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1.
The binding of 99mTc to negatively-charged and neutral unilamellar lipid vesicles was investigated in the absence and presence of the ligand diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) covalently attached to the headgroup of phosphatidylethanolamine at the surface of the membrane. Even in the absence of DTPA on the membrane surface, 99mTc reduced by Sn bound to the membrane surface but rapidly dissociated from the vesicles in the presence of plasma in vitro. When DTPA was present on the membrane surface, dissociation of 99mTc from the vesicle surface in plasma was much reduced. The dissociation of 99mTc from the surface of negatively-charged vesicles was less than for neutral vesicles in the absence of ligand but was markedly greater than for vesicles containing the ligand DTPA, suggesting that the binding of 99mTc to vesicles with surface-attached DTPA could not be explained solely on the basis of the negative charge provided by the DTPA. In vitro experiments using 14C-labeled lipids as well as in vivo imaging studies indicated that dissociation of 99mTc from the surface of the vesicle did not arise predominantly because of lipid exchange with plasma components or due to cleavage of Tc-DTPA from the vesicle surface. For vesicles with surface-attached DTPA, 99mTc dissociation from the vesicle surface in plasma was further reduced by addition of the antioxidant ascorbate.  相似文献   

2.
Polyvinyl alcohol sponge (PVA) is a widely used angiographic embolic agent. The radiolabeling of PVA can accurately identify particle localization and may decrease the possibility of patient morbidity from embolization to distal sites. We incorporated 99mTc sulfur colloid (SC) into PVA by heating. Animal experiments demonstrated the in vivo stability of the 99mTc SC-PVA complex and the efficacy of external imaging. 99mTc SC-PVA biodistribution data and external NaI(Tl) scintillation probe counts were performed, to assess anatomic localization. Embolization with this complex was performed in a patient.  相似文献   

3.
Mannitol has been labelled with 99mTc by using cuprous chloride as a reducing agent. Blood and kidney clearance of 99mTc(Cu)-mannitol was slightly faster than that of 99mTc(Sn)-DTPA in rat and maximum radioactivity ratio of kidneys to blood was 84.6 at 5 min. A comparative study of 99mTc(Cu)-mannitol, 99mTc(Sn)-DTPA was made in rabbits by taking serial images of kidneys and bladder with a γ camera. Results show superiority of 99mTc(Cu)-mannitol over other agents for dynamic renal function studies.  相似文献   

4.
Direct labeling involves 99mTc binding to different donor groups on the protein, giving multiple binding sites of various affinities resulting in an in vivo instability. The stability has been considerably improved by activating the antibody using a controlled reduction reaction (using 2-aminoethanethiol). This reaction generates sulfhydryl groups, which are known to strongly bind 99mTc. The direct 99mTc antibody labeling method was explored using whole antibodies and fragments. Analytical methods were developed for routine evaluation of radiolabeling yield and in vitro stability.Stable direct antibody labeling with 99mTc requires the generation of sulfhydryl groups, which show high affinity binding sites for 99mTc. Such groups are obtained with 2-aminoethanethiol (AET), which induces the reduction of the intrachain or interchain disulfide bond, with no structural deterioration or any loss of immunobiological activity of the antibody. The development of fast, reliable analytical methods has made possible the qualitative and quantitative assessment of technetium species generated by the radiolabeling process. Labeling stability is determined by competition of the 99mTc-antibody bond with three ligands, Chelex 100 (a metal chelate-type resin), free DTPA solution and 1% HSA solution.Very good 99mTc-antibody stability is obtained with activated IgG (IgGa) and Fab′ fragment, which makes these substances possible candidates for immunoscintigraphy use.  相似文献   

5.
The Chromatographic and in vivo behaviour in mice of the 99mTcN- and 99mTc(Sn)-complexes of 2-mercaptopyridine, 2-mercaptopyrimidine, thiouracil, 6-mercaptopurine and thioguanine is compared. The biological distribution of the 99mTcN-complexes is generally different to that of the 99mTc(Sn)-complexes of the same ligand with the difference being very dependent on the structure of the ligand. The 99mTcN-mercaptopyrimidine complex has potential as a blood-cell labelling agent.  相似文献   

6.
We have developed four 99mTc(CO)3-labeled lipophilic tracers as potential radiolabeling agents for cells based on a hexadecyl tail. 99mTc(CO)3-hexadecylamino-N,N′-diacetic acid (negatively charged), 99mTc(CO)3-hexadecylamino-N-α-picolyl-N′-acetic acid (uncharged), 99mTc(CO)3-N,N′-dipicolylhexadecylamine (positively charged), 99mTc(CO)3-N-hexadecylaminoethyl-N′-aminoethylamine (positively charged) were prepared in a radiolabeling yield: >90%. Preliminary cell uptake studies were performed in mixed blood cells with or without plasma and were compared with 99mTc-d,l-HMPAO and [18F]FDG. In plasma-free blood cells, maximum uptake (78%) was obtained for 99mTc(CO)3-N-hexadecylaminoethyl-N′-aminoethylamine after 60 min incubation (compared to 55% and 23% for 99mTc-d,l-HMPAO and [18F]FDG, respectively) while in plasma-rich medium, 99mTc(CO)3-N,N′-dipicolylhexadecylamine was best bound (54%, similar to the binding of 99mTc-d,l-HMPAO). Biodistribution in normal mice showed mainly hepatobiliary clearance of the agents and initial high lung uptake. The radiolabeled compounds showed good blood clearance with maximally 7.9% injected dose per gram at 60 min post injection. While the least lipophilic agent (99mTc(CO)3-N,N′-dipicolylhexadecylamine, log P = 1.3) showed the best cell uptake, there appears to be no direct correlation between lipophilicity and tracer uptake in mixed blood cells. In view of its comparable cell uptake to well known cell labeling agent 99mTc-d,l-HMPAO, 99mTc(CO)3-N,N′-dipicolylhexadecylamine merits further evaluation as a potential cell labeling agent.  相似文献   

7.
Platelets pretinned with a neutral Sn(II)-2-mercaptopyridme-N-oxide (SN-MPO) were labeled with 99mTc and compared to those labeled with 99mTc-HMPAO. The conditions of labeling platelets, e.g. concentrations of platelets and Sn(II)-MPO, 99mTc in ACD-saline or ACD-plasma media, pH and incubation time, were optimized using canine platelets. Moderate labeling efficiency was obtained with 20 μg of tin(II) chloride and 30 min incubation with Sn-MPO and pertechnetate. The viability of labeled platelets was determined by platelet recovery and platelet survival times in Beagle dogs. The labeling efficiency with platelets from 43 mL of blood was 62.8 ± 7.6%. The platelet recovery was 35.7 ± 5.0% and exponential survival time was 34.6 ± 3.1 h compared to 43.3 ± 12.0% and 29.5 ± 3.3 h for 99mTc-HMPAO-labeled platelets. These values were significantly (P < 0.01) lower than 111In-labeled platelets. Biodistribution in dogs indicates lower retention in blood, spleen and liver after some initial 99mTc excretion in urine. The platelet deposition with 99mTc platelets (Sn-MPO method) on polyurethane angio-catheters was similar to 99mTc-HMPAO-labeled platelets. This study indicates that the platelets could be successfully labeled with pertechnetate in a cost-effective manner for the evaluation of thromboembolic complications.  相似文献   

8.
The β emitting isotopes 186Re and 188Re are logical choices on which to base therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals that might be expected to be analogous to diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals based on 99mTc. However, the chemistry of rhenium is sufficiently different from that of technetium so that the development of Re radiopharmaceuticals often cannot be predicated on the known chemistry and biological behavior of 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals. The relevant chemical differences involve the greater stability of the higher oxidation states of Re (and thus the greater tendency of reduced Re radiopharmaceuticals to undergo re-oxidation to perrhenate), and the greater substitution inertness of reduced Re complexes. These differences are illustrated (1) in the preparation and use of 186Re (Sn)-HEDP and 99mTc(Sn)-HEDP diphosphonate radiopharmaceuticals designed, respectively, for palliative therapy and diagnosis of metastatic cancer to bone, and (2) in the preparation and biodistribution of tr-[186Re(DMPE)2Cl2]+ and [186Re(DMPE)3]+, analogs to the potential myocardial perfusion imaging agents tr-[99mTc(DMPE)2Cl2]+ and [99mTc(DMPE)3]+. [HEDP = (1-hydroxyethylidene)diphosphonate; DMPE = 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane].  相似文献   

9.
The uptake of two different preparations of99mTechnetium-methylene diphosphonate in fetal rat calvaria is compared. The localization of99mTc after administration of99mTc(Sn)-MDP and99mTc-MDP showed equal distribution in autoradiography.  相似文献   

10.
N4-Modified, novel Ara-C conjugate capable of radiolabeling with gamma ray-emitting (99mTc) as well as positron emitting (18F) radionuclides, that is, N4-hydrazine derivative was synthesized. The radiolabeling of N4-(hydrazinonicotinyl)-1-β-arabinofuranosyl cytosine (HAra-C) with 99mTc was performed with over 95% labeling yield. To label HAra-C with 18F, 4-fluoro(18F)-benzaldehyde was synthesized from 4-formyl-N,N,N-trimethylanilinium triflate in 30% radiochemical yield; it quantitatively formed hydrazone derivative with HAra-C within 45 min. The radiolabeled conjugates were analyzed by radio-UV-RP-HPLC. The cold precursors were characterized by 1H, 13C NMR. Additionally, HAra-C was evaluated for cytotoxicity in lung adenocarcinoma (H441) cells and found to be comparable in cell killing efficiency to that of Ara-C. Uptake of 99mTc-HAra-C in cultures of H441 cells and sensitive pancreatic cancer cells (MIAPaCa-2) was inhibited by nucleoside transporter inhibitor nitrobenzylthioinosine. The results suggest that 99mTc-labeled HAra-C is a substrate for the membrane nucleoside transporters, and that it may be used in molecular imaging of nucleoside transporter expression for the verification of potential anticancer efficacy of nucleoside drugs, such as Ara-C and gemcitabine.  相似文献   

11.
Two new ligand systems for complexation with 99mTc were prepared. The two analogs of bisaminoethanethiol (BAT): N,N′-bis(2-methyl-2-mercaptopropyl)-2,2-dimethylpropylenediamine (PAT-HM) and N,N′-bis[2-(2-ethyl-1-mercaptopropyl)] ethylenediamine (TMR), form neutral and lipid soluble complexes with 99mTc that readily penetrate the blood-brain barrier following i.v. injection into rats. Although the 99mTc chelates do not display the prolonged brain retention required for use in single photon emission computed tomographic imaging studies, the fact that each ligand forms a neutral and lipid-soluble complex of high chemical stability when coordinated with 99mTc warrants further investigation to increase the site- and organ-specificity of these agents.  相似文献   

12.
目的:通过放射性核素~(99m)Tc标记BmK CT多肽制备靶向胶质瘤的显像剂,探讨~(99m)?Tc-BmK CT用于胶质瘤显像的可行性。方法:采用BmK CT多肽游离的氨基与DTPA酸酐反应得到BmK CT-DTPA,经99m Tc标记后通过柱层析分离纯化制备~(99m)?Tc-BmK CT。测定标记物在PBS溶液和血清中不同时间点放射性化学纯度,评价BmK CT-~(99m)?Tc体外稳定性。新西兰白兔耳缘静脉注射~(99m)Tc-BmK CT进行SPECT显像,观察不同时间点体内的放射性分布。皮下胶质瘤裸鼠经尾静脉注射~(99m)Tc-BmK CT,观察不同时间点肿瘤的摄取情况;注射后4 h处死裸鼠,分离肿瘤和主要器官进行离体SPECT显像,并用勾画感兴趣区法分析相对放射性计数。结果:~(99m)Tc标记BmK CT多肽标记率大于80%,经柱层析分离纯化后放射性化学纯度大于99%。标记物在PBS和血清稳定性良好,6 h内放射性化学纯度均大于95%,12 h内放射性化学纯度大于90%。正常白兔SPECT显像表明~(99m)Tc-BmK CT主要浓聚在肝脏、脾脏和肾脏,软组织持续显影微弱,甲状腺区及胃肠未见核素浓聚;显像剂主要通过泌尿系统排泄,24 h肾脏与肝脏显影接近。胶质瘤裸鼠SPECT显像表明,注射后4 h肿瘤显像清楚,ROI分析结果显示肿瘤/肌肉比4.26±0.25,标记物在肿瘤内代谢缓慢,8 h肿瘤部位仍有较高摄取。结论:本研究成功制备了~(99m)Tc标记BmK CT多肽,标记物主要被肝、脾和肾摄取,经泌尿系统排泄;~(99m)Tc-BmK CT能够在皮下胶质瘤中浓聚,注射后4 h肿瘤显影清晰,瘤内代谢缓慢,有潜力成为一种新型胶质瘤分子探针。  相似文献   

13.

Abstract  

Auger-emitting radionuclides such as 99mTc have been the focus of recent studies aiming at finding more selective therapeutic approaches. To explore the potential usefulness of 99mTc as an Auger emitter, we have synthesized and biologically evaluated novel multifunctional structures comprising (1) a pyrazolyl-diamine framework bearing a set of donor atoms to stabilize the [M(CO)3]+ (M is Re, 99mTc) core; (2) a DNA intercalating moiety of the acridine orange type to ensure close proximity of the radionuclide to DNA and to follow the internalization and subcellular trafficking of the compounds by confocal fluorescence microscopy; and (3) a bombesin (BBN) analogue of the type X-BBN[7-14] (where X is SGS, GGG) to provide specificity towards cells expressing the gastrin releasing peptide receptor (GRPr). Of the evaluated 99mTc complexes, Tc 3 containing the GGG-BBN[7-14] peptide showed the highest cellular internalization in GRPr-positive PC3 human prostate tumor cells, presenting a remarkably high nuclear uptake in the same cell line. Live-cell confocal imaging microscopy studies with the congener Re complex, Re 3 , showed a considerable accumulation of fluorescence in the nucleus, with kinetics of uptake similar to that exhibited by Tc 3 . Together, these data show that the acridine orange intercalator and the metal fragment are colocalized in the nucleus, which indicates that they remain connected despite the lysosomal degradation of Tc 3 /Re 3 . These compounds are the first examples of 99mTc bioconjugates that combine specific cell targeting with nuclear internalization, a crucial issue to explore use of 99mTc in Auger therapy.  相似文献   

14.
A new method for labeling preformed liposomes with technetium-99m (99mTc) has been developed which is simple to perform and stable in vivo. Previous 99mTc-liposome labels have had variable labeling efficiencies and stability. This method consistently achieves high labeling efficiencies (> 90%) with excellent stability. A commercially available radiopharmaceutical kit—hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (HM-PAO)—is reconstituted with 99mTcO4 and then incubated with preformed liposomes that encapsulate glutathione. The incubation takes only 30 min at room temperature. Liposomes that co-encapsulate other proteins such as hemoglobin or albumin, in addition to glutathione, also label with high efficiency. Both in vitro and in vivo studies indicate good stability of this label. Rabbit images show significant spleen and liver uptake at 2 and 20 h after liposome infusion without visualization of thyroid, stomach or bladder activity.This labeling method can be used to study the biodistribution of a wide variety of liposome preparations that are being tested as novel drug delivery systems. This method of labeling liposomes with 99mTc may also have applications in diagnostic imaging.  相似文献   

15.
A method is described for labeling proteins with 99mTc, the radionuclide of choice in diagnostic nuclear medicine. Labeling efficiency, stability of label attachment and retained biological behaviour, e.g. immunoreactivity of monoclonal antibodies after radiolabeling are demonstrated. An application of a 99mTc-labeled anti-fibrin monoclonal antibody in radioimmunoimaging of thrombi is presented.  相似文献   

16.
It is essential in any method for radiolabeling antibody with99mTc that the labeling procedure is rapid and reliable, producing a highly stable99mTc-antibody complex with minimal effect on the immunoreactivity of the antibody. In the present study, analysis of the stability and homogeneity of radiolabeled (99mTc and125I) antibodies (HMFG1 and PR1A3) was carried out by fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) using superose-6 and S-200 columns, and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) followed by autoradiography. Superose 6 and S-200 gel filtration analysis showed the radiolabel (99mTc or125I) eluting with a retention time identical to that of native antibody. No peaks of relative molecular size (Mr) corresponding to possible antibody fragments were seen in either the UV or the radioactive FPLC elution profiles. PAGE analysis of99mTc labeled antibody, however, revealed the presence of a number of radiolabeled antibody fragments (Mr<IgG) that were not detected by the same analysis of125I labeled antibody. The stability of the radiolabeled antibodies in serum in vitro was also studied. FPLC (superose-6) analysis after 45 h incubation in normal serum in vitro revealed 3.3% (HMFG1), and 20% (PR1A3) of the99mTc on a molecule or aggregate with a Mr greater than that of IgG. There is also the appearance of small amounts of99mTc-labeled material with a Mr<IgG in the later fractions (2.2% for HMFG1 and 4.9% for PR1A3). Similar results were obtained using radioiodinated antibody, although the small amount of low molecular size material detected as a single peak with a longer retention time than the99mTc equivalent corresponds to free iodide.  相似文献   

17.
The building blocks fac-[99mTc{κ3-HB(timMe)3}(CO)3] and fac-[99mTc{κ3-R(μ-H)B(timMe)2}(CO)3] [R is H (4a), Ph (5a); timMe is 2-mercapto-1-methylimidazolyl] were obtained almost quantitatively by reacting fac-[99mTc(CO)3(H2O)3]+ with the corresponding scorpionate. These compounds cross the intact blood–brain barrier in mice, with significant retention in the case of 4a and 5a. Using 4a as the lead structure, we have synthesized the functionalized complexes fac-[M{κ3-H(μ-H)B(timBu-pip)2}(CO)3] [M is Re (8), 99mTc (8a); timBu-pip is methyl[4-((2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl)butyl](2-mercapto-1-methylimidazol-5-yl)methanamide] and fac-[M{κ 3-H(μ-H)B(timMe)(timBu-pip)}(CO)3] [M is Re (9), 99mTc (9a)] and evaluated their potential as radioactive probes for the targeting of brain 5-HT1A serotonergic receptors. The Re complexes exhibit excellent affinity [IC50=0.172 ± 0.003 nM (8); IC50=0.65 ± 0.01 nM (9)] for the 5-HT1A receptor. The radioactive congeners (99mTc) have shown an initial brain uptake of 1.38 ± 0.46%ID g−1 (8a) and 0.43 ± 0.12%ID g−1 (9a), but suffer from a relatively fast washout.  相似文献   

18.
Two somatostatin analogues, [99mTc]Demotide and [99mTc]Demotate 4, were compared with [99mTc]Demotate 1, a previously reported somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (sst2) targeting tracer. Conjugates were prepared by coupling an open‐chain tetraamine chelator to D ‐Phe1 of [Tyr3]‐octreotide or [Tyr3]‐octreotate, respectively, via a p‐benzylaminodiglycolic acid spacer adopting solid‐phase peptide synthesis techniques. Peptide conjugates were collected in a highly pure form after chromatographic purification. Eventually, [99mTc]Demotide and [99mTc]Demotate 4 were obtained in ~1 Ci/µmol specific activity and >96% purity after labeling under alkaline conditions. Demotide and Demotate 4 exhibited similar high binding affinities for the sst2 expressed in AR4‐2J cells with IC50 values 0.16 and 0.10 nM, respectively. The (radio)metallated analogues [99mTc]Demotide and [99mTc]Demotate 4 showed equally high affinities to the sst2 during saturation binding assays in AR4‐2J cell membranes (Kds 0.08 and 0.07 nM, respectively). During incubation at 37 °C with AR4‐2J cells, the radiopeptides internalized effectively via a receptor‐mediated process, with [99mTc]Demotate 4 exhibiting a faster internalization rate than [99mTc]Demotide. After injection in athymic mice bearing sst2‐expressing AR4‐2J tumors, the radiotracers showed high and specific uptake in the tumor (>25%ID/g at 1 h) and in the sst2–positive organs. However, both [99mTc]Demotide and [99mTc]Demotate 4 showed unfavorably higher background activity, especially in the abdomen, in comparison to [99mTc]Demotate 1 and are, therefore, less suited than [99mTc]Demotate 1 for sst2‐targeted tumor imaging in man. Copyright © 2005 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

19.
Tetramethylpropyleneamine oxime (TMPAO) was synthesized and complexed to 99mTc. 99mTc-TMPAO samples, when challenged with reduced glutathione (GSH), were shown to have two GSH sensitive components, similar to a mixture of d,l and meso 99mTc-HMPAO. One component had a GSH-induced second-order dissociation rate constant (K2) similar to 99mTc-meso-HMPAO. Despite the presence of a large fraction of this component in these samples, brain uptake and autoradiographic studies with 99mTc-TMPAO were equivalent to 99mTc-d,l-HMPAO suggesting that both the d,l and meso 99mTc-TMPAO isomers are efficiently trapped in brain.  相似文献   

20.
In developing new ligands as potential brain and heart perfusion imaging agents two ligands based upon N2S2 donor atoms with the biphenyl backbone were synthesized. Biphenyl-2,2′-bis(N-1-amino-2-methyl-propane-2-thiol) (BP-BAT-TM) and biphenyl-2,2′-bis(N-1-amino-2-ethyl-butane-2-thiol) (BP-BAT-TE) form stable, neutral and lipid soluble complexes with [99mTc]pertechnetate in the presence of tin(II) tartarate as a reducing agent. The [99mTc]BP-BAT-TM complex penetrates the blood-brain barrier following i.v. injection into rats. Washout from the brain is fast, indicating no retention. The biodistribution of [99mTc]BP-BAT-TE in rats showed an intitial heart uptake (0.8% /organ, at 2 min) and a slow washout (0.74% at 15 min). No brain uptake was found (0.05%). Significant uptake and retention in liver was observed. An imaging study of [99mTc]BP-BAT-TE in a monkey showed no brain uptake and a clear indication of liver uptake and gall bladder clearance. These results indicate that this ligand system may be suitable as the basic core structure for the development of new imaging agents. Further studies with structural variations in the biphenyl backbone are warranted to develop new 99mTc imaging agents for clinical applications.  相似文献   

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