Revision of the Family Lagenophryidae Bütschli, 1889 and Description of the Family Usconophryidae N. Fam. (Ciliophora,Peritricha)1

Ten species of lagenophryid peritrichs in three genera are redescribed or described for the first time. Based on this information, the family Lagenophryidae was found to consist of five genera: Lagenophrys, Paralagenophrys, Clistolagenophrys n. g., Setonophrys, and Operculigera. Lagenophryid genera differ in gross structure of the lorica aperture and the peristomial sphincter associated with it. Shape of the lorica and mode of attachment to the host are not generic characteristics in the Lagenophryidae. Differences in shape evolved within each of the three largest lagenophryid genera merely as adaptations for attachment to different parts of a host. Usconophrys, formerly in the Lagenophryidae, and Cyclodonta are assigned to the family Usconophryidae n. fam., which is characterized by possession of a lorica, lack of a closure apparatus operated by the peristomial sphincter, and possession of an operculariform peristome. Lagenophrys, Setonophrys, and Paralagenophrys appear to have evolved separately and convergently from ancestors within Operculigera. Lagenophryid lorica apertures consisting of opposing lips probably evolved as tight seals to prevent water loss when the host is temporarily out of water. The greater diversity and wider distribution of Lagenophrys compared with other lagenophryid genera may result from an advantage in recolonizing hosts conferred by second-type division.     

Five New Species of Lagenophrys (Ciliophora,Peritricha, Lagenophryidae) from the United States with Observations on Their Developmental Stages1

Five species of the loricate genus Lagenophrys were found on freshwater hosts and are described for the first time. Lagenophrys dennisi n. sp., L. incompta n. sp., and L. oregonensis n. sp. are ectosymbionts of astacid crayfish. Lagenophrys foxi n. sp and L. missouriensis n. sp. are ectosymbionts of gammarid amphipods. All five species appear to occur only m North America. Protargol preparations of the five species reveal that the peristomial myoneme is much broader and more extensive in telotrochs and metamorphosing individuals than in adults. Darkly staining bands appearing to be somatic myonemes were also seen underneath the surface of the body and in the center of the body of telotrochs and metamorphosing individuals. The telotroch of Lagenophrys is so different from the adult that it constitutes a true larval form rather than a simple dispersal stage. Structural parallels between the telotroch of Lagenophrys and mobiline peritrichs suggest the hypothesis that mobilines evolved from the telotroch of a sessiline pentrich which had first evolved into a true larval form.     

Puccinia (Micropuccinia) Bäumleri n. sp.

Ohne ZusammenfassungNachdem die vorliegende Abhandlung bereits an die Redaction abgesendet war, veröffentlichte Prof. Magnus in den Sitzungsberichten der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde in Berlin 1890, Nr. 2, S. 29, die Beschreibung einer neuen Puccinia, welche erP. singularis nannte und die von Heimerl aufAnemone ranunculoides bei Hütteldorf nächst Wien gesammelt worden war. Es erscheint mir zweifellos, dassP. singularis Magnus undP. Bäumleri Lagerh. identisch sind; in Folge dessen ist letzterer Name, als der später publicirte, als Synonym zu dem ersteren zu stellen. Wenn ich die vorliegende Abhandlung trotzdem publicire, so geschieht es, weil durch sie nicht blos die Abhandlung Magnus eine Bestätigung, mit Bezug auf die Verbreitung des Pilzes eine Ergänzung findet, sondern auch, weil durch sie die Beschreibung des jedenfalls verbreiteten Pilzes allgemein bekannt wird. Bezüglich des Vorkommens derPuccinia singularis Magnus möchte ich anführen, dass sie aufAnemone ranunculoides 1885 von Eggerth im Prater bei Wien gesammelt und mir alsP. fusca übergeben wurde.     

Three New Species of Lagenophryid Peritrichs (Ciliophora) Ectocommensal on Freshwater Decapod Crustaceans from Madagascar1

One species of Lagenophrys and two species of Operculigera are described for the first time. Lagenophrys machaerigera n. sp. was discovered on the freshwater crab Gecarcinautes goudoti and varies between two extreme forms in the structure of its lorica aperture. Operculigera carcini n. sp. was also found on G. goudoti and exhibits several characteristics that set it apart from other members of its genus. Some of these characteristics also suggest a phylogenetic link between O. carcini and the genus Lagenophrys. Operculigera madagascarensis n. sp. was discovered on the parastacid crayfish Astacoides granulimanus. The occurrence of O. madagascarensis on a Madagascan parastacid and other species of Operculigera on Chilean parastacids suggests that parastacids are the oldest hosts of the genus Operculigera. Continental drift is the most likely mechanism by which species of Operculigera and parastacids could have been dispersed to distant parts of the southern hemisphere. The absence of Operculigera on Australian parastacids may be due to its replacement by the genus Setonophrys on those hosts.     

A new species of Caprellinoides (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Phtisicidae) from the Antarctic

A new caprellid species, Caprellinoides singularis, is described and illustrated based on the material collected on the Polarstern Cruise ANT XVII/3 from the Branfield Strait. The most striking characteristic of this species is the presence of bilobed gills on pereonites 3 and 4. The genus Caprellinoides is revised. Caprellinoides antarctica Schellengerg, 1926 and Caprellinoides spinosus Barnard, 1930 are considered junior synonyms of Caprellinoides tristanensis Stebbing, 1888 and Caprellinoides mayeri (Pfeffer, 1888), respectively. The new species, C. singularis, is compared with the remaining species in the genus Caprellinoides: C. tristanensis and C. mayeri, which are illustrated in detail. Received in revised form: 4 June 2001 Electronic Publication     

Phylogeny and revision of the Neotropical bee genus Rhectomia s.l. Moure (Hymenoptera,Apidae, Augochlorini)

Abstract. This paper revises the bees currently considered to belong to the genus Rhectomia s.l. and proposes a species phylogeny based on morphological characters, using other Corynurina as outgroups. The results indicate that Rhinocorynura Schrottky renders Rhectomia s.l. paraphyletic. Consequently, Corynurella is removed from synonymy with Rhectomia s.s., and Paracorynurella gen.n. is proposed. The topology among these genera is: outgroup [(Rhectomia s.s. + Rhinocorynura) (Paracorynurella gen.n. + Corynurella)]. Nine species are assigned to Corynurella: C. brokopondoi sp.n. , C. caerulea sp.n. , C. cognata sp.n. , C. decora sp.n. , C. harrisoni (Engel), C. mourei Eickwort, C. nigra sp.n. , C. singularis sp.n. and C. triangulata sp.n. Three new species are described in Paracorynurella gen.n. : type species P. betoi sp.n. , P. excavata sp.n ., P. reticulata sp.n. ; P. difficillima (Ducke) comb.n. is transferred from Rhinocorynura. Three species are recognized in Rhectomia s.s.: R. catarina sp.n. , R. liebherri Engel and R. pumilla Moure. The male of R. liebherri is described for the first time. Keys for the identification of the genera and species are provided.     

New Species of Lagenophrys (Ciliophora,Peritrichia) from New Zealand and Australia1

Lagenophrys novazealandae n. sp. occurs on the gills of Paranephrops zealandicus, a parastacid crayfish from New Zealand. The new species has the hemispheroidal lorica most common among members of its genus and is distinguished by its possession of large tubercles on the thickened edge of the anterior lip of the lorica aperture, a deep cleft in the left side of the lip's edge, and a ovoid to reniform macronucleus located in the right-hand part of the body. It is probable that an as yet unnamed species of Lagenophrys known to occur on another species of Paranephrops in New Zealand is distinct from L. novazealandae but phylogenetically related to it. Lagenophrys petila n. sp. occurs on setae of Parastacoides tasmanicus, a parastacid from Tasmania. The new species has an ovoid lorica tapering to a slender pseudostalk at the posterior end, a type of lorica possessed by only two other members of its genus that also attach to their host's setae. It is distinguished from the other ovoid species by the proportions of the lorica, the extreme shortness of the lips of the lorica aperture, and an ovoid macronucleus located in the right, anterior part of the body. Clefts in the lips of L. novazealandae and other members of Lagenophrys may function as points of flexure to allow the lips to bend in ways that accommodate interspecific differences in the size of the epistomial disk and its operation during suspension feeding.     

Molecular Phylogeny and Surface Morphology of Thiriotia hyperdolphinae n. sp. and Cephaloidophora oradareae n. sp. (Gregarinasina,Apicomplexa) Isolated from a Deep Sea Oradarea sp. (Amphipoda) in the West Pacific

In an effort to broaden our understanding of the biodiversity and distribution of gregarines infecting crustaceans, this study describes two new species of gregarines, Thiriotia hyperdolphinae n. sp. and Cephaloidophora oradareae n. sp., parasitizing a deep sea amphipod (Oradarea sp.). Amphipods were collected using the ROV Hyper‐Dolphin at a depth of 855 m while on a cruise in Sagami Bay, Japan. Gregarine trophozoites and gamonts were isolated from the gut of the amphipod and studied with light and scanning electron microscopy, and phylogenetic analysis of 18S rDNA. Thiriotia hyperdolphinae n. sp. was distinguished from existing species based on morphology, phylogenetic position, as well as host niche and geographic locality. Cephaloidophora oradareae n. sp. distinguished itself from existing Cephaloidophora, based on a difference in host (Oradarea sp.), geographic location, and to a certain extent morphology. We established this latter new species with the understanding that a more comprehensive examination of diversity at the molecular level is necessary within Cephaloidophora. Results from the 18S rDNA molecular phylogeny showed that T. hyperdolphinae n. sp. was positioned within a clade consisting of Thiriotia spp., while C. oradareae n. sp. grouped within the Cephaloidophoridae. Still, supplemental genetic information from gregarines infecting crustaceans will be needed to better understand relationships within this group of apicomplexans.     

Fuzzy species limits in Mediterranean gorgonians (Cnidaria,Octocorallia): inferences on speciation processes

The study of the interplay between speciation and hybridization is of primary importance in evolutionary biology. Octocorals are ecologically important species whose shallow phylogenetic relationships often remain to be studied. In the Mediterranean Sea, three congeneric octocorals can be observed in sympatry: Eunicella verrucosa, Eunicella cavolini and Eunicella singularis. They display morphological differences and E. singularis hosts photosynthetic Symbiodinium, contrary to the two other species. Two nuclear sequence markers were used to study speciation and gene flow between these species, through network analysis and Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC). Shared sequences indicated the possibility of hybridization or incomplete lineage sorting. According to ABC, a scenario of gene flow through secondary contact was the best model to explain these results. At the intraspecific level, neither geographical nor ecological isolation corresponded to distinct genetic lineages in E. cavolini. These results are discussed in the light of the potential role of ecology and genetic incompatibilities in the persistence of species limits.     

Developmental morphology of one-leaf plant Monophyllaea singularis (Gesneriaceae)

 Developmental morphology is described of the one-leaf plant Monophyllaea singularis which possesses a huge macrocotyledon, a long petiolode below it, and many small inflorescences scattered along the petiolode and midrib. Cell proliferation and basipetal differentiation occur in both cotyledons after water imbibition and germination. The basal meristem forms from a group of small, least differentiated cells at the base of a future macrocotyledon and continues blade production even at the reproductive stage. The petiolode meristem, which forms as an intercalary meristem near the base of the macrocotyledon, contributes to the elongation of the petiolode and the midrib. Although the 'groove meristem', like the groove meristem of Streptocarpus, forms between the cotyledons at the site of a shoot apical meristem, it is not involved in inflorescence production. In M. singularis, instead of the 'groove meristem', the inflorescences are initiated adventitiously from groups of cells in the dermal and subdermal layers of the petiolode and probably also of the midrib. Received October 10, 2000 Accepted August 2, 2001     

Sporobolomyces inositophilus,a new species of ballistosporous yeast isolated from a dead leaf of Sasa sp. in Japan

A new species of ballistosporous yeast, Sporobolomyces inositophilus was isolated from a dead leaf of Sasa sp. collected at a mountain in Japan. This yeast is assumed to have a close relationship to Sporobolomyces singularis since it produces bilaterally symmetrical ballistospores and pale-coloured colonies and resembles Sporobolomyces singularis in these respects. These two species differ from typical species of Sporobolomyces and seem to constitute a natural taxonomic group.     

New species of Pachycotes Sharp and Xylechinus Chapuis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae,Tomicini) from New Caledonian Araucaria spp. (Coniferales: Araucariaceae)

Abstract

Three new bark beetle species, Pachycotes grandis sp. n., P. engelsi sp. n., and Xylechinus araucariae sp. n. (Curculionidae, Scolytinae, Tomicini), are described and illustrated. Brief notes on their life histories are given. The beetles were collected from dead branches and logs of Araucaria laubenfelsii and A. muelleri trees in New Caledonia. In addition, a key for all nine known Pachycotes species (P. araucariae Schedl, P. australis Schedl, P. clavatus Schedl, P. grandis sp. n., P. engelsi sp. n., P. kuscheli Schedl, P. minor Wood, P. peregrinus (Chapuis), and P. villosus Schedl) is presented.     

Chydorus arcticus n.sp., a new cladoceran crustacean (Chydoridae: Chydorinae) from the North Atlantic arctic and Subarctic areas

Chydorus arcticus n.sp. (Cladocera: Chydoridae: Chydorinae) is described, figured, and differentiated from the closely relatedC. sphaericus (O.F. Müller, 1785). The known distribution of the species is given, and some aspects of speciation of arctic crustaceans are pointed out.     

Trois Especes Nouvelles d'Ophryoglenes: O. gelifera n. sp., O. mucosa n. sp., O. multimicronucleata n. sp. (Cilies Holotriches Peniculiens)

SYNOPSIS. A previous study with P. de Puytorac on O. bacterocaryon(3) has shown the methods of studying this Ciliate and has specified the general and buccal morphology, the morphogenesis, and the biology of vegetative individuals (theront, trophont, tomont, tomites) of this species. Three species we are describing now offer numerous common features with O. bacterocaryon. We consider them as the proper characters of genus Ophryoglena and we only insist on the specific particularities of O. gelifera, O. mucosa and O. multimicronucleata. O. gelifera is a large Ophryoglene differing from the others by a slightly asymetric, curved, spindle-shaped theront; the ellipsoidal tomont secretes abundant and clear jelly. The theront possesses one thick spindle-shaped macronucleus, one voluminous spherical micronucleus, fitting with the macronucleus. Its somatic infraciliature is dense, its buccal infraciliature is characteristic, especially in the shape of peniculus P1. This species cannot be mistaken for O. pectans Mugard(2) although it is rather near it. O. mucosa is a very small Ophryoglene. The theront has one thick elliptical macronucleus, one small micronucleus; the buccal orifice is not kidney-shaped, but quite pointed in front; there is no tragus; the somatic infraciliature is not close; the peniculus P1 is characteristic. The tomont is ellipsoidal and surrounded by a thick mucous gangue. The tomites are not close together. O. mucosa is very different from O. gelifera and O. pectans Mugard(2). O. multimicronucleata. Near to O. polymicrocaryon Mugard(2), this Ophryoglene differs from it by the small size of all its vegetative elements and especially by its nuclear-apparatus. The latter includes numerous (5 to 6) bulky spherical micronuclei and one macronucleus looking like blackpudding which can be compared to that of O. singularis Canella and Trinchas(1). The theront is spindle-shaped and of a dark-grey colour. The spherical tomont secretes a mucous gangue which is not very thick. Besides, the somatic infraciliature and buccal in fraciliature of the theront (peniculus P1 especially) make O. multi micronucleata quite distinct from O. polymicrocaryon Mugard(2).     

Ultrastructural and Protargol Studies of Lagenophrys callinectes* (Ciliophora: Peritrichida)

Ultrastructural and protargol studies reveal that the trophont of Lagenophrys callinectes, though highly specialized, generally conforms to the basic peritrich structural pattern. Features described for L. callinectes trophonts which are unique for the genus are the fine structure and arrangement of the lorica and lips, the attachment organelle of the peristomial cytoplasm, its attachment to the loricastome walls, and the arrangement of the aboral kinetosomes of the trophont. Lack of a distinct scopularized region, and of a ventral lorica wall also characterize L. callinectes trophonts. The 4-row terminal peniculus, as revealed by protargol staining, differs from the 6-row terminal peniculus of L. nassa suggesting that the patterns of infundibular structure, as revealed by protargol, should be useful in future taxonomic studies of Lagenophrys species.     

The protozoan epizooites found on the gills of Gammarus pulex

Four protozoan epizooites are found attached to the gills of Gammarus pulex collected from Rutland Water. The suctorian, Dendrocometes paradoxus, and the peritrichs, Epistylis sp. and Lagenophrys sp., are relatively abundant, but the chonotrich, Spirochona gemmipara is only occasionally found. SEM studies of various aspects of these protozoa are described. SEM has been useful in distinguishing between the two species of Lagenophrys found on Gammarus. L. ampulla is found on the gills and L. nassa is found on the limbs. The two species are distinguished by the differences in the structure of the loricastome. The relationship between the epizooites and their host is discussed briefly.     

Plasmodium spp. (Apicomplexa: Plasmodiidae) of the flying lizardDraco volans (Agamidae)

The agamid lizardDraco volans from Palawan, Republic of the Philippines, was found to be parasitised by threePlasmodium species:P. draconis n. sp.,P. volans n. sp. andP. vastator, Laird 1960. BothP. draconis andP. volans, but notP. vastator, were also present inD. volans from Sarawak. The species are readily distinguished by schizont size, merozoite number, and gametocyte size and shape.P. volans has schizonts approximately one-half the size of those ofP. draconis and produces 4–6 merozoites in comparison to 4–16 in the larger species. Gametocytes of both new species are predominantly oval in the Palawan sample and elongate in that from Sarawak.P. draconis gametocytes are approximately twice the size ofP. volans gametocytes, but on average no more than one-half the size of gametocytes ofP. vastator.     

A novel process for the production of high-purity galactooligosaccharides (GOS) using consortium of microbes

Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are nondigestible dietary fibers which have a beneficial effect on human health by promoting the growth of probiotic bacteria in the gut. In addition, other health benefits have been reported from oligosaccharides consumption such as stimulation of intestinal mobility, colon cancer prevention, mineral absorption as well as protection against certain pathogenic bacterial infections. The goal of this research was to develop an efficient biotransformation system using a consortium of microbes for the production of ≥85% pure GOS and reusing the cell biomass in repeated cycles of biotransformation. Production of GOS by lactose transgalactosylation using whole cells of Sporobolomyces singularis MTCC 5491 as a source of β-galactosidase and monosaccharides utilization by yeast isolate (NUTIDY007) were studied. For increasing the purity of GOS, growth and bioconversion parameters on the transgalactosylation by the whole cells were investigated. Further, continuous production of GOS was studied in a reactor with microfiltration membrane system. A maximum GOS purity of 42% was achieved using single culture of S. singularis. Under optimized conditions, single culture of S. singularis produced a maximum of 56% pure GOS. Addition of second culture to the reaction mixture for utilization of glucose significantly increased the GOS purity from 56% to ≥85%. The product consisted of tri- to penta-galactooligosaccharides. Trisaccharides were the main component of the reaction mixture. A maximum productivity of 10.9?g/L/hr was obtained under the optimum conditions.     

Two nematodes,Paratractis hystrix (Diesing, 1851) and Buckleyatractis marinkelli n. g., n. sp. (Atractidae: Cosmocercoidea) from Podocnemis spp. in Colombia

Two atractid nematodes are reported from the large intestine of freshwater turtles of the genus Podocnemis in Colombia. Paratractis hystrix (Diesing, 1851) is redescribed in detail using the scanning electron microscope and is reported from P. expansa, P. vogli and P. unifillis, the last being a new host. Buckleyatractis marinkelli n. g., n. sp. from P. unifillis is characterized by the nature and arrangement of the spines on the body, particularly the dorsal crest restricted to the cervical region and formed of three longitudinal rows of large spines.     

Molecular and morphological examination of Cyrtobagous sp. collected from Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, Australia, and Florida

Two members of the floating fern genus Salvinia (Salviniaceae), S. minima Baker and S. molesta Mitchell, have established in the United States. Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), long established on Florida S. minima, was released in Texas and Louisiana as a biocontrol agent for both species. Subsequently, sequence analysis of the 28S rRNA D2 expansion domain suggested that the Florida and Brazilian populations (used worldwide for biocontrol) of C. salviniae might constitute two cryptic species. In response, the Brazilian weevil was imported from Australia and released instead onto S. molesta. We sampled C. singularis Hustache and C. salviniae from their native ranges in Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay and sequenced them (D2) along with Australian and Florida samples. The genetic distance between C. singularis and C. salviniae samples is much greater (almost 5×) than the distance between either the Florida and Brazilian samples or the Brazilian and Argentinean/ Paraguayan C. salviniae samples. Since C. singularis and C. salviniae are cryptic species, the Florida and Brazilian populations (or for that matter Brazilian and Argentinean/Paraguayan) could reasonably be described as demes or ecotypes. Occurrence data indicates that, in parts of their ranges, C. salviniae and C. singularis are not only sympatric but also feed on the same plant species at the same site. While host adaptation (species preferences) likely occurs within local demes, both species seem capable of adapting to the available resource (Salvinia species). Finally, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer was developed to distinguish the Florida and Brazilian/Australian types.