高的应用潜力。     

河蚌血细胞对细菌趋化移动的初步研究

采用改进的毛细管法 ,研究了圆背角无齿蚌 (Anodontawoodianapacifica)和三角帆蚌 (Hyriopsiscum ingii)两种淡水河蚌离体血细胞对两种水体中常见病原细菌的趋化移动作用 ,及血清对其的影响。结果显示 ,两种河蚌的离体血细胞对细菌都具有趋化移动作用 ,产生趋化移动的血细胞数量都显著高于无细菌的对照组 (P <0 0 5 )。在有血清时 ,血细胞对荧光极毛杆菌 (Pseudomonasfluorescens)的趋化移动活性略高于肠型点状气单孢菌 (Aeromonaspunctataf.intestinalis) ,圆背角无齿蚌离体血细胞的趋化移动能力显著高于三角帆蚌 (P <0 0 5 )。血清对河蚌离体血细胞的趋化移动作用有显著的促进作用 (P <0 0 5 )。     

Characterization of the Hemocytes in Larvae of Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis: Involvement of Granulocyte-Mediated Phagocytosis

Hemocytes are key players in the immune response against pathogens in insects. However, the hemocyte types and their functions in the white-spotted flower chafers, Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis (Kolbe), are not known. In this study, we used various microscopes, molecular probes, and flow cytometric analyses to characterize the hemocytes in P. brevitarsis seulensis. The circulating hemocytes were classified based on their size, morphology, and dye-staining properties into six types, including granulocytes, plasmatocytes, oenocytoids, spherulocytes, prohemocytes, and adipohemocytes. The percentages of circulating hemocyte types were as follows: 13% granulocytes, 20% plasmatocytes, 1% oenocytoids, 5% spherulocytes, 17% prohemocytes, and 44% adipohemocytes. Next, we identified the professional phagocytes, granulocytes, which mediate encapsulation and phagocytosis of pathogens. The granulocytes were immunologically or morphologically activated and phagocytosed potentially hazardous substances in vivo. In addition, we showed that the phagocytosis by granulocytes is associated with autophagy, and that the activation of autophagy could be an efficient way to eliminate pathogens in this system. We also observed a high accumulation of autophagic vacuoles in activated granulocytes, which altered their shape and led to autophagic cell death. Finally, the granulocytes underwent mitotic division thus maintaining their number in vivo.     

慢性镉暴露对背角无齿蚌肝脏的氧化损伤效应

目的:探明氯化镉(CdCl2)暴露对背角无齿蚌肝脏中抗氧化酶活力及脂质过氧化的影响。方法:根据背角无齿蚌96 h镉离子(Cd²⁺)半致死剂量设置1个对照组和2个处理组(0.1和0.5 mg/L),分别检测镉暴露4周及镉清除4周期间背角无齿蚌肝脏中抗氧化酶[超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)]的活力和脂质过氧化物丙二醛(MDA)的含量。结果:不同浓度Cd²⁺暴露对背角无齿蚌抗氧化酶活力及脂质过氧化产生不同程度的影响,低浓度Cd²⁺暴露的毒性效应较弱,高浓度Cd²⁺暴露可显著抑制肝脏SOD活力,诱导GPx活力升高,在暴露后期显著抑制CAT活力,MDA含量随着暴露时间的延长而显著升高。结论:慢性Cd²⁺暴露可影响背角无齿蚌肝脏抗氧化酶活力,引起脂质过氧化损伤,且作用机制与急性毒性不同。     

贝类血细胞研究进展

贝类血细胞研究始于１９３４年。在７０年代中期,贝类血细胞又重新引起了研究者的兴趣,原因之一,是一些经济贝类时常遭受一些寄生虫或病菌的侵袭引起疾病,而贝类的血细胞在防御疾病中扮演了极重要的角色,所以研究血细胞的形态、结构、功能,将帮助我们更好的了解它们...     

In Vitro Interactions of Asian Freshwater Clam (Corbicula fluminea) Hemocytes and Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts

Corbicula fluminea hemocytes phagocytosed infectious oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum in vitro. After 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min of incubation, averages of 35.8, 58.0, 69.7, 77.7, and 81.6% of the oocysts were phagocytosed by 24.3, 70.0, 78.5, 87.3, and 93.0% of the hemocytes, respectively. A single clam can retain by phagocytosis an average of 1.84 x 10(sup6) oocysts per ml of hemolymph. C. fluminea bivalves can serve as biological indicators of contamination of wastewaters and agricultural drainages with Cryptosporidium.     

Immunoprofiling of Drosophila Hemocytes by Single-cell Mass Cytometry

Single-cell mass cytometry(SCMC) combines features of traditional flow cytometry(i.e.,fluorescence-activated cell sorting) with mass spectrometry,making it possible to measure several parameters at the single-cell level for a complex analysis of biological regulatory mechanisms.In this study,we optimized SCMC to analyze hemocytes of the Drosophila innate immune system.We used metal-conjugated antibodies(against cell surface antigens H2,H3,H18,L1,L4,and P1,and intracellular antigens 3 A5 and L2) and anti-IgM(against cell surface antigen L6) to detect the levels of antigens,while anti-GFP was used to detect crystal cells in the immune-induced samples.We investigated the antigen expression profile of single cells and hemocyte populations in naive states,in immune-induced states,in tumorous mutants bearing a driver mutation in the Drosophila homologue of Janus kinase(hop~(Tum)) and carrying a deficiency of the tumor suppressor gene lethal(3)malignant blood neoplasm-1 [1(3)mbn~1],as well as in stem cell maintenance-defective hdc~(Δ84) mutant larvae.Multidimensional analysis enabled the discrimination of the functionally different major hemocyte subsets for lamellocytes,plasmatocytes,and crystal cells,and delineated the unique immunophenotype of Drosophila mutants.We have identified subpopulations of L2~+/P1~+and L2~+/L4~+/P1~+ transitional phenotype cells in the tumorous strains l(3)mbn~1 and hop~(Tum),respectively,and a subpopulation of L4~+/P1~+ cells upon immune induction.Our results demonstrated for the first time that SCMC,combined with multidimensional bioinformatic analysis,represents a versatile and powerful tool to deeply analyze the regulation of cell-mediated immunity of Drosophila.     

Avoidance of nets by Euphausia pacifica in Dabob Bay

Avoidance of nets by Euphausia pacifica was investigated inDabob Bay, WA. Differential catches were found to be a resultof the vibrational signal of the tow cable ahead of the net.Daylight was not a proximal factor but rather exerted an indirecteffect by changing the depth distribution of the euphausiids.Net avoidance varied as a function of animal size and couldbias size distribution estimates as well as abundance estimates.Plummet nets with minimum turbulence and vibration in, and aheadof, the mouth are recommended for sampling euphausiids untilbetter technology becomes available. Some size and species distributionsof euphausiids in Dabob Bay are reported.     

Hemocytes of the cochineal insect: ultrastructure

Using transmission electron microscopy, light microscopy (Giemsa May‐Grumwald), and the Periodic Acid‐Schif (PAS) and Sudan Black B staining techniques, hemocytes in the hemolymph of adult female Dactylopius coccus were characterized. The following, in order of abundance, were found: granulocytes, plasmatocytes, prohemocytes, and oenocytoids. Granulocytes varied in size with granulations in the cytoplasm, a large quantity of mitochondria, rugose endoplasmatic reticulum, ribosomes and vesicles, central or exocentric, spherical and occasionally lobulate nucleus. Plasmatocytes were polymorphic with irregularities in the plasma membrane; cytoplasm contained mitochondria, rugose endoplasmatic reticulum and vesicles, and exocentric, spherical, or irregular nucleus. In both types of hemocytes, scant polysaccharides and lipids were found. Prohemocytes were small and spherical with homogeneous cytoplasm and large exocentric nuclei. Oenocytoids were oval or irregular with dense homogeneous cytoplasm and elongated exocentric nuclei. The percentages of granulocytes on different days (d 1 and 10) during the life of the adult female were significantly different, as were those of plasmatocytes on d 30 and 50 and prohemocytes on d 1 and 50. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.