国人颅骨颈动脉管外口及其周围某些结构的形态观察与测量

本文对国人颅骨133例,266个颈动脉管外口形状大小进行了观察与测量。结果表明:颈动脉管外口形状不一。可区分为圆形、卵圆形和南瓜子仁形三种,其中以圆形者为数最多。颈动脉管外口长宽径和距颈静脉窝及锥体尖端之间距离两侧不等,并具有地区性差异。鼓小管下口在个别颅骨缺如。颈静脉窝之大小深浅不一,其中以右侧较大而深者为最多。     

Position and position variations of the canal system of the temporal bone in frontal section

Estimated are: 1. The axis of the internal acoustic meatus to the horizontal plane in adults and postnatal changes. 2. Eight coronal sections of the temporal bone have been selected to localize the canal systems and structures in the petrous part of the temporal bone and their variations. 3. Described are the different parts of the facial canal, the carotic canal, the auditive tube, the tensor tympani muscle, the major petrosal nerve, and its distances to the carotic canal, the cochlea, the internal acoustic meatus, the supra- and infracochlear cells, the fenestra vestibuli, the fossa jugularis, the canaliculus cochleae, the vestibulum and the semicircular canals. This report includes the development of the supravestibular and other mastoideal cells in the neighbourhood of the canal systems of the petrous bone and the vestibular aqueduct and sac. Estimated are also the distances between the different canal systems. 4. The investigations are discussed with our earlier researches and the results of other researchers and its diagnostic in clinical importance.     

The superior laryngeal nerve and the superior laryngeal artery

Length, diameter and anastomoses of the nervus vagus and its ganglion inferius were measured 44 halved heads. On the average, 8.65 fiber bundles of the vagus nerve leave the retro-olivary area. In the area of the jugular foramen is the near superior ganglion of the 10th cranial nerve. In this area were found 1.48 (mean value) anastomoses with the 9th cranial nerve. 11.34 mm below the margo terminalis sigmoidea branches off the ramus internus of the accessory nerve which has a length of 9.75 mm. Further anastomoses with the 10th cranial nerve were found. The inferior ganglion of the 10th nerve had a length of 25.47 mm and a diameter of 3.46 mm. Five mm below the ganglion the 10th nerve had a width of 2.9 and a thickness of 1.5 mm. The mean length of the superior sympathetic ganglion was 26.6 mm, its width 7.2 and its thickness 3.4 mm. In nearly all specimens anastomoses of the superior sympathetic ganglion with the ansa cervicalis profunda and the inferior ganglion of the 10th cranial nerve were found. The superior laryngeal nerve branches off about 36 mm below the margo terminalis sigmoidea. The width of this nerve was 1.9 mm, its thickness 0.8 mm on the right and 1.0 mm on the left side. The division in the internal and external rami was found about 21 mm below its origin. Between the n. vagus and thyreohyoid membrane the ramus internus had a length of 64 mm, the length of external ramus between the vagal nerve and the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle was 89 mm. Its mean length below the thyreopharyngeal part was 10.7 mm, 8.6 branchlets to the cricothyroid muscle were counted. The superior laryngeal artery had its origin in 80% of cases in the superior thyroideal artery, in 6.8% this vessel was a branch of the external carotid artery. Its average outer diameter was 1.23 mm on the right side and 1.39 mm on the left. The length of this vessel between its origin and the thyreohyoid membrane was 34 mm. In 7% on the right side and in 13% on the left, the superior laryngeal artery reached the larynx through a foramen thyreoideum. Ranges of diameters and lengths of vessels and nerves in the larynx are given.     

Measurements of the tympanic cavity

The angle between the annulus fibrocartilaginous and the superior crest of the petrous bone was measured with 14 (10 to 19) degrees. The height of the annulus was in our material 10.04 mm, the width 9.45 mm. Measured were also the length of the plicae malleares and the height of the recessus membrane tympani anterior, posterior et superior with (2.5, 3.0 and 1.5 mm). In about 74%, the chorda tympani was imbedded in different zones of the plicae malleares. Its entrance and exit areas, the length of its intratympanal course and its width were measured. Included are also values of the ligaments of the otic ossicles, measurements of the ostium tympanicum tubae auditivae, of the epitympanic recess, the aditus ad antrum, and the antrum mastoideum. The eminentia pyramidalis, the sinus posterior and the sinus tympani, ponticuli and subicula, the fossula fenestrae cochleae and the fenestra cochleae, the fenestra vestibuli and prominences of the facial canal in the lateral semicircular canal have been researched and measured. Also the tympanic nerve and its course on the promontorium have been estimated.     

A study of nasolacrimal canal in crania from Uttar Pradesh (India)

The length of the nasolacrimal canal and the diameter of its superior aperture were measured in 200 adult skulls from Uttar Pradesh (India). The mean length of the right and left canals were 2.15 cm and 2.39 cm, respectively. The antero-posterior diameter of the superior aperture is more than that of the transverse diameter in both the sides. The right canal has got a larger transverse diameter. But its antero-posterior diameter is less than that of the left side. The correlations between the various measurements were calculated. A positive correlation between the canal length and the nose length has been observed.     

川金丝猴内分泌腺的大体解剖

对3例川金丝猴的内分泌腺作了观察。位于垂体窝内的垂体呈扁圆球形,前后径平均为8．0mm,横径为9．0mm,垂直径为4．5mm;松果体呈扁圆锥形,松果体脚很短,松果体隐窝很小;左肾上腺呈等腰三角形,右肾上腺呈直角三角形;连接甲状腺左、右叶的峡为纤维峡,仅1mm宽;1例川金丝猴有3个甲状旁腺(左侧1个,右侧2个);胸腺右叶较长,伸至颈部形成颈叶。此外,对右肾上腺方位、形态特征的形成也作了讨论。作者认为疣猴类右肾上腺这一特征与它们胃的膨大有关。     

The sphenoid sinus, clinical anatomy of approaches to the pituitary region

Sphenoidal sinus, clinical anatomy: mean values of measurements and research. The ostium of the sinus is situated 4.8 mm paramedian, 4 mm behind the sphenoid sinus with a width of 13.8 mm. Conchal types were estimated in 3%, presellar types in 23.8%, sellar types in 28.6% and postsellar sinuses in 47.6%. The ostium of the sphenoid sinus has a distance to the anterior wall of the Sella turcica mean = 14.6 mm. Included are length values of the sinus, the prominences in the side wall, and the recessus. Our results are discussed with the results of earlier researchers.     

Relative growth,morphological sexual maturity,heterochely, and handedness in Panopeus occidentalis (Brachyura,Panopeidae)

Studies on relative growth and sexual maturity are important to understand the reproductive biology of a species. The aims of this study were to determine the relative growth and to estimate the size of Panopeus occidentalis at morphological sexual maturity, as well as to confirm whether this species demonstrates heterochely or handedness. Individuals were collected every two months from March 2013 to July 2014 in the intertidal estuarine zone of Cananeia, São Paulo, Brazil. The following measurements were taken: carapace width (CW), carapace length (CL), right and left cheliped propodus length (CPL), right and left cheliped propodus height (CPH), right and left cheliped propodus width (CPW), abdomen width (AW), and first pleopod length (FPL). The morphometric relationship used to estimate the size at morphological sexual maturity were CW vs. AW for females and CW vs. FPL for males; these comparisons yielded estimated CW values of 15.60 mm and 16.67 mm, respectively. Heterochely was observed but handedness was not present. The species has a major cheliped on one side, but the side is not constant. This study provides the first insights on the relative growth, sexual maturity, heterochely, and handedness on a population of P. occidentalis in a conserved area.     

A new reconstruction of the Le Moustier 1 skull and investigation of internal structures using 3-D-μCT data

Using the non-destructive technique of 3-D micro computed tomography (3-D-μCT), we present a new, virtual reconstruction of the Le Moustier 1 Neandertal skull. This new reconstruction corrects defects found in earlier reconstruction attempts by repositioning misaligned cranial fragments, addressing the problem of asymmetry caused by pressure during the fossilization process, and placing the basioccipital in its proper anatomical position. Metric comparisons between Le Moustier 1 and juvenile and adult Neandertals demonstrate that facial height proceeded at a faster rate of growth than facial prognathism at the beginning of the adolescent period. They also confirm the anterior placement of the basioccipital. A compound painted to match the colour of the fossilized bone was used in previous reconstruction attempts and the aim of this analysis was to remove the false material to reveal to what extent the fossilized bone was preserved. The areas with the most artificial material and glue include the palate, areas around the mandibular teeth, the left frontal, and parts of the right parietal and temporal bones. The μCT data were also used to examine internal structures of the skull including the frontal sinus and the labyrinth of the inner ear. An investigation of the frontal sinus reveals morphology similar to that found in adult Neandertals, although the structure does not extend to mid-orbit. The dimension of the radius of curvature of the lateral semicircular canal falls within one standard deviation, and the anterior and posterior canals within two standard deviations, of the published Neandertal mean. As in other Neandertals, the posterior semicircular canal is in an inferior position relative to the plane of the lateral canal.     

A new reconstruction of the Le Moustier 1 skull and investigation of internal structures using 3-D-μCT data

Using the non-destructive technique of 3-D micro computed tomography (3-D-μCT), we present a new, virtual reconstruction of the Le Moustier 1 Neandertal skull. This new reconstruction corrects defects found in earlier reconstruction attempts by repositioning misaligned cranial fragments, addressing the problem of asymmetry caused by pressure during the fossilization process, and placing the basioccipital in its proper anatomical position. Metric comparisons between Le Moustier 1 and juvenile and adult Neandertals demonstrate that facial height proceeded at a faster rate of growth than facial prognathism at the beginning of the adolescent period. They also confirm the anterior placement of the basioccipital. A compound painted to match the colour of the fossilized bone was used in previous reconstruction attempts and the aim of this analysis was to remove the false material to reveal to what extent the fossilized bone was preserved. The areas with the most artificial material and glue include the palate, areas around the mandibular teeth, the left frontal, and parts of the right parietal and temporal bones. The μCT data were also used to examine internal structures of the skull including the frontal sinus and the labyrinth of the inner ear. An investigation of the frontal sinus reveals morphology similar to that found in adult Neandertals, although the structure does not extend to mid-orbit. The dimension of the radius of curvature of the lateral semicircular canal falls within one standard deviation, and the anterior and posterior canals within two standard deviations, of the published Neandertal mean. As in other Neandertals, the posterior semicircular canal is in an inferior position relative to the plane of the lateral canal.     

The effect of unilateral partial facial paralysis on nasofrontal sutural growth: an experimental study in the rabbit.

In a previous study in the rabbit, it was demonstrated that paralysis of the midfacial musculature results in decreased anteroposterior growth of the snout. At the end of growth, these animals showed macroscopically striking similarities to animals with unilateral fusion of the nasofrontal suture. In this study, whether nasofrontal sutural growth is unilaterally restricted in animals with unilateral partial facial paralysis was investigated. A left-sided partial facial paralysis was induced in sixteen 12-day-old New Zealand White rabbits. At the ages of 5, 9, 12, and 17 weeks, four animals were randomly assigned to be killed for analysis of nasofrontal sutural growth. In each animal, the left experimental side was compared with the right control side. By means of histomorphometric measurements, it was shown that diminished sutural growth activity was present on the left paralyzed side in periods of rapid growth. On the other hand, no significant alterations in sutural width were found. These findings seem to explain some of the macroscopic growth alterations (i.e., diminished anterior maxillary length) observed in rabbits with unilateral partial facial paralysis.     

髋骨闭孔沟的临床解剖学测量

目的：对闭孔沟进行解剖学观察和测量,为相关应用提供临床解剖学依据和丰富人类学数据。方法：选取结构完整、解剖标志清晰的髋骨108例,其中男性髋骨59例（左侧36例,右侧23例）,女性髋骨49例（其中左侧20例,右侧29例）,对闭孔沟进行观察并测量其长度和闭孔沟中点宽度。结果：试验测得男性左、右侧闭孔沟长度分别为31．4±3．4mm、32．1±2．4min,女性左、右侧闭孔沟长度分别为19．4±2．2mm、20．8±2．7mm;统计学分析显示同性别左、右侧差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,男、女性之间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。男性左、右侧闭孔沟中点宽度分别为9．7±1．6mm、10．7±1．5mm,女性左、右侧闭孔沟中点宽度分别为12．1±1．7mm、11．6±2．0mm;同性别左、右侧及男、女间差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：男、女性闭孔沟测量数据可为闭孔处疾病的诊断和治疗提供应用解剖学的考虑依据并丰富人类学数据。     

Heliconema minnanensis n. sp. (Physalopteroidae: Physalopteridae) and Raphidascaris trichiuri (Yin and Zhang) n. comb. (Ascaridoidea: Anisakidae) in marine fishes.

Heliconema minnanensis n. sp. is described from the Chiloscyllium plagiosum south of the Minnan-Taiwan Bank Fishing Ground, Taiwan Strait. It is characterized by having the following combination of features. There are no longitudinal ridges in the posterior part of the body; the male has 4 pairs of precloacal papillae and 6-7 pairs of postcloacal papillae. The right spicule averages 0.2 mm long (1.1% of body length), and the left spicule averages 1.2 mm long (5.6% of body length), making an average spicule ratio of 1:5.2. The female has a vulva located on the left side of a thick membrane and 56-65% of the body length from the anterior end. Raphidascaris trichiuri (Yin and Zhang, 1983) comb. n., known previously from males only, is transferred from Cloeoascaris and redescribed, including material of both sexes from Muraenesox cinereus from the type locality.     

Craniofacial deformity in patients with uncorrected congenital muscular torticollis: an assessment from three-dimensional computed tomography imaging

Congenital muscular torticollis is caused by idiopathic fibrosis of the sternocleidomastoid muscle that restricts movement and pulls the head toward the involved side. Deformation of the craniofacial skeleton will develop if the restriction is not released and result in aesthetic and functional problems. The purpose of this study was to use three-dimensional computed tomography imaging for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the craniofacial deformity in a series of patients with uncorrected congenital muscular torticollis, and to assess age as a precipitating factor for severity of the deformity. A total of 14 patients from 1 month to 24 years of age were included. The skull images were rotated into standard orientation and reconfigured for evaluation of the cranium, endocranial base, and facial skeletal structures. The midlines of cranial base and facial bone, angle of midline deviation, width of each hemicranium and hemiface, and the orbital index were defined and measured. The results showed that the cranium and cranial base deformation took place as early as in infant stage, with the most prominent change occurring in the posterior cranial fossa. Facial bone asymmetry started to appear after 5 years of age, at which time the mandibular and occlusal abnormalities were observed. The deformity of the orbits and maxilla occurred at an older age, characterized by the deviation and decreased vertical height on the affected side. The severity of the observed deformities increased with age. The angle of midline deviation was 2.48 +/- 1.68 degrees in the cranial base and 3.26 +/- 3.28 degrees on the facial bone. Both of the midline deviations were significantly correlated with age. Compared with the contralateral side, the width of the ipsilateral posterior hemicranium was longer (54.36 +/- 6.72 mm versus 50.81 +/- 6.55 mm), and the width of the ipsilateral lower hemiface was shorter (35.30 +/- 7.27 mm versus 43.49 +/- 11.34 mm). Both differences were statistically significant. Measurement of the orbital index demonstrated a significantly flatter orbit on the ipsilateral side (89.48 +/- 0.11 versus 92.74 +/- 0.08). This study showed that the cranium and cranial base deformity occurred early in patients with uncorrected torticollis, while the facial bone deformity occurred in childhood stage. The cranial and facial deformity became more severe with age. Early release of the muscle restriction is advised to prevent craniofacial deformation.     

The Incidence of Double Hypoglossal Canal in Japanese: Evaluation with Multislice Computed Tomography

ResultsDouble hypoglossal canal was identified in 16.9% of the patients, and was bilateral in 2.2%. Double hypoglossal canal was significantly more frequent on the left side than right (P = 0.004, odds ratio = 1.79) and in males than females (P = 0.011, odds ratio = 1.67). A larger left or right-sided canal was found in 31.6% and 12.2% of the patients, respectively, following the same side preference as that of double hypoglossal canal. Almost perfect agreement was achieved between the two readers (k = 0.975).ConclusionsIn this Japanese population, the prevalence of a double hypoglossal canal was 16.9%, of which 2.2% were bilateral. Double hypoglossal canal was more frequent in males than females, and on the left side than right.     

Asymmetric formation and possible function of the primary pore canal in plutei of Temnopleurus hardwicki

The development and possible function of the primary pore canal (PPC) in plutei of the sea urchin Temnopleurus hardwicki was examined by immunochemistry, electron microscopy and microsurgery. Left and right PPC that extended from coelomic sacs in plutei contained a bundle of cilia with a 9 + 2 structure that was initially detected as a group of anti-acetylated tubulin antibody-binding granules in the epithelium of coelomic sacs in 28 h postfertilization (PF) prism larvae. The granules extended to be a bundle of fibers toward the larval dorsal surface, concurrent with formation of the PPC on both sides, over the next 4 h. The cilia in both PPC beat actively. However, the PPC on the right side disappeared by approximately 55 h PF, establishing left-right asymmetry by 60 h PF (the four-arm pluteus stage). The numbers of cilia in the left and right PPC in 56 h PF plutei were five and eight, respectively. Microsurgical removal of the coelomic sac from both sides or the left side only from 26 h PF prism larvae decreased body width to 64 and 91% of normal width by 50 h PF pluteus stage, respectively, whereas that of the right PPC did not. These observations suggest that PPC contribute to the maintenance of normal body width, and that there is asymmetrical activity between the left and right PPC.     

Validation of in vivo assessment of facial soft-tissue volume changes and clinical application in midfacial distraction: a technical report

The purpose of this study was to validate the assessment of visible volume changes of the facial soft tissue with an optical three-dimensional sensor and to introduce new parameters for the evaluation of the soft-tissue shape achieved from three-dimensional data of selected cases of midfacial distraction. Images of a truncated cone of known volume were assessed repeatedly with an optical three-dimensional sensor based on phase-measuring triangulation to calculate the volume. Two cubic centimeters of anesthetic solution was injected into the right malar region of 10 volunteers who gave their informed consent. Three-dimensional images were assessed before and immediately after the injections for the assessment of the visible volume change. In five patients who underwent midfacial distraction after a high quadrangular Le Fort I osteotomy, three-dimensional scans were acquired before and 6 and 24 months after the operation. The visible soft-tissue volume change in the malar-midfacial area and the mean distance of the accommodation vector that transformed the preoperative into the postoperative surface were calculated. The volume of the truncated cone was 235.26 +/- 1.01 cc, revealing a measurement uncertainty of 0.4 percent. The injections of anesthetic solution into the malar area resulted in an average visible volume change of 2.06 +/- 0.06 cc. The measurement uncertainty was 3 percent. In the five patients, the average distance of maxillary advancement was 6.7 +/- 2.3 mm after 6 months and 5.4 +/- 3.0 mm after 2 years. It was accompanied by a mean visible volume increase of 8.92 +/- 5.95 cc on the right side and 9.54 +/- 4.39 cc on the left side after 6 months and 3.54 +/- 3.70 cc and 4.80 +/- 3.47 cc, respectively, after 2 years. The mean distance of the accommodation vector was 4.41 +/- 1.94 mm on the right side and 4.74 +/- 1.32 mm on the left side after 6 months and 1.62 +/- 1.96 mm and 2.16 +/- 1.52 mm, respectively, after 2 years. The assessment of visible volume changes by optical three-dimensional images can be carried out with considerable accuracy. The determination of volume changes and accompanying accommodation vectors completes the cephalometric analysis during the follow-up of patients undergoing midfacial distraction. The new parameters will help to assess normative soft-tissue data on the basis of three-dimensional imaging with a view to an improved three-dimensional prediction of the operative outcome of orthognathic surgery.     

Auditory epithelial migration on the human tympanic membrane: II. The existence of two discrete migratory pathways and their embryologic correlates

The pathways of movement of dye-markings on the tympanic membranes of 30 ears of 15 volunteers were investigated by photography with a Hopkin's rod. Two discrete pathways were identified. Movement on the pars tensa was centrifugal in all directions from the edge of the handle of malleus surface. This supported our previous suggestion that pars tensa epithelial migration is based on growth of the meatal plate. Movement on the more central part of the handle surface itself, however, was always upwards to the pars flaccida epithelium and then, with all dye on the latter, in a posterosuperior direction only. The covering epithelium of the pars flaccida/handle of malleus arises from the fundus of the early embryonic external canal. To explore the possibility that its migration may also commence early, the fundus was examined histologically in 12 embryo ears. It was shaped like an inverted pear to conform to the primordial head of the malleus above and its handle below. There was distinct flattening of the whole fundal epithelium in contrast to the side wall of the external canal, lending support to the concept of a primordial flux of epithelium in the main fundus and its inferior extension. The meatal plate grew from the rim of the fundus producing the pars tensa and deep external canal epithelia. This process, however, was not associated with significant cytologic alterations or increased expression of the human proliferation antigen, Ki-67, at that rim. This suggests that the pars tensa epithelium grows and moves without the active involvement of the epithelium of the pars flaccida/handle of malleus.     

禄丰粗壮池猿头骨的初步观察——兼论池猿的系统关系

本文通过粗壮池猿头骨新材料的初步观察得出,它与欧洲上猿的头骨比较接近,而在某些特征上又与现生长臂猿相似。这与牙齿和颌骨研究的结果是一致的。本文还对亚洲第三纪长臂猿类与其他同时代长臂猿类的关系作了初步的探讨,并对池猿的系统关系作了论述。     

A bilateral maxillofacial trunk in man: an extraordinary anomaly of the carotid system of arteries.

In a Caucasian male, the maxillary artery (M) bilaterally arose with the facial artery anteromedially from the external carotid artery. On the right side, the M entered the infratemporal fossa between the neck of the mandible and the medial pterygoid muscle, whereas the left M pierced the medial pterygoid muscle, first being covered by the muscle and the angle of the mandible. On both sides, the M ran deep to the inferior head of the lateral pterygoid muscle and the buccal nerve. The right M lay deep to the inferior alveolar, but superficial to the lingual nerve, whereas the left inferior alveolar and lingual nerves had formed two roots, thus encircling the left M. The ascending palatine artery was replaced on both sides by palatine branches of the ascending pharyngeal artery. Since a bilaterial maxillofacial trunk with topographical relations as described herein has not been previously reported in man, the embryology and comparative anatomy of this variation are discussed.