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1.
The swimming and feeding behaviors of Mesocyclops are described from a review of the literature and personal observations.Mesocyclops exhibits considerable behavioral flexibility in response to environmental stimuli. Mesocyclops edax exhibits an increase in horizontal looping behavior at high prey densities, and performs a tight vertical looping behavior in response to the loss of captured prey. Ingestion rates by Mesocyclops are a complex function of prey density, morphology, and behavior in addition to prey size. Vertebrate predators induce a rapid escape response in Mesocyclops and may be responsible at least in part for their extensive diel vertical migrations. The complex behavioral patterns of Mesocyclops suggest that its distribution and abundance in nature will be distinctly nonrandom and influenced as much by its own behavioral responses as by other external physical factors such as water circulation patterns.  相似文献   

2.
Adults of the rice stink bug, Oebalus pugnax (F.), preferred panicles of vasey grass, Paspalum urvillei Steud., over those of 11 species of other grasses and one species of sedge (Cyperus) associated with cultivated rice, Oryza sativa (L.). The number of feeding adults increased approximately 2 times from 1 h post-infestation (PI) to 6 h PI. The number of feeding females was greater than males at 1 h PI but no different at 6 h PI. Both sexes fed significantly (P<0.05) more on O. sativa panicles than on P. urvillei panicles at 6 h PI. Both sexes also fed significantly (P<0.05) more on 28 and 21 cm long O. sativa panicles than on 7 cm long panicles, but no such differences existed in feeding among P. urvillei panicles.
Résumé Les adultes d'Oebalus pugnax F. ont préféré les panicules de Paspalum urivillei Stend à celles de 11 autres Graminées et 1 Cypéracée associées au riz cultivé, Oryza sativa L. Le nombre d'adultes s'alimentant a cru environ 2 fois de la lère (1P1) à la 6ème (6P1) heure ayant suivi l'infestation. Le nombre de femelles s'alimentant était supérieur à celui des mâles 1 heure après (1P1), mais ne présentait pas de différence 6 h après l'infestation (6P1). Les 2 sexes s'alimentaient significativement plus (P< 0.05) sur les panicules d'O. sativa que sur celles de P. urvillei 6 heures après l'infestation (6P1). Les 2 sexes se sont alimentés significativement plus (P< 0,05) sur des panicules d'O. sativa de 28 et 21 cm que sur ceux de 7 cm, mais aucune différence n'était observée dans l'alimentation sur les panicules de P. urvillei.
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3.
Epicuticular waxes of balsam fir, Abies balsamea,act as oviposition stimulants for fertilized females of the eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana(Clem.). Those same waxes do not stimulate unfertilized females, nor do the latter respond to nonchemical cues such as leaf texture, shape, etc. Ablation experiments suggest that the chemoreceptors responsible for the perception of waxes are located on the proboscis.  相似文献   

4.
    
Most butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) use modified mouthparts, the proboscis, to acquire fluids. We quantified the proboscis architecture of five butterfly species in three families to test the hypothesis that proboscis structure relates to feeding guild. We used scanning electron microscopy to elucidate the fine structure of the proboscis of both sexes and to quantify dimensions, cuticular patterns, and the shapes and sizes of sensilla and dorsal legulae. Sexual dimorphism was not detected in the proboscis structure of any species. A hierarchical clustering analysis of overall proboscis architecture reflected lepidopteran phylogeny, but did not produce a distinct group of flower visitors or of puddle visitors within the flower visitors. Specific characters of the proboscis, nonetheless, can indicate flower and nonflower visitors, such as the configuration of sensilla styloconica, width of the lower branches of dorsal legulae, presence or absence of dorsal legulae at the extreme apex, and degree of proboscis tapering. We suggest that the overall proboscis architecture of Lepidoptera reflects a universal structural organization that promotes fluid uptake from droplets and films. On top of this fundamental structural organization, we suggest that the diversity of floral structure has selected for structural adaptations that facilitate entry of the proboscis into floral tubes. J. Morphol. 277:167–182, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.  相似文献   

5.
In order to better understand the maintenance of a fairly narrow diet breadth in monarch butterfly larvae, Danaus plexippus L. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Danainae), we measured feeding preference and survival on host and non-host plant species, and sensitivity to host and non-host plant chemicals. For the plant species tested, a hierarchy of feeding preferences was observed; only plants from the Asclepiadaceae were more or equally preferred to Asclepias curassavica, the common control. The feeding preferences among plant species within the Asclepiadaceae are similar to published mean cardenolide concentrations. However, since cardenolide data were not collected from individual plants tested, definitive conclusions regarding cardenolide concentrations and plant acceptability cannot be made. Although several non-Asclepiadaceae were eaten in small quantities, all were less preferred to A. curassavica. Additionally, these non-Asclepiadaceae do not support continued feeding, development, and survival of first and fifth-instar larvae. Preference for a host versus a non-host (A. curassavica versus Vinca rosea) increased for A. curassavica reared larvae as compared to diet-reared larvae suggesting plasticity in larval food preferences. Furthermore, host species were significantly preferred over non-host plant species in bioassays using a host plant or sucrose as a common control. Larval responses to pure chemicals were examined in order to determine if host and non-host chemicals stimulate or deter feeding in monarch larvae. We found that larvae were stimulated to feed by some ubiquitous plant chemicals, such as sucrose, inositol, and rutin. In contrast, several non-host plant chemicals deterred feeding: caffeine, apocynin, gossypol, tomatine, atropine, quercitrin, and sinigrin. Additionally the cardenolides digitoxin and ouabain, which are not in milkweed plants, were neutral in their influence on feeding. Another non-milkweed cardenolide, cymarin, significantly deterred feeding. Extracts of A. curassavica leaves were tested in bioassays to determine which components of the leaf stimulate feeding. Both an ethanol extract of whole leaves and a hexane leaf-surface extract are phagostimulatory, suggesting the involvement of both polar and non-polar plant compounds. These data suggest that the host range of D. plexippus larvae is maintained by both feeding stimulatory and deterrent chemicals in host and non-host plants.  相似文献   

6.
Adult leaf-cutting ants of the subspecies Acromyrmex subterraneus subterraneus were fed with an Evans Blue dye solution, which allowed the investigation of subsequent exchange of liquids between ants by oral trophallaxis. Trophallactic behavior was filmed and the antennation patterns of donor and recipient ants were described. The ants’ crop capacity was measured following ad libitum feeding on dye solution. Ants previously fed on the dye solution (donors) were placed individually with unfed ants of the same caste (recipients) and the amount of dye solution passed from the donor to the recipient by oral trophallaxis was measured after one hour. The volume received was 0.26 ± 0.15μL (mean ± SD) and the residual volume of dye in the crop of the donors was 0.49 ± 0.23μL. There were 38 trophallactic events recorded for 50 pairs of ants. Trophallaxis was observed from 2.3 min to 21.5 min after initial exposure, with a mean latency of 8.4 ± 5.6 min. The mean duration of a trophallatic event was 2.3 ± 1.3 min. As far as we know, this is the first time that trophallaxis in leaf-cutting ants has been described and quantified. Received 2 December 2005; revised 6 April 2006; accepted 10 April 2006.  相似文献   

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I studied the ranging behavior of proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus) at two sites in the Lower Kinabatangan Region of northern Borneo. I collected data on ranging behavior via scan sampling during group follows. Groups of Nasalis larvatus had ranges overlapping those of other groups in each area. I observed no territorial behavior. Groups of Nasalis larvatus occasionally swam across the Kinabatangan River, and frequently across its tributaries. The home range size of a focal one-male group (SU1) was 220.5 ha. The group traveled farther on days when the proportion of young leaves in the diet was higher. In addition, SU1 used particular areas when they fed on flowers and fruits. Apparently, rainfall and phenology did not influence ranging patterns.  相似文献   

9.
    
The interfacial feeding behavior, mouthpart movements, and particle flow patterns of Anopheles quadrimaculatuslarvae were investigated, using videotape recordings, high-speed microcinematography, SEM, and laboratory experiments. While positioned at the water surface, larvae demonstrated 12 behaviors associated with movements of the head. In one of these, a larva rotated its head 180° and directed its mouthparts against the air-water interface. The larva rapidly extended and retracted its lateral palatal brushes (LPBs) at a rate of 5 cycles/s (5 Hz), creating currents and allowing for the collection of particles. Particles moved toward the head at a velocity of 4.31 mm/s, in discrete stops and starts, as the LPBs beat. Our analyses determined that particle movement toward the mouth was governed by very low Reynolds numbers (0.002–0.009). This finding indicated that viscous forces predominated in Anophelesfeeding and no inertial movement of particles occurred. According to this model, the LPBs cannot intercept particles directly, but function as paddles for particle entrainment. We did not observe the pharynx to function in particle filtration but, rather, in food bolus formation. We propose that the maxillary pilose area and midpalatal brush function as interception structures. It appeared that the LPBs do not break the surface film to feed, but collect particles from the surface microlayers. A plume of uningested particles emerged from the sides of the cibarium and descended into the water column. The plume consisted of alternately clear and dark, lenticular laminae formed beneath the larval head during the collecting filtering feeding mode. A comparison of particle sizes from surface microlayers and gut contents of fourth instars showed that larvae ingested mainly small particles in the range of 1.5 to 4.5 pm in diameter. The potential significance of interfacial feeding by anopheline larvae in their aquatic environment is discussed.  相似文献   

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重金属Zn2+胁迫下麦长管蚜的取食行为   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
张丽  宋亚茜  高欢欢  罗坤  赵惠燕 《生态学报》2016,36(9):2537-2543
为了探索重金属锌长期胁迫对麦长管蚜(Sitobion avenae)取食行为的变化影响,在模拟自然的实验室条件下,用不同浓度Zn~(2+)溶液浇灌土壤,通过土壤-小麦-蚜虫体系连续处理麦长管蚜15代,用EPG(刺探电位技术)对第1、5、10、15代成蚜的取食行为进行了监测。结果表明,第1代和第5代时,200 mg/kg的Zn~(2+)处理后np波和C波的总持续时间和数量显著低于对照,800mg/kg的Zn~(2+)使其显著增加。到第15代,高剂量的Zn~(2+)处理后np波和C波的总持续时间和数量均显著高于对照。涉及分泌唾液的E1波持续时间及涉及被动取食营养的E2波出现次数并未受到低剂量Zn~(2+)的显著影响,但高剂量的Zn~(2+)处理后单独E1波、伴随稳定E2的E1波总持续时间及E2波的数量均显著降低。麦长管蚜的取食行为会受到重金属锌的影响并且会在高剂量Zn~(2+)的胁迫条件下产生积累效应,而低剂量的Zn~(2+)则促进麦长管蚜对小麦的取食行为。针对重金属而言,此效应发生改变的关键浓度为400 mg/kg,蚜虫取食行为发生改变的关键世代为第5代和第10代。  相似文献   

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I investigated the feeding ecology of lHoests monkeys (Cercopithecus lhoesti) and blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis) in the Kalinzu Forest, Uganda. Although forest guenons are generally thought to be frugivores or folivores, these two guenons spent a large proportion of their time feeding on invertebrates. The lHoests monkey and the blue monkey spent as much as 66 and 50% of their time on insectivory, respectively. These proportions of time spent on invertebrate feeding are higher than those reported elsewhere for forest guenons. LHoests monkeys mainly utilized the area near the ground for invertebrate feeding, while blue monkeys utilized the area around 20 m above the ground. It seemed that guenons have an ability to change their diet according to the environment.  相似文献   

15.
The feeding and oviposition behavior of postdiapausal Eustenopus villosus (Boheman) on young and late stage buds, respectively of yellow starthistle, Centaurea solstitialis L., was documented in the laboratory and field. Postdiapausal adult feeding on young buds took over an hour to complete in most cases and was conducted by both sexes. Feeding bouts generally occurred in the sequence of explore, feeding, and budwalk. Oviposition included a feeding phase to prepare an oviposition cavity within the bud; thus, oviposition bouts included some of the same behavioral elements as postdiapausal feeding. The standard sequence of behavioral elements involved with oviposition included exploring, feeding, turning, ovipositing, and budwalking. The feeding element during the oviposition bout often lasted 2 h and was similar in the field and in the lab. Postdiapausal adult feeding on young capitula and stems, and larval feeding on developing ovaries and achenes, makes this weevil especially destructive on a per insect basis.  相似文献   

16.
    
Diet choice tests were conducted to examine the effects of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner on larval feeding behavior of Dipel-resistant and susceptible strains of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner). Larvae (first through fourth instars) were presented an untreated standard diet and three diets incorporating different concentrations of a commercial formulation of B. thuringiensis, Dipel ESTM. Significantly higher proportions of susceptible and resistant larvae were found on the control diet compared to the proportions recorded on any of the Dipel-treated diets. Soon after release (0.5 to 3 h), the occurrence of larvae on each of the diets was similar across different instars. The number of first and second instars on the control diet increased steadily over 72 h after release, when 43 to 75% of larvae were found on the control diet. The proportion of third and fourth instars on the control diet also increased initially, with an equilibrium occurring 12 to 24 h later when 30 to 40% of larvae were found on the control diet. Both strains appeared to avoid the Dipel-treated diets and their responses were similar over different Dipel concentrations. The Dipel-resistant strain showed higher ability to avoid the treated diets than the susceptible strain.  相似文献   

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Males of the checkerspot butterfly (Euphydryas chalcedona)patrol and perch near but not on the larval foodplant in search of females. Experiments with tethered butterflies show that searching males chase virgin females for longer times than they do mated females or males. The larvae leave the larval food-plant to pupate. The correspondence between the distance from the larval foodplant to pupation sites and where males search for females suggests that male mate-locating behavior has evolved to maximize the rate of encounters with newly emerged, virgin females. These conclusions are compared to a recent analysis of butterfly mating systems by Odendaal et al. (Am. Nat.125: 673–678, 1985).  相似文献   

19.
de Nie  H. W. 《Hydrobiologia》1982,95(1):307-310
The stomach contents of 517 eels were analysed during 1979. In that particular year the diet consisted predominantly of chironomids, but large bivalve molluscs were of secondary importance. The meaning of this observation is discussed in relation to food conditions and the food preference of the eel.  相似文献   

20.
    
Plant secondary compounds can prevent feeding by phytophagous insects or, if ingested, can be poisonous to them. Less attention has been paid to the additional effects they have on feeding behavior when they are only weakly deterrent or not deterrent at all. Experiments were carried out on the generalist grass-hopperSchistocerca americana. Individuals were presented either with two cakes of high-quality artificial food with a single deterrent compound added or with two cakes, each with a different added deterrent compound. The deterrents consisted of single plant secondary compounds that were either marginally or strongly deterrent. There were profound differences in feeding behavior between those individuals given identical and those given different cake types, including longer feeding bouts on single cakes when a choice of different cake types was available. The behavioral effects demonstrate that the presence of secondary compounds in one food can influence the patterns of feeding on other available foods and suggest that such chemicals could impact foraging activities in a complex manner.  相似文献   

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