北京地区呼吸道合胞病毒分离株G蛋白基因遗传变异特性研究

为了解北京地区人呼吸道合胞病毒（human respiratory syncytial virus,HRSV）的遗传变异和分子流行病学特征,首次对北京地区2003～2004年63株HRSV分离株进行了G基因3’末端的第2个高度变异区的序列测定,并进行了基因分型和遗传变异的分析。使用不同的型特异性引物对GPA—F1和GPB-F1分别扩增A、B血清型HRSVG基因3’末端核苷酸序列,特异性扩增产物和随后的序列测定结果均显示,北京地区2003～2004年63株HRSV毒株中,96．8％（61／63）为A血清型,3．2％（2／63）为B血清型,说明北京地区在2003～2004年间存在HRSVA、B血清型共循环,但以A血清型病毒为主。分别对北京流行的A和B血清型病毒进行了基因亲缘性关系分析,结果提示,61株北京A血清型分离株全部为GA2基因型;2株B血清型分离株为GB3基因型。由此看来,GA2基因型是北京地区2003～2004年的优势流行基因型。北京61株GA2分离株之问核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别在87．8％～100％和77．9％～100％之间;2株B血清型分离株之间核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为94．7％和88．1％。这说明在2003年和2004年有很多个不同的GA2基因型HRSV毒株在北京地区共循环,北京地区的HRSV流行存在着许多由不同病毒株引起的传播链。B血清型分离株Beijing04-11于G基因3’末端含有一个60个碱基的重复序列,这是HRSV多聚酶易于重复复制限定序列的一个极端的例子,有可能是HRSV逃逸免疫压力而不断进化的一种方式。该研究首次对北京地区2003年和2004年流行的HRSV进行了基因分型和遗传变异的研究,对于了解北京HRSV流行株的基因特征具有重要意义,可以为北京乃至中国疫苗株的选择提供参考依据,从而指导HRSV的免疫预防控制。     

青海藏区B型沙眼衣原体的分离培养与鉴定

【目的】对青海藏区沙眼患者标本进行沙眼衣原体分离培养与鉴定。【方法】分别采集患者的单眼结膜和结膜囊拭子标本至1 mL样本保护培养基中。取50μL样本采用离心法感染BGM细胞,37°C培养72 h,连续传代3次,相差显微镜观察衣原体包涵体。对临床样本和分离株分别进行主要外膜蛋白基因ompA序列分析。【结果】共采集了45例活动性沙眼患者的115份临床样本,其中54份样本为ompA PCR阳性,15份样本为沙眼衣原体培养阳性。ompA分析发现,青海藏区沙眼衣原体有3个不同的同源ompA变异株,均为基因B型,都包含有一个泌尿生殖道型沙眼衣原体特有密码子。分离株QH111L和QH111R分别来自编号111患者的左眼和右眼样本,它们ompA基因的可变区有一个非同义碱基差异。该碱基变异仅存在于111号患者的左眼样本中,说明QH111L可能是新出现的ompA突变体。【结论】青海藏区的眼型沙眼衣原体流行株为基因B型,至少存在3个不同的ompA变异株。从青海藏区分离培养了15株眼型沙眼衣原体,发现同一患者的左右眼样本中的沙眼衣原体有不同ompA。本研究为研制沙眼疫苗和诊断试剂奠定了基础,也将有助于理解沙眼的进化和传播。     

霍乱弧菌N16961超级整合子重复序列及基因盒分析

目的:确定O1群El Tor型霍乱弧菌N16961超级整合子(SI)中霍乱弧菌重复序列(VCR)的序列特点,以及VCR和基因盒的数量及位置。方法:用局部序列比对软件BLAST将VCR参考序列与霍乱弧菌N16961的Ⅱ号染色体进行比对,用Artemis Comparison Tool查看比对结果获得比对区域的位置信息,并采用perl语言脚本获得霍乱弧菌N16961的Ⅱ号染色体VCR相应区域的序列;用全局比对软件Clustal W将上一步获得的所有VCR序列进行多序列比对,采用perl语言脚本处理比对结果获得一致性序列;用MEGA4.0软件查看多序列比对结果,并采用perl语言脚本计算各位置变异频率,据此分析霍乱弧菌N16961的Ⅱ号染色体上VCR和基因盒的特点。结果:在N16961的超级整合子中有158个VCR,其核苷酸长度为117～124 bp;其一致性序列有126个核苷酸,其中37个为保守核苷酸位点,89个为可变核苷酸位点;139个VCR与相邻的VCR之间至少有1个基因,19个VCR相互之间没有任何基因;N16961的SI中共存在146个基因盒,基因盒大小为390～5924 bp不等,每个基因盒中整合的基因数目为1～9个不等。结论:建立了SI中VCR和基因盒的分析流程,分析了SI中VCR的保守及变异位点,明确了霍乱弧菌N16961的SI中VCR和基因盒的信息,为霍乱弧菌和其他细菌中SI的研究提供了分析基础。     

泌尿生殖道沙眼衣原体omp1基因多态性研究

从中国不同城市收集疑为沙眼衣原体(Ct)感染的泌尿生殖道标本323份,巢式PCR扩增Ctomp1基因片段(包括4个变异区),测定其中96份阳性标本omp1基因序列,根据同源性分型并分析其多态位点;根据氨基酸序列,用Mega 3软件构建进化树,分析临床株与相应参考株之间的亲缘关系。从96份沙眼衣原体阳性标本中,检出28种基因变体,其中E型最常见;同时发现Ct E、F型omp1基因高度保守,而其它基因型都显示一定的变异性。进化树分析发现,各临床株与相应参考株之间遗传距离较近。实验结果表明沙眼衣原体omp1基因呈现较大的多态性,可为其疫苗的研制及感染的防治提供重要的实验依据。     

沙眼衣原体多形态膜蛋白D基因序列分析及其B细胞抗原表位预测

分析沙眼衣原体多形态膜蛋白D(PmpD)的基因序列并预测PmpD蛋白的B细胞抗原表位。在GenBank中检索沙眼衣原体不同血清型的PmpD基因序列,进行序列比对分析。以L2血清型PmpD基因序列为材料,采用Karplus-Schulz、Chou-Fasman和Gamier-Robson方案预测蛋白质的二级结构和柔性区;按Jamesonv-Wolf方案预测抗原指数,运用Kyte-Doolittle方案预测PmpD氨基酸的亲水性,利用Emini方案预测蛋白质的表面可及性。检索到20个沙眼衣原体不同菌株的PmpD基因序列,分析发现其核苷酸序列非常保守,一致性高达99.14%~100%;对预测结果综合分析,推测最有可能的B细胞表位位于PmpD N端的67~74、132~140、335~340、851~861、972~988及1091~1097。多参数方案综合预测PmpD蛋白的B细胞抗原表位,为进一步实验鉴定PmpD抗原表位及其多表位疫苗设计和研究奠定基础。     

11群肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖合成相关基因的分子生物学研究

目的利用分子生物学方法,研究7株11群肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖合成相关基因(cps loci)。方法根据11群肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖合成相关基因设计合成5对特异性引物,以7株肺炎链球菌基因组DNA作为模板进行PCR扩增,并对扩增产物进行序列测定及基因序列比对,确定其血清型。多位点序列分型(multilocus sequence typing,MLST)技术分析7株11群肺炎链球菌序列型(ST)。采用相邻合并分析(neighbour-joining analysis),根据MLST的7个管家基因和cps基因分别绘制系统发育树。结果根据wcw C、gct和wcj E等3个基因产物确定5株原11A型肺炎链球菌为11A型,无11E型;根据wcwR和gct等2个基因产物确定2株原11B型肺炎链球菌为11B型。获得7株不包括4个合成调控基因(wzg、wzh、wzd和wze)的11群肺炎链球菌cps loci,长度为11～12 kb,11A型具有12个开放式阅读框(ORF),11B型具有11个ORF。5株11A型肺炎链球菌部分cps基因序列差异较大; 2株11B型肺炎链球菌部分cps基因序列相似性高于99%。根据MLST分析发现3种新的ST型。根据MLST的7个管家基因绘制的系统发育树和cps基因绘制的系统发育树差异很大。结论从分子水平上确定了11A和11B血清型。获得了5株11A型和2株11B型肺炎链球菌ST型和部分荚膜多糖合成相关基因(cps loci),完善了11群肺炎链球菌的菌种档案。     

五株人冠状病毒NL63的基因型鉴定及S1domain基因特征分析

为阐明我国部分地区人冠状病毒(Human coronavirus,HCoV)NL63基因特征,本研究对2013年陕西省、2018年河南省和湖南省送检的5株HCoV-NL63核酸检测阳性的呼吸道样本进行HCoV-NL63基因型别鉴定及S1 do-main基因特征分析。通过对HCoV-NL63棘突蛋白(Spike glycoprotein,S)基因的S1 domain区域进行基因扩增和序列测定,同时结合GenBank数据库下载的1983～2018年其他国家74条HCoV-NL63代表株序列和2007～2010年中国流行的12条HCoV-NL63代表株序列,构建基因亲缘性关系树,并对S蛋白的S1 domain区域进行核苷酸序列比对分析。结果提示全球HCoV-NL63流行株可划分为A和B两个基因型;A基因型可进一步划分为A0,A1,A2和A3四个基因亚型,其中本研究将GenBank中2008年中国流行的2株HCoV-NL63毒株划分为新基因亚型(A3);B基因型可进一步划分为B0,B1和B2三个基因亚型。A和B基因型的HCoV-NL63代表株序列在地域分布上无明显差异,但A基因型不同基因亚型的HCoV-NL63序列在年代分布上呈现出一定的时间进化趋势。在我国A和B基因型HCoV-NL63均已被检测到,但主要以A基因型流行为主,且主要集中在A1和A2基因亚型。不同基因型HCoV-NL63序列在S1 domain区域核苷酸和氨基酸序列上存在特征性差异。本研究通过对五株HCoV-NL63基因型鉴定及S1 domain基因特征分析,初步阐明了我国部分地区流行的HCoV-NL63基因型/基因亚型分布情况及基因特征,丰富了我国本土流行的HCoV-NL63基因数据库,为我国HCoV-NL63分子流行病学研究及分子检测和监测技术的改进和验证提供了基础基因数据。     

北京地区G1-G4型人轮状病毒地方株VP7编码基因的序列分析

本文报告了北京地区流行的４个轮状病毒地方株（Ｇ１－Ｇ４）ＶＰ７编码基因的核苷酸序列。４个地方株的该基因核苷酸全长均为１０６２ｂｐ,读码框架和已往的研究一致。地方株和相同血清型的标准株之间ＶＰ７氨基酸序列具有高度同源性（９２％－９４％）,而不同血清型间则变异较大（６９％－８０％）。不同血清型间氨基酸序列的变异主要存在于高变区内,高变区以外的区域在不同血清型轮状病毒间保守。这一序列分析结果进一步从分子水平分析了地方流行毒株的血清型别,揭示了轮状病毒地方流行毒株和标准株之间ＶＰ７序列的变异情况     

河南省乙型肝炎病毒分型特征及小S蛋白主要亲水区变异特点分析北大核心CSCD

为了解河南省乙型肝炎(乙肝)HBV基因型分布及其主蛋白抗原主要亲水区(MHR)氨基酸(aa)位点变异情况。本研究采集河南省2012年HBV流行病学调查的部分HBsAg和HBeAg阳性的血清样本,提取HBV DNA并进行序列扩增,测序得到s基因序列,利用Mega6.0软件比较分析。共得到HBVS基因序列50条,基因型分布B型为16.0%(8/50)、C型为84.0%(42/50)。血清型分布中,adrq+为HBV主要流行血清型,流行率为84.0%。S基因MHR aa位点变异中,T126变异率最高,为14.0%。HBV MHR变异株总流行率为24.0%(12/50),其中B型的突变率为37.5%(3/8),C型的突变率为21.4%(9/42)。河南省乙肝基因型分布以C型为主,B型次之。血清型主要为adrq+为主,adw2次之。HBV MHR aa位点存在变异,应在今后的计划免疫和HBIG治疗中给予重视。     

河南省乙型肝炎病毒分型特征及小S蛋白主要亲水区变异特点分析

为了解河南省乙型肝炎(乙肝)HBV基因型分布及其主蛋白抗原主要亲水区(MHR)氨基酸(aa)位点变异情况。本研究采集河南省2012年HBV流行病学调查的部分HBsAg和HBeAg阳性的血清样本,提取HBV DNA并进行序列扩增,测序得到s基因序列,利用Mega6.0软件比较分析。共得到HBVS基因序列50条,基因型分布B型为16.0%(8/50)、C型为84.0%(42/50)。血清型分布中,adrq+为HBV主要流行血清型,流行率为84.0%。S基因MHR aa位点变异中,T126变异率最高,为14.0%。HBV MHR变异株总流行率为24.0%(12/50),其中B型的突变率为37.5%(3/8),C型的突变率为21.4%(9/42)。河南省乙肝基因型分布以C型为主,B型次之。血清型主要为adrq+为主,adw2次之。HBV MHR aa位点存在变异,应在今后的计划免疫和HBIG治疗中给予重视。     

Effect of UV radiation on thermotolerance,ethanol tolerance and osmotolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae VS1 and VS3 strains

After a previous mass screening and enrichment programme for the isolation of thermotolerant yeasts, VS1, VS2, VS3 and VS4 strains isolated from soil samples, collected within the hot regions of Kothagudem Thermal Power Plant, AP, India, had a better thermotolerance, osmotolerance and ethanol tolerance than the other isolates. Among these isolates VS1 and VS3 were best performers. Efforts were made to further improve their osmotolerance, thermotolerance and ethanol tolerance by treating them with UV radiation. Mutants of VS1 and VS3 produced more biomass and ethanol than the parent strains at high temperature and glucose concentrations. The amount of biomass produced by VS1 and VS3 mutants was 0.25 and 0.20 g l(-1) more than the parent strains at 42 degrees C using 2% glucose. At high glucose concentrations VS1 and VS3 mutants produced biomass which was 0.70 and 0.30 g l(-1) at 30 degrees C and 0.10 and 0.20 g l(-1) at 40 degrees C more than the parent strains. The amount of ethanol produced by the mutants (VS1 and VS3) was 8.20 and 1.20 g l(-1) more than the parent strains at 42 degrees C using 150 g l(-1) glucose. More ethanol was produced by mutants (VS1 and VS3) than the parents at high glucose concentrations of 5.0 and 6.0 g l(-1) at 30 degrees C and 13.0 and 3.0 g l(-1) at 42 degrees C, respectively. These results indicated that UV mutagenesis can be used for improving thermotolerance, ethanol tolerance and osmotolerance in VS1 and VS3 yeast strains.     

Diversity of Chlamydia trachomatis major outer membrane protein genes.

Genomic DNA libraries were constructed for Chlamydia trachomatis serovars B and C by using BamHI fragments, and recombinants that contained the major outer membrane protein (omp1) gene for each serovar were identified and sequenced. Comparisons between these gene sequences and the gene from serovar L2 demonstrated fewer base pair differences between serovars L2 and B than between L2 and C; this finding is consistent with the serologic and antigenic relationships among these serovars. The translated amino acid sequence for the major outer membrane proteins (MOMPs) contained the same number of amino acids for serovars L2 and B, whereas the serovar C MOMP contained three additional amino acids. The antigenic diversity of the chlamydial MOMP was reflected in four sequence-variable domains, and two of these domains were candidates for the putative type-specific antigenic determinant. The molecular basis of omp1 gene diversity among C. trachomatis serovars was observed to be clustered nucleotide substitutions for closely related serovars and insertions or deletions for distantly related serovars.     

苏云金杆菌肠毒素基因的检测和全长基因的扩增

以煮沸冻融法制备PCR扩增模板,应用肠毒素（enterotoxin)基因特异引物EntA和EntB对15个苏云金杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)血清变种进行PCR扩增分析,其中13个含有肠毒素基因,为从分子水平探讨Bt与蜡质芽孢杆菌（Bacillus cereus,Bc)的肠毒素致病性差异奠定基础。     

广西壮族自治区HIV-1流行毒株的基因序列测定和亚型分析

使用ＰＣＲ技术对１４份广西ＨＩＶ－１阳性感染者外周血单核细胞（ＰＢＭＣｓ）样品进行扩增,获得ＨＩＶ－１膜蛋白（ｅｎｖ）基因的核酸片段,并对其Ｃ２－Ｖ３及邻区３５０－４５０个核苷酸序列进行了测定和分析。结果表明,１４份样品中９份为泰国Ｂ（Ｂ′）亚型,５份为Ｅ亚型毒株。其中Ｂ′亚型毒株的基因离散率为４．２％,与Ａ－Ｅ参考亚型及部分Ｂ亚型代表株序列相比较,与包括泰国、缅甸及云南德宏在内的Ｂ亚型毒株序列十分接近,相互之间基因离散率在３．０％－４．４％的范围内;而Ｅ亚型毒株的基因离散率为２．１％,与国际Ｅ亚型毒株的基因离散率最近,为５．６％,与其它国际参考亚型基因离散率很远,在２１．１％－２７．３％。根据以上数据及其它资料提示,广西存在Ｂ′和Ｅ两种亚型的ＨＩＶ－１的流行,且其Ｂ′亚型毒株的传入,与流行在云南德宏州的相同亚型ＨＩＶ－１毒株密切相关,而Ｅ亚型毒株则可能是由泰国经越南传入广西的     

Diversity, divergence, and evolution of cell-free human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in vaginal secretions and blood of chronically infected women: associations with immune status

Most human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections are believed to be the result of exposure to the virus in genital secretions. However, prevention and therapeutic strategies are usually based on characterizations of HIV-1 in blood. To understand better the dynamics between HIV-1 quasispecies in the genital tract and blood, we performed heteroduplex assays on amplified env products from cell-free viral RNA in paired vaginal secretion (VS) and blood plasma (BP) samples of 14 women followed for 1.5 to 3.5 years. Diversity and divergence were less in VS than in BP (P = 0.03 and P < 0.01, respectively), and divergence at both sites was correlated with blood CD4(+) cell levels (VS, P = 0.05; BP, P = 0.01). Evolution of quasispecies was observed in 58% of the women; the loss or gain of quasispecies in VS or BP was always accompanied by such changes at the other site. In addition, sustained compartmentalization of quasispecies in VS was found for four women, even as CD4(+) cell levels decreased to low levels (<50 cells/microl). Quasispecies changes over time were associated with fluctuations in CD4(+) cell levels; concordant increases or decreases in VS and BP divergence had greater CD4(+) cell level changes than intervals with discordant changes (P = 0.05), and women with evolving quasispecies had greater decreases in CD4(+) cell levels compared to that for women who maintained the same quasispecies (P < 0.05). Thus, diversity, divergence, and evolution of cell-free HIV-1 in VS can be different from that in BP, and dynamics between their respective quasispecies are associated with changes in CD4(+) cell levels.     

Characterization of genetic diversity of some serovars of Bacillus thuringiensis by RAPD

RAPD based fingerprinting of 21 serovars of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) representing different serotypes was performed using 19 random decamer primers. A total of 172 polymorphic fragments, ranging in size from 161-2789 bp, were amplified from 13 of the 19 primers. Pairwise genetic similarity analysis revealed very low similarity values, ranging from 3-68%, among the serovars of Bt, indicating high genetic divergence. Nineteen serovars of Bt fell in two major clusters and remaining two formed solitary clusters in the dendogram. Clustering of Bt strains established genetic relatedness between serovars and serotypes. It has been suggested that RAPD analysis can be used for genotypic characterization of Bt to complement flagellar serotyping.     

Vitrification of germinal-vesicle stage equine oocytes: Effect of cryoprotectant exposure time on in-vitro embryo production

Previous studies have found low rates of blastocyst development (0–11%) after vitrification of germinal vesicle (GV)-stage equine oocytes. In this study, we systematically evaluated a short (non-equilibrating) system for GV-stage oocyte vitrification. In Exp. 1, we assessed oocyte volume in cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) exposed to components of a short protocol, using 2% each of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol in the first solution (VS1); 17.5% of each plus 0.3 M trehalose in the second solution (VS2); and fetal bovine serum as the base medium. Based on the time to oocyte minimum volume, we selected a 40-sec exposure to VS1. In Exp. 2, we evaluated exposure times to VS2 and, based on rates of subsequent maturation in vitro, we selected 65 s. In Exp. 3, we used the optimized vitrification system (40-VS1; 65-VS2) and evaluated three warming procedures. Blastocyst development after ICSI was equivalent (15%) for COCs warmed in either standard (trehalose stepwise dilution) or isotonic (base medium) solutions, but was reduced (0%) for COCs warmed in a highly hypertonic (1.5 M trehalose) solution. Exposure to the vitrification and warming solutions, without actual vitrification, was associated with reduced blastocyst development (0–5%; Exp. 4). We conclude that this optimized short protocol supports moderate blastocyst production after vitrification of GV-stage equine COCs. Oocytes can be warmed in isotonic medium, which simplifies the procedure. The systems used still showed a high level of toxicity and further work is needed on both vitrification and warming methods to increase the efficiency of this technique.     

Evolution of Antennapedia-Class Homeobox Genes

Antennapedia (Antp)-class homeobox genes are involved in the determination of pattern formation along the anterior-posterior axis of the animal embryo. A phylogenetic analysis of Antp-class homeodomains of the nematode, Drosophila, amphioxus, mouse, and human indicates that the 13 cognate group genes of this gene family can be divided into two major groups, i.e., groups I and II. Group I genes can further be divided into subgroups A (cognate groups 1-2), B (cognate group 3), and C (cognate groups 4-8), and group II genes can be divided into subgroups D (cognate groups 9-10) and E (cognate groups 11-13), though this classification is somewhat ambiguous. Evolutionary distances among different amino acid sequences suggest that the divergence between group I and group II genes occurred ~1000 million years (MY) ago, and the five different subgroups were formed by ~600 MY ago, probably before the divergence of Pseudocoelomates (e.g., nematodes) and Coelomates (e.g., insects and chordates). Our results show that the genes that are phylogenetically close are also closely located in the chromosome, suggesting that the colinearity between the gene expression and gene arrangement was generated by successive tandem gene duplications and that the gene arrangement has been maintained by some sort of selection.     

Sequence diversity of the Bacillus thuringiensis and B. cereus sensu lato flagellin (H antigen) protein: comparison with H serotype diversity

We set out to analyze the sequence diversity of the Bacillus thuringiensis flagellin (H antigen [Hag]) protein and compare it with H serotype diversity. Some other Bacillus cereus sensu lato species and strains were added for comparison. The internal sequences of the flagellin (hag) alleles from 80 Bacillus thuringiensis strains and 16 strains from the B. cereus sensu lato group were amplified and cloned, and their nucleotide sequences were determined and translated into amino acids. The flagellin allele nucleotide sequences for 10 additional strains were retrieved from GenBank for a total of 106 Bacillus species and strains used in this study. These included 82 B. thuringiensis strains from 67 H serotypes, 5 B. cereus strains, 3 Bacillus anthracis strains, 3 Bacillus mycoides strains, 11 Bacillus weihenstephanensis strains, 1 Bacillus halodurans strain, and 1 Bacillus subtilis strain. The first 111 and the last 66 amino acids were conserved. They were referred to as the C1 and C2 regions, respectively. The central region, however, was highly variable and is referred to as the V region. Two bootstrapped neighbor-joining trees were generated: a first one from the alignment of the translated amino acid sequences of the amplified internal sequences of the hag alleles and a second one from the alignment of the V region amino acid sequences, respectively. Of the eight clusters revealed in the tree inferred from the entire C1-V-C2 region amino acid sequences, seven were present in corresponding clusters in the tree inferred from the V region amino acid sequences. With regard to B. thuringiensis, in most cases, different serovars had different flagellin amino acid sequences, as might have been expected. Surprisingly, however, some different B. thuringiensis serovars shared identical flagellin amino acid sequences. Likewise, serovars from the same H serotypes were most often found clustered together, with exceptions. Indeed, some serovars from the same H serotype carried flagellins with sufficiently different amino acid sequences as to be located on distant clusters. Species-wise, B. halodurans, B. subtilis, and B. anthracis formed specific branches, whereas the other four species, all in the B. cereus sensu lato group, B. mycoides, B. weihenstephanensis, B. cereus, and B. thuringiensis, did not form four specific clusters as might have been expected. Rather, strains from any of these four species were placed side by side with strains from the other species. In the B. cereus sensu lato group, B. anthracis excepted, the distribution of strains was not species specific.