吸水链霉菌谷氨酰胺转胺酶分离纯化方法改进及结构研究

利用改进的新方法,对吸水链霉菌谷氨酰胺转氨酶(TGase)进行分离纯化.将发酵上清液经过硫酸铵分级盐析后,用Hitrap Q HP阴离子交换柱除掉干扰较大的色素,之后又经Superdex 75 10/300GL凝胶柱和Hitrap Q HP阴离子交换柱的分离,得到高纯度的TGase.纯化后TGase的比活力可达24.5 U/mg,回收率为39.9%.TGase的N-末端前6个氨基酸经测序为DAADER.该研究是对吸水链霉菌TGase的N-末端氨基酸序列的首次报道.将吸水链霉菌TGase的N-末端氨基酸序列与已报道的其它3种链霉菌来源的TGase的N-端氧基酸序列进行比对,序列相似性不高.预测和分析了吸水链霉菌TGase的高级结构,为进一步研究TGase结构和功能的关系,蛋白分子定向改造提供理论依据.     

斑马鱼TATA结合蛋白的生物信息学分析

斑马鱼TATA结合蛋白(TBP)是转录过程中的重要起始因子。利用生物信息学方法对斑马鱼TBP的理化性质、物种间同源性、保守结构域、跨膜区、亲水性/疏水性、蛋白质二级结构、蛋白质三级结构、蛋白质相互作用进行预测分析。分析表明,斑马鱼TBP全长302个氨基酸,等电点9.8,属于TATA结合蛋白超家族,不含跨膜区,属于亲水蛋白;二级结构以无规则卷曲为主,含5个α螺旋区和8个β折叠区,三维建模空间结构可信度98.9%,进一步分析建模结果可靠;与斑马鱼TBP相互作用的蛋白质均为转录因子或TFⅡD复合物组分。分析结果对于深入研究斑马鱼TBP在基因转录中的作用具有一定的理论指导意义。     

非核糖体肽合成酶缩合结构域基因片段克隆

从大连渤海海域筛选出1株放线菌L1,结合形态观察、生理生化实验和16S rDNA分子鉴定,确定L1属于链霉菌属球孢链霉菌(Streptomyces globisporus)。根据GenBank发布的非核糖体肽合成酶(NRPS)序列设计引物,从放线菌L1的基因组DNA中扩增获得NRPS基因片段。测序结果及比对分析表明该片段属于NRPS缩合结构域部分序列。三维建模显示其结构呈V型,包含缩合结构域核心序列,与数据库已知结构相一致,可以推断该克隆片段为NRPS缩合结构域基因片段,为后续深入研究缩合结构域特异性与相关NRPS功能提供基础。     

水稻秸秆还田时间对土壤真菌群落结构的影响

为揭示水稻秸秆还田对土壤真菌群落结构的长期影响,采用荧光定量PCR和PCR-DGGE技术分析了秸秆还田90,180,270 d和360 d的土壤真菌基因丰度和群落结构组成演变趋势,并利用冗余分析(RDA)研究土壤真菌群落结构变化与环境因子的关系。结果表明:随着秸秆还田时间的增加,土壤真菌群体数量和多样性指数(H、R和E)显著增加,在360 d时达到最高。对DGGE图谱的特征条带进行胶回收、测序,系统进化分析表明,土壤真菌主要种群包括:接合菌(Zygomycete sp.)、盐腐霉菌(Pythium salinum)、肉盘菌(Uncultured Sarcosomataceae)、牛粪盘菌(Ascobolus stercorarius)、大链壶菌(Lagenidium giganteum)、青霉菌(Penicillium sp.)、曲霉属真菌(Aspergillus sp.)和疏绵状丝孢菌(Thermomyces lanuginosus)、灰绿曲霉菌(Aspergillus glaucus)、禾谷多粘菌(Polymyxa graminis)和枝顶孢霉菌(Acremonium sp.),其中青霉菌(Penicillium sp.)、曲霉属真菌(Aspergillus sp.)和枝顶孢霉菌(Acremonium sp.)具有纤维素降解能力,而枝顶孢霉菌(Acremonium sp.)在90 d时成为新的优势菌群。RDA分析表明,90 d和180 d秸秆还田与对照土壤的真菌群落结构较为类似,270 d和360 d的秸秆还田与对照土壤的真菌群落结构发生了明显变化。土壤有机碳、pH和速效磷是引起土壤真菌群落结构及多样性变异的主要因素。     

基因组信息指导的星海链霉菌中2-甲硫基-N6-(4-羟基异戊烯基)-腺苷的分离鉴定

【目的】研究海洋链霉菌新种星海链霉菌Streptomyces xinghaiensis NRRL B24674~T次级代谢物中是否存在2-甲硫基-N~6-异戊烯基修饰的腺苷。【方法】通过生物信息学分析星海链霉菌S.xinghaiensis NRRL B24674~T基因组序列,寻找这类化合物的生物合成相关基因;采用正相硅胶柱色谱、反相硅胶柱色谱、凝胶柱色谱和高效液相色谱等分离技术对该菌株的发酵粗提物进行分离纯化;利用质谱与核磁共振等波谱技术鉴定化合物的结构。【结果】在星海链霉菌基因组中找到含有2-甲硫基-N~6-异戊烯基修饰的化合物生物合成途径中的2个同源蛋白;从该菌的发酵液中分离鉴定了2-甲硫基-N~6-(4-羟基异戊烯基)-腺苷(ms2io6A)。【结论】星海链霉菌S.xinghaiensis NRRL B24674~T存在此类腺苷修饰反应,并且是首次在链霉菌中发现此类腺苷修饰。生物信息学分析预示着链霉菌中可能普遍存在此类核酸或者核苷修饰。     

Pla a 1序列分析及三维结构建模

联合运用多种方法预测Pla a 1的亲水性及其二级结构,利用同源建模法建构Pla a 1的三维结构模型,在nb数据库中进行BLAST并构建同源进化树,在Scan Prosite数据库中进行Motif预测,对Pla a 1进行序列分析并进行三维结构建模。该蛋白是一个主要为α β结构的亲水性蛋白,预测其具有一个蛋白激酶C的磷酸化位点,一个N豆蔻酰化位点和三个酪蛋白激酶Ⅱ磷酸化位点。Pla a 1具有较强的信号转导作用,且与拟南芥的果胶(甲)酯酶抑制剂在进化上具有较近的亲缘关系;所预测的三维结构基本能反映出Pla a 1真实的空间构象,这将为今后进一步理解和掌握Pla a 1结构和功能上的关系打下理论基础。     

粘虫谷氨酰胺转胺酶(MsTGase)活力测定条件的正交优化及其在幼虫体内的分布

【目的】本研究旨在优化Grossowicz氧肟酸比色法测定粘虫Mythimna separata谷氨酰胺转胺酶(Ms TGase)活力的组合条件,以Ms TGase酶活力为依据分析其在不同龄期幼虫体内的分布规律。【方法】取4龄粘虫幼虫,通过组织匀浆和沉析纯化制备Ms TGase,采用Grossowicz比色法测定Ms TGase酶活力,并对Grossowicz比色法的多重实验因素进行正交优化,进一步结合差速离心法分析不同龄期幼虫体内和亚细胞组分(细胞核和细胞碎片,线粒体,微粒体以及胞质溶胶)中Ms TGase酶活力。【结果】结果表明,酶浓度、底物浓度、反应体系pH值、反应温度及钙离子浓度等实验因素都对Ms TGase酶活力测定结果产生显著影响,其影响大小顺序为:酶浓度>温度> p H>底物浓度>Ca2+浓度。Ms TGase酶比活力测定的最优化条件:酶浓度20 mg/m L、底物浓度0. 04 mol/L、反应体系pH值6. 5、测定温度37℃,不添加钙离子。在1-5龄幼虫中以4龄幼虫的Ms TGase酶活力最高,其比活力也显著高于其他龄期的,且在1-5龄幼虫胞质溶胶中Ms TGase酶活力分别占各亚细胞组分酶活力总和的39%,25%,48%,60%和61%。【结论】所获得的最优化条件适用于粘虫Ms TGase酶活力测定。Ms TGase在粘虫体内呈显著的龄期表达特征和亚细胞分布规律。     

甘蓝型油菜β碳酸酐酶的结构预测

根据已经克隆到的甘蓝型油菜β碳酸酐酶基因序列,概念地翻译成蛋白质的氨基酸序列。利用Vector NTISuite、SOPMA、Swiss-Model和NCBI-VAST等软件和服务器对甘蓝型油菜β碳酸酐酶的一级结构、二级结构、三维结构进行分子结构模型预测,并进行三维结构的比对。预测结果显示,甘蓝型油菜β碳酸酐酶是定位于叶绿体基质的蛋白质,具有β类碳酸酐酶所特有的保守性基序Cys-Xn-His-X2-Cys;SOPMA预测二级结构显示α螺旋(39.88%)、随机卷曲(39.27%)、β折叠(16.31%)和β转角(4.53%);用同源建模法构建了三维结构图;通过VAST矢量比对工具将甘蓝型油菜β碳酸酐酶与模板(1ekjG)进行三维结构比对,显示甘蓝型油菜β碳酸酐酶与豌豆β碳酸酐酶同型八聚体中的一个单体(1ekjG)很好的匹配,推测甘蓝型油菜β碳酸酐酶全酶也是同型八聚体。     

谷氨酰胺转氨酶对喷雾干燥蛋清粉凝胶硬度的影响

谷氨酰胺转氨酶(transglutaminase,TGase)通过交联作用,能有效提高蛋白质的性质,进而提高食品的特性.蛋清粉的凝胶性质主要由蛋清中蛋白质(egg white protein,EWP)提供.因此,本研究通过在蛋清液中添加TGase,对蛋清液进行酶处理,经喷雾干燥得到蛋清粉.将所得蛋清粉与蒸馏水以一定比例复溶后测定其凝胶强度,经单因素实验和响应面实验设计对高凝胶强度蛋清粉工艺条件进行筛选,并通过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)初步分析TGase对蛋清粉凝胶强度影响的作用机理.研究结果表明:当酶作用pH值为7.05,酶作用温度为34.89℃,酶作用时间为85.73 min,TGase添加量为3.40 U/g蛋白质时.所得蛋清粉凝胶强度最大,为(800.365±5.237)g,比空白组提高了 53.95％.通过SDS-PAGE电泳分析可得出结论:一定的TGase处理可使部分EWP发生分子内和分子间的交联,形成相对分子量较大的蛋白质分子,使蛋白质的结构更加紧密,并增加蛋白质对水分子的吸附能力,因此使蛋清粉硬度显著增强.     

转谷氨酰胺酶基因在大肠杆菌中的克隆表达

从轮枝链霉菌Streptoverticilliummobaraense细胞中获得其基因组DNA ,用一对特异性的引物通过PCR的方法扩增出转谷氨酰胺酶 (transglutaminase,TGase)全长基因 ,回收片段并将其连接到表达载体pET30a中 ,转化大肠杆菌DH5α。双向测序表明获得的转谷氨酰胺酶全长基因序列正确。纯化重组质粒转化大肠杆菌BL2 1 (DE3) ,以 1mmol/LIPTG诱导 5h收集菌体进行SDS-PAGE电泳分析 ,与阴性对照相比 ,明显多出了一条蛋白条带 ,紫外扫描显示此带约占总蛋白量的1 7% ,Westernblotting证实此带能够特异性地与兔抗MTG(味之素公司 )的抗体发生反应。测得纯化后得到的TGase蛋白的酶活可以达到 15.1U/mg蛋白。     

The pro-peptide of Streptomyces mobaraensis transglutaminase functions in cis and in trans to mediate efficient secretion of active enzyme from methylotrophic yeasts

Transglutaminase (TGase) from the actinomycete Streptomyces mobaraensis is a useful enzyme in the food industry, and development of an efficient production system for it would be desirable. Herein we report secretion of TGase in an enzymatically active form by methylotrophic yeasts as expression hosts. Secretory production of active TGase required a pro-peptide from TGase. When an artificial Kex2-endopeptidase recognition site was placed between the pro-peptide and mature TGase, secretion and in vitro maturation of TGase depended on Kex2-dependent cleavage. Unexpectedly, coexpression of unlinked pro-peptide with mature TGase yielded efficient secretion of the active enzyme. These results indicate that the pro-peptide from TGase functions not only in an intramolecular but also in an intermolecular manner. Site-directed mutagenesis of putative N-glycosylation sites increased the productivity of the active TGase further. A recombinant Candida boidinii strain was found to secrete active TGase up to 1.83 U/ml (about 90 mg/l) after 119 h of cultivation.     

The transglutaminase activating metalloprotease inhibitor from Streptomyces mobaraensis is a glutamine and lysine donor substrate of the intrinsic transglutaminase

Transglutaminase (TGase) from Streptomyces mobaraensis is an extra-cellular enzyme that cross-links proteins to high molecular weight aggregates. Screening for intrinsic substrates now revealed the dual Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor-like inhibitor Streptomyces subtilisin and transglutaminase activating metalloprotease (TAMEP) inhibitor (SSTI), equally directed against subtilisin and the TGase activating metalloprotease TAMEP, is both a glutamine and a lysine donor protein. Reactivity of glutamines is lost during culture, most likely by TGase mediated deamidation, and, accordingly, cross-linking only occurred if SSTI from early cultures was used. Interestingly, release of buried endo-glutamines by the lipoamino acid N-lauroylsarcosine could restore SSTI reactivity. Formation of lipoamino acids by Streptomycetes suggests such compounds could also modulate in vivo TGase mediated SSTI cross-linking.     

Production of transglutaminase by Streptomyces isolates in solid-state fermentation

Aims:  To screen Streptomyces isolates for transglutaminase (TGase) production in solid-state fermentation (SSF) on various substrates.
Methods and Results:  Streptomyces mobaraensis NRRL B-3729, Streptomyces paucisporogenes ATCC 12596 and Streptomyces platensis NRRL 2364 strains were screened for extracellular TGase production in SSF on different substrates. High-protein-content beans, peas and lentils proved to be the best substrates. Good TGase production was obtained on liver kidney beans and green mung beans in a 4- to 6-day SSF. Temperature optima of the enzymes varied between 45 to 50°C. Molecular weight determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE) indicated similar size (∼37 kDa) for all three enzymes. TGase was the dominating protein band on SDS PAGE for two Streptomyces strains in SSF extracts. Other enzymes were present in smaller quantities.
Conclusions:  Streptomyces mobaraensis NRRL B-3729, S. paucisporogenes ATCC 12596 and S. platensis NRRL 2364 strains were successfully propagated under SSF conditions on crushed/milled liver kidney bean and green mung bean to obtain good level of TGase.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  Owing to much reduced production cost and direct applicability, SSF TGase without downstream processing (cheap in situ enzyme, crude enzyme) may be an excellent candidate for some nonfood applications.     

Transglutaminase from Streptomyces mobaraensis is activated by an endogenous metalloprotease.

Streptomyces mobaraensis secretes a Ca2+-independent transglutaminase (TGase) that is activated by removing an N-terminal peptide from a precursor protein during submerged culture in a complex medium [Pasternack, R., Dorsch, S., Otterbach, J. T., Robenek, I. R., Wolf, S. & Fuchsbauer, H.-L. (1998) Eur. J. Biochem. 257, 570-576]. However, an activating protease could not be identified, probably because of the presence of a 14-kDa protein (P14) belonging to the Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor family. In contrast, if the microorganism was allowed to grow on a minimal medium, several soluble proteases were extracted, among them the TGase-activating protease (TAMEP). TAMEP was purified by sequential chromatography on DEAE- and Arg-Sepharose and used to determine the cleavage site of TGase. It was clearly shown that the peptide bond between Phe(-4) and Ser(-5) was hydrolyzed, indicating that at least one additional peptidase is necessary to complete TGase processing, even if TAMEP cleavage was sufficient to obtain total activity. Sequence analysis from the N-terminus of TAMEP revealed the close relationship to a zinc endo-protease from S. griseus. The S. griseus protease differs from other members of the M4 protease family, such as thermolysin, in that it may be inhibited by the Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor. P14 likewise inhibits TAMEP in approximately equimolar concentrations, suggesting its important role in regulating TGase activity.     

Activated transglutaminase from Streptomyces mobaraensis is processed by a tripeptidyl aminopeptidase in the final step.

Transglutaminase (TGase) from Streptomyces mobaraensis is secreted as a precursor protein which is completely activated by the endoprotease TAMEP, a member of the M4 protease family [Zotzel, J., Keller, P. & Fuchsbauer, H.-L. (2003) Eur. J. Biochem. 270, 3214-3222]. In contrast with the mature enzyme, TAMEP-activated TGase exhibits an additional N-terminal tetrapeptide (Phe-Arg-Ala-Pro) suggesting truncation, at least, by a second protease. We have now isolated from the culture broth of submerged colonies a tripeptidyl aminopeptidase (SM-TAP) that is able to remove the remaining tetrapeptide. The 53-kDa peptidase was purified by ion-exchange and phenyl-Sepharose chromatography and subsequently characterized. Its proteolytic activity was highest against chromophoric tripeptides at pH 7 in the presence of 2 mm CaCl2. EDTA and EGTA (10 mm) both diminished the proteolytic activity by half. Complete inhibition was only achieved with 1 mm phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, suggesting that SM-TAP is a serine protease. Alignment of the N-terminal sequence confirmed its close relation to the Streptomyces TAPs. That removal of Phe-Arg-Ala-Pro from TAMEP-activated TGase by SM-TAP occurs in a single step was confirmed by experiments using various TGase fragments and synthetic peptides. SM-TAP was also capable of generating the mature N-terminus by cleavage of RAP-TGase. However, AP-TGase remained unchanged. As SM-TAP activity against chromophoric amino acids such as Pro-pNA or Phe-pNA could not be detected, the tetrapeptide of TAMEP-activated TGase must be removed without formation of an intermediate.     

Preferred substrate sequences for transglutaminase 2: screening using a phage-displayed peptide library

A large number of substrate proteins for tissue transglutaminase (TGase 2) have been identified in vivo and in vitro. Preference in primary sequence or secondary structure around the reactive glutamine residues in the substrate governs the reactivity for TGase 2. We established a screening system to identify preferable sequence as a glutamine-donor substrate using a phage-displayed peptide library. The results showed that several peptide sequences have higher reactivity and specificity to TGase 2 than those of preferable sequences previously reported. By analysis of the most reactive 12-amino acid sequence, T26 (HQSYVDPWMLDH), residues crucial to the enzymatic reaction were investigated. The following review summarizes the screening system and also the preference in substrate sequences that were obtained by this method and those previously reported.     

Evidence for a role for transglutaminase in Huntington's disease and the potential therapeutic implications.

Transglutaminase (TGase) activity is increased in affected regions of brains from patients with Huntington's disease (HD). TGase activity is particularly elevated in the nucleus compared with the cytoplasm from these brains. Gamma-glutaminyl-lysyl cross-links have been detected in nuclear inclusions in HD brain, indicating that TGase may play a prominent role in the aggregation of huntingtin (htt). Attempts to ameliorate experimental disease, via inhibition of TGase in transgenic models of HD in mice, are under investigation.     

Transglutaminase cross-linking properties of the small proline-rich 1 family of cornified cell envelope proteins. Integration with loricrin

Small proline-rich 1 (SPR1) proteins are important for barrier function in stratified squamous epithelia. To explore their properties, we expressed in bacteria a recombinant human SPR1 protein and isolated native SPR1 proteins from cultured mouse keratinocytes. By circular dichroism, they possess no alpha or beta structure but have some organized structure associated with their central peptide repeat domain. The transglutaminase (TGase) 1 and 3 enzymes use the SPR1 proteins as complete substrates in vitro but in different ways: head domain A sequences at the amino terminus were used preferentially for cross-linking by TGase 3, whereas those in head domain B sequences were used for cross-linking by TGase 1. The TGase 2 enzyme cross-linked SPR1 proteins poorly. Together with our data base of 141 examples of in vivo cross-links between SPRs and loricrin, this means that both TGase 1 and 3 are required for cross-linking SPR1 proteins in epithelia in vivo. Double in vitro cross-linking experiments suggest that oligomerization of SPR1 into large polymers can occur only by further TGase 1 cross-linking of an initial TGase 3 reaction. Accordingly, we propose that TGase 3 first cross-links loricrin and SPRs together to form small interchain oligomers, which are then permanently affixed to the developing CE by further cross-linking by the TGase 1 enzyme. This is consistent with the known consequences of diminished barrier function in TGase 1 deficiency models.     

Identification of preferred substrate sequences for transglutaminase 1--development of a novel peptide that can efficiently detect cross-linking enzyme activity in the skin

Transglutaminase 1 (TGase 1) is an essential enzyme for cornified envelope formation in stratified squamous epithelia. This enzyme catalyzes the cross-linking of glutamine and lysine residues in structural proteins in differentiating keratinocytes. To gain insight into the preferred substrate structure of TGase 1, we used a phage-displayed random peptide library to screen primary amino acid sequences that are preferentially selected by human TGase 1. The peptides selected as glutamine donor substrate exhibited a marked tendency in primary structure, conforming to the sequence: QxK/RpsixxxWP (where x and psi represent non-conserved and hydrophobic amino acids, respectively). Using glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins of the selected peptides, we identified several sequences as preferred substrates and confirmed that they were isozyme-specific. We generated GST-fused alanine mutants of the most reactive sequence (K5) to determine the residues that were critical for reactivity. Even in peptide form, K5 appeared to have high and specific reactivity as substrate. In situ analysis of mouse skin sections using fluorescence-conjugated K5 peptide resulted in detection of TGase 1 activity with high sensitivity, but no signal was detected in a TGase 1-null mouse. In conclusion, we were successful in generating a novel substrate peptide for sensitive detection of endogenous TGase 1 activity in the skin.