荷叶离褶伞生物学特性研究

荷叶离褶伞菌丝生长的温度范围是5~35℃,最适温度25℃;子实体分化的温度范围13~22℃,最适温度19℃;0~3℃的温差有利于子实体的分化,温差大于9℃子实体不能形成;孢子萌发的温度范围是10~25℃,最适温度20℃;菌丝能在pH4~11范围内生长,最适pH4~5;菌丝和孢子的致死温度分别是45℃30min和50℃15min。能利用淀粉、蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖、玉米粉、乳糖和甘露糖作碳源,但蔗糖和葡萄糖为碳源生长势强,果糖生长势弱;甘氨酸、蛋白胨、硫酸铵、黄豆粉、硝酸铵、谷氨酸和麦麸均可作为氮源,在麦麸上生长速度快,长势旺盛;硫酸铵、硝酸铵和谷氨酸虽能作为氮源,但长势很弱;能在C/N15/1~50/1的范围内生长,C/N为50/1时生长速度最快。在完全黑暗的条件下不能形成子实体,连续光照和12h光暗交替两种处理都可形成子实体,且两种处理间差异不显著。     

Pollen fertility restoration by nuclear gene Fr in CMS common bean: an Fr linkage map and the mode of Fr action

The Fr gene in common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., is a unique gene for the study of plant nuclear-mitochondrial interactions because it appears to directly influence plant mitochondrial genome structure, resulting in the restoration of pollen fertility in cytoplasmic male sterile plants. This gene action is distinct from other pollen fertility restoration systems characterized to date. As a first step towards the map-based cloning of this unusual nuclear gene, we identified RAPD markers linked to Fr using bulked segregant analysis of near-isogenic lines. Using DNA gel blot hybridization, we localized the identified RAPD markers to a linkage group on the common bean RFLP map and constructed a linkage map of the Fr region using both RAPD markers and RFLP markers. Analysis of the mode of Fr action with the aid of identified Fr-linked DNA markers indicated that Fr functions in a semidominant fashion, showing dosage effect in controlling the dynamics of a heteroplasmic mitochondrial population. We also present our observations on the developmental distinctions, crucial in the accurate mapping of the Fr gene, between spontaneous cytoplasmic reversion and Fr-driven fertility restoration, two phenomena that are phenotypically indistinguishable.     

Development of Sporangiophores of Peronospora parasitica (Pers. ex Fr.) Fr.

The morphology of developing sporangiophores of Peronosporaparasitica from wallflower is described, and morphogenesis maybe divided into the following five stages: the sporangiophoreprimordium, unbranched sporangiophore, branched sporangiophore,spore formation and maturation, and formation of the cross wall.The growth of individual sporangiophores in a humidity chamberwas followed under the microscope, and increase in height andincrease in volume measured. The greatest increase in volumewas during spore formation, when the sporangiophore volume mightquadruple within an hour.     

中国丝盖伞属Inocybe(Fr.)Fr.名录(英文)

我国记载的丝盖伞属Inocybe(Fr.)Fr.共有98个分类单位,包括90种5变种3变型。根据CABI数据库和《国际植物命名法规》(维也纳法规)订正了文献中的部分拉丁学名,将曾经报道的、但应作为属内异名的名称列在其正名之后,错误拼写和错误引用均在相应名称后有所说明;已组合到其他属和不合格发表的名称补充于名录之后。在以往报道的名称中有16个为属内异名,1个已被组合到其他属,5个拉丁学名存在错误拼写,1个为错误引用,4个为不合格发表名称。订正后的名录含丝盖伞属88个名称,包括78种7变种3变型,并记载了各分类群的地理分布。     

Dr. Fr. Facchini

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Laboratory tests of fungicides against Peronospora parasitica (Pers. ex Fr.) Fr

Methods were investigated of culturing Peronospora parasitica on detached cotyledons in plastic box moist chambers in constant-temperature cabinets. Light was essential and a temperature of 15 °C was most suitable for infection and survival of cotyledons. Using such cotyledons the protectant and eradicant actions of various fungicides against P. parasitica were compared with those of zineb. Captafol, Daconil 2787, dichlofluanid and propineb were markedly superior to zineb as protectants, being highly effective at 0·025 % a.i. None of these compounds (at 0·2 % a.i.) checked fungal development when applied 5 h after inoculation, during which time the fungus had penetrated the cotyledons, and it was concluded that the fungicides had thus no internal effect. Internal fungistasis was shown, however, by a maneb-nickel sulphate fungicide and also by nickel sulphate. The latter (at 0·4% NiSO₄.6H₂O) gave some disease control when applied up to 72 h after inoculation and appeared to be translocated within the tissue of the cotyledon.     

Formensehen bei Frösche

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Bildungsabweichungen an Frühlingsblumen

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

FrÜhtreiben Und Vitamin C-Gehalt

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Frühlingsexcursionen am liburnischen Karst

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Frühlingsexcursionen am liburnischen Karst

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

The Distribution of Substances in the Sporangiophores of Peronospora parasitica (Pers. ex Fr.) Fr.

The distribution of nuclei, RNA, mitochondria, lipid material,protein, and insoluble carbohydrates in the developing sporangiophoresof Peronospora parasitica was demonstrated by cytochemical staining.Nuclei, mitochondria, and protein showed a more or less uniformdistribution throughout the young sporangiophores, but werelocated almost entirely within the mature spores when sporedispersal commenced. Lipid material had a similar distribution,but was absent from the sporangiophore apex and sporangiophorebranch tips during the early stages of development. RNA wasabundant in the sporangiophore apices during early development,but occurred only within the spores, in small quantities, atmaturation. Although insoluble carbohydrates were sparse, theyhad a similar distribution to the nuclei, mitochondria, andprotein. Glycogen was not detected. The major soluble carbohydrates, present in the mature sporesin about equal proportions, were identified by thin-layer chromatographyas trehalose and an aldo-hexose, either glucose or mannose.These sugars were present in about equal quantities in the immaturesporangiophores and spores, while in the mature sporangiophoresfrom which the spores had been removed, trehalose was the majorsugar present. Sugar alcohols were not detected.     

Cytochemistry and Ultrastructure of Hyphae and Haustoria of Peronospora parasitica (Pers. ex Fr.) Fr.

The uniform distribution of nuclei, mitochondria, lipid material,protein, and RNA in the hyphae and haustoria of Peronosporaparasitica was demonstrated by staining techniques. Glycogenwas not detected, the only insoluble carbohydrate material detectedby the periodic acid-Schiff reaction being in the fungal wall.The host cell walls reacted more intensely to this stain thanthe hyphal walls. The reaction of haustorial walls varied betweenthe slight staining reaction characteristic of the fungal walls,and the strong reaction of the host cell wall. Callose sheathswere occasionally seen. Fine structure was found to be similar to that of other Oomycetes.Welldeveloped sheaths of a vesicular nature, possibly synonymouswith callose sheaths, were occasionally seen partly surroundinghaustoria.     

Die Korkbildung der Früchte vonAesculus-undCucumis-Arten

Zusammenfassung Während beiAesculus die Korkbildung spontan einsetzt und die Ursache für das Aufreißen der peripheren Schichten bildet, erfolgt umgekehrt beiCucumis Melo das Aufreißen der Epidermis und der äußersten Parenchymschichten spontan und bildet die Ursache für die Korkbildung an den verletzten Stellen der Fruchtoberfläche. Demnach werden dieAesculus-Früchte von einem mehr oder weniger zusammenhängenden Korkmantel umgeben, dieCucumis-Früchte dagegen sind von einem Korknetz überzogen.BeiAesculus ist die Subepidermis die Initialschicht für die Korkentwicklung; die Epidermis bleibt von der Verkorkung ausgeschlossen. BeiCucumis dagegen ist die Ausgangsschicht nicht immer deutlich festgelegt: die Verkorkung beginnt bald in der Subepidermis, bald in tieferen Wandschichten; die Epidermis aber bleibt auch hier unverkorkt.Die Zellteilungen sowie die Verkorkung laufen beiAesculus in zentripetaler, beiCucumis in zentrifugaler Richtung ab.BeiAesculus Hippocastanum ist die Fruchtkorkbildung offensichtlich an klimatische und ökologische Faktoren gebunden. Dem Licht kommt eine wesentliche Wirkung zu.BeiCucumis ist, wenn überhaupt, nur ein geringfügiger Einfluß der Belichtung auf die Korkbildung feststellbar.