共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Carey P. Yeager 《International journal of primatology》1989,10(6):497-530
Proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) feeding behavior and ecology were studied at the Natai Lengkuas Station, Tanjung Puting National Park, Kalimantan Tengah,
Indonesia. Data on feeding behavior were collected using scan sampling during group follows. Three vegetational plots containing
1,732 trees were established and monitored monthly for changes in fruit, flower, and young leaf production. Basal area and
canopy cover were calculated and used in estimating food abundance. Proboscis monkeys were found to be folivore/frugivores,
specializing in seed consumption. At least 55 different plant species were used as food sources, with a marked preference
for Eugenia sp. 3/4,Ganua motleyana and Lophopetalum javanicum. These tree species were among the most frequent and most dominant. However, proboscis monkeys were selective feeders; use
of tree species as food sources was not based simply on relative density. During times of low food abundance and/or availability
proboscis monkeys switched dietary strategies and increased dietary diversity. The average total home range was estimated
to be 130.3 ha, with an average group density of 5.2 groups per km2. The average biomass per km2 was estimated to be 499.5 kg. Given their high biomass and predilection for consuming seeds of dominant species, proboscis
monkeys may help to maintain and increase vegetational diversity. 相似文献
2.
K. Lunau S. Wacht 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1994,174(5):575-579
Freshly emerged, inexperienced imagos of the hoverfly Eristalis tenax L. extend their proboscis towards small, yellow colour stimuli, such as anther parts and artificial floral guides. The releasing of this behaviour, which is adapted to pollen feeding, was investigated in behavioural tests using white, UV-reflecting artificial flowers with four small screens illuminated with test stimuli serving as artificial floral guides. The releasing of the innate proboscis extension was tested using monochromatic test lights. Within an intensity range from approx. 5·1011 to approx. 1014 quanta · cm-2· s-1, the flies extended their proboscis only towards green and yellow test lights (approx. 520–600 nm). The inhibition of the innate proboscis extension was tested using mixed light stimuli composed of a yellow monochromatic reference light (560 nm, 1013 quanta·cm-2
-1) and of a monochromatic test light. When the reference light was mixed with ultraviolet or blue test lights, the releasing of the innate proboscis extension was strongly inhibited, whereas admixing green/yellow light slightly promoted it; admixing red light had no effect. The results indicate that the releasing of the innate proboscis extension is mediated by the photoreceptor type R8y. Other receptor types which could cause the inhibition of the proboscis reaction are discussed. 相似文献
3.
Harald W. Krenn 《Acta zoologica》2000,81(3):259-266
Krenn, H. W. 2000. Proboscis musculature in the butterfly Vanessa cardui (Nymphalidae, Lepidoptera): settling the proboscis recoiling controversy. —Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 81 : 259–266 The proboscis of Vanessa cardui (Nymphalidae) contains two basal galeal muscles and two different series of numerous oblique muscles. Both muscle series extend from the proximal region up to the tip‐region; the individual muscles of each series run a constant course throughout the proboscis. In contrast to other butterflies, the knee bend region does not have additional types of muscles. The analysis of shock‐frozen proboscises reveals that the dorsal wall is arched outwardly in the uncoiled, feeding position whereas in the coiled, resting position the dorsal proboscis wall is flat or concave. This results in a significantly greater cross‐sectional area due to the significantly greater dorso‐ventral diameter in uncoiled proboscises. After freezing the proboscis in its distal region, it can still be uncoiled, however, it cannot be fully recoiled. These morphometric and experimental results indicate that the oblique proboscis muscles are responsible for recoiling the proboscis to the resting position. 相似文献
4.
Carey P. Yeager 《International journal of primatology》1996,17(1):51-62
I studied long- tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis)feeding behavior and ecology as part of a larger behavioral ecological study at the Natai Lengkuas Station, Tanjung Puting
National Park, Kalimantan Tengah, Indonesia. I collected data on feeding behavior via scan sampling of all visible individuals
in the focal group (approximately 800 observation hours). I established vegetational plots and monitored them monthly to determine
food availability and abundance. I found long- tailed macaques to be primarily frugivorous;leaves, flowers, insects and bark provided the remainder of the diet. They used at least 33 plant species as food sources,
but >60% of the diet was provided by only 5 species. Based on previous vegetational analyses, these tree species were among
the highest in relative density. However, selection ratios for 19 food species indicate that 13 of them were selected more
often than expected. Long- tailed macaques appear to be selective feeders but can exploit a variety of food sources during
periods of food scarcity. 相似文献
5.
Karen B. Strier 《American journal of primatology》1991,23(2):113-126
Data on feeding behavior in one group of muriquis (Brachyteles arachnoides) were collected during a 14 month study at Fazenda Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Muriquis devoted an average of 51% of their annual feeding time to leaves, 32% to fruits, and 11% to flowers. The high proportion of leaves in their diet is consistent with predictions from the energetics of body size. However, they devoted a greater proportion of their feeding time to patchy fruit and flower resources than was expected from comparisons with smaller, sympatric howler monkeys. Muriqui diet varied with the availability of preferred food types across sample months. Fruit and flower consumption corresponded to the availability and abundance of these food resources in the forest. Leaves contributed substantially to muriqui diet throughout the year but appeared to be eaten primarily to provide necessary protein and/or necessary bulk. Male and female diets differed only in the greater proportion of feeding time females devoted to flowers. 相似文献
6.
Search strategies can have profound fitness-effects for plant-feeding insects. Here I focus on the potential conflict between
searching for nectar plants and for larval food plants. I test if the butterfly Vanessa cardui, which can use some of its larval food plants as nectar sources, is able to rationalize this search problem by combining
the two search tasks. Lab-experiments revealed a higher oviposition preference for Cirsium arvense over Urtica dioica and a corresponding difference in larval performance. Contrary to predictions, there was no effect of inflorescences on oviposition.
However, experiments in large outdoor cages showed a higher occupancy and a higher level of oviposition in patches with access
to nectar sources, even on U. dioica. Hence, while there was no preference for individual plants with flowers, the results suggests that V. cardui is simplifying its search task to primarily search for hosts in nectar-rich patches. This strategy allows females to increase
oviposition rate, but it is likely that it comes at the expense of not always using optimal host plants in terms of offspring
performance. 相似文献
7.
Synopsis Studies of feeding in bony fishes have almost universally demonstrated the ability of individuals to modulate their method
of capture in response to differing stimuli. Preliminary evidence indicates that morphologically specialized inertial suction
feeding sharks are the most likely fishes to lack inherent modulatory ability. We examined the ability of the nurse shark,
Ginglymostoma cirratum, to modulate its feeding behavior based on different food types and sizes. G. cirratum is an inertial suction feeding fish that is apparently stereotyped in its food capture behavior. Electromyography showed
no statistical difference between feeding motor patterns based on food type (squid or fish) or size (gape width or twice gape
width), although there were slight inter-individual differences in the onset of muscle firing for some muscles. Kinematic
analysis showed a statistical difference in variables associated with durations for different food types, with the durations
for all variables being faster for squid bites than fish bites, but no difference based on the size of the food item. This
apparent lack of modulation may be associated with specialization of the morphology and behavior of G. cirratum for obligate suction prey capture. This functional specialization constrains the method in which G. cirratum captures prey but does not appear to result in dietary specialization. An unusual post capture spit-suck manipulation allows
this shark to handle and ingest large prey. 相似文献
8.
Koh-ichi Takakura 《Journal of Ethology》2004,22(1):37-42
The relationship between the quality/quantity of male investment and the feeding behavior of females was investigated in a
bruchid weevil, Bruchidius dorsalis (Fahraeus), whose males donate nutrition via seminal fluid to females. Experiments on the effect of feeding regimes of both
sexes on the mating frequency of females showed that females mated at a higher frequency if given low-quality food or poor
male investment. On the other hand, the experiment that examined the effect of male investment quality on female feeding behavior
showed that females receiving the high-quality investment exhibited feeding behavior less often. These results suggest that
male investment and feeding behavior play the same role for B. dorsalis females. These experiments also showed that there are sex-related asymmetries in mating and feeding behaviors: females mated
more often but males fed more often. Moreover, a field census suggested that only males visited non-host flowers to feed on
the pollen and nectar during the non-flowering period of the host plants; females always stayed on the host plants irrespective
of the flowering phenology. These results suggest that in B. dorsalis courtship role reversal and sex-specific feeding modes are fairly fixed and obligatory, and that male investment, derived
from sexual selection, could affect the feeding behavior and spatial distribution of both sexes, which may have far-reaching
impact in various ecological contexts. 相似文献
9.
The monostiliferous nemertean Oerstedia dorsalis was collected from eelgrass (Zostera marina) beds located along the coast of New Jersey, and feeding responses to amphipods and isopods were observed in the laboratory. Tests with 46 worms showed that they fed suctorially on Ampelisca vadorum, Ampithoe longimana, Corophium acherusicum and C. tuberculata. Corophiids were preferred. Upon contact with an amphipod, the proboscis is everted and strikes the prey on the ventral side, immobilizing it in a few minutes. The worm probes the sternal region with its head and everts its proboscis one or more times during the process. The exoskeleton is eventually penetrated by the head, and the stomach is everted into the hemocoel as a flattened funnel-like structure. Peristaltic undulations of the body signify the suctorial action that removes the living contents from the exoskeleton. The actual feeding process (from head penetration to removal of the head) takes about 7 min. O. dorsalis is only the third species within the Prosorhochmidae for which the feeding behavior has been documented. The other two are terrestrial species, and are also suctorial. 相似文献
10.
Choanoflagellates exist as both single‐celled and colonial forms and filter‐feed by generating water currents using a single apical flagellum. Hydrodynamic modeling studies have differed in predictions of whether single cells or colonies produce greater fluid flow to enhance feeding, and a recent study reported no increase in feeding efficiency of stalked colonies of choanoflagellates compared with single cells. We report that rosette colonies of Salpingoeca rosetta demonstrate higher rates of food vacuole formation compared with unicellular, slow swimmers. 相似文献
11.
Butterflies in the genera Heliconius and Laparus obtain fitness-related benefits from using amino acids derived from pollen. These butterflies have morphological features of the proboscis that facilitate pollen-feeding. Here we investigate behavioral characteristics potentially involved in pollen-gathering. Analysis of four behavioral characters showed that pollen-feeding species manipulate Lantana flowers faster and more thoroughly compared to non-pollen-feeding relatives. Although this suggests that pollen-feeding species are potentially more efficient in harvesting pollen, every butterfly tested successfully removed pollen from Lantana and non-pollen-feeding butterflies generally extracted larger amounts of pollen than Heliconius and Laparus. Morphological characteristics of the proboscis and the production of abundant fluid exudate help keep pollen attached in the proboscis for long periods of time—possibly key to Heliconius' and Laparus' ability to obtain amino acids from pollen. Our results, in concert with those of previous morphological analysis, indicate that behavioral and structural attributes associated with pollen-feeding in Heliconius and Laparus are subtle modifications of widespread butterfly characteristics and raise the question why other butterflies do not use pollen in their diet. 相似文献
12.
Florian Karolyi Nikolaus U. Szucsich Jonathan F. Colville Harald W. Krenn 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2012,107(2):414-424
The insects with the longest proboscis in relation to body length are the nectar‐feeding Nemestrinidae. These flies represent important pollinators of the South African flora and feature adaptations to particularly long‐tubed flowers. The present study examined the morphology of the extremely long and slender mouthparts of Nemestrinidae for the first time. The heavily sclerotized tubular proboscis of flies from the genus Prosoeca is highly variable in length. It measures 20–47 mm in length and may exceed double the body length in some individuals. Proximally, the proboscis consists of the labrum–epipharynx unit, the laciniae, the hypopharynx, and the labium. The distal half is composed of the prementum of the labium, which solely forms the food tube. In adaptation to long‐tubed and narrow flowers, the prementum is extremely elongated, bearing the short apical labella that appear only to be able to spread apart slightly during nectar uptake. Moving the proboscis from resting position under the body to a vertical feeding position is accomplished in particular by the movements of the laciniae, which function as a lever arm. Comparisons with the mouthparts of other flower visiting flies provide insights into adaptations to nectar‐feeding from long‐tubed flowers. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, ?? , ??–??. 相似文献
13.
Most Malagasy primate communities harbor a diverse assemblage of omnivorous species. The mechanisms allowing the coexistence
of closely related species are poorly understood, partly because only preliminary data on the feeding ecology of most species
are available. We provide an exemplary feeding ecology data set to illuminate coexistence mechanisms between sympatric gray
and Madame Berthe’s mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus, M. berthae). We studied their feeding ecology in Kirindy Forest/CFPF, a highly seasonal dry deciduous forest in western Madagascar.
Between August 2002 and December 2007, we regularly (re-)captured, marked, and radiotracked females of both species. A combination
of direct behavioral observations and fecal analyses revealed that both Microcebus species used fruit, arthropods, gum, insect secretions, and small vertebrates as food sources. However, Microcebus berthae and M. murinus differed in both composition and seasonal variation of their diets. Whereas the diet of Microcebus murinus varied seasonally and was generally more diverse, M. berthae relied mainly on insect secretions supplemented by animal matter. The differences were also reflected in a very narrow feeding
niche of Microcebus berthae and a comparatively broad feeding niche of M. murinus. Resource use patterns of Madame Berthe’s and more so of opportunistic gray mouse lemurs broadly followed resource availability
within the strongly seasonal dry forest. Feeding niche overlap between the 2 sympatric species was high, indicating that food
resource usage patterns did not reflect niche partitioning, but can instead be explained by constraints due to food availability. 相似文献
14.
Artificial agarose foods containing either starch, glycogen, carragheenan, alginate, casein, gelatin, albumin, or peptones at a concentration of 1% dry weight were not phagostimulatory. Artificial foods containing sugars, especially galactose, at a concentration of 0.005 M were phagostimulatory. Of the common amino acids, only L‐phenylalanine was phagostimulatory at this concentration. The initiation of feeding postures (movement of the spines, tube feet, peristome, and Aristotle's lantern) of Lytechinus variegatus was little affected by the concentration of plant extracts. Many aspects of this behavior were attributable to physical rather than chemical stimulation. Feeding rates of L. variegatus upon artificial agarose foods containing either Thalassia testudinum or Gracilaria verrucosa were directly dependent upon plant tissue concentration. All artificial agarose food‐items were initially moved to the mouth and fed upon, however the time spent feeding was directly dependent upon plant type and tissue concentration. Retention of the artificial food‐items upon the test after feeding was not influenced by plant type or tissue concentration. Differences in consumption of foods by L. variegatus are determined by the degree of persistence in feeding upon encountered items and not be selection before initiating feeding or by retention of food‐items for subsequent feedings. 相似文献
15.
John F. Oates 《International journal of primatology》1988,9(5):457-478
Observations of the feeding behavior of wild olive colobus monkeys (Procolobus verus)were made in southern Sierra Leone, West Africa. Most data came from systematically sampling one habituated social group,
which inhabited old secondary rain forest on Tiwai Island. Olive colobus at Tiwai were highly selective feeders, obtaining
most of their food from a small number of uncommon middle-canopy trees, from the forest understory, and from climbers. Mature
leaf blades were largely ignored; young foliage (particularly of climbers) was a year-round dietary staple, while seeds, flowers,
and mature leaf petioles were seasonally important. It is argued that this diet results largely from selection for two different
attributes of food: high digestibility and physical location. Preferred foods had low fiber and tannin contents, while preferred
feeding sites were in thick low growth and climber tangles. P. verusis the smallest extant primate species using a foregut fermentation system. Observations of its diet accord with inferences
drawn from dental anatomy, digestive physiology, and considerations of body size. 相似文献
16.
C. E. Smith J. T. Stevens E. J. Temeles P. W. Ewald R. J. Hebert R. L. Bonkovsky 《Oecologia》1996,106(4):482-492
Nectar guides are common among insect-pollinated plants, yet are thought to be rare or absent among hummingbird-pollinated plants. We hypothesize that the lower lips and trumpet-shaped orifices of many hummingbird flowers act as nectar guides to direct hummingbirds to the flowers' nectar and orient the birds for pollination. To test this hypothesis we conducted laboratory experiments using flowers of Monarda didyma (bee balm) and M. fistulosa (wild bergamot), which have orifice widths of about 4 mm and 2 mm, respectively, and latex flowers with orifice widths of 4 mm and 2 mm and three orifice shapes (trumpet, lipped, and lipless). Rubythroated hummingbirds (Archilochus colubris) made fewer errors during bill insertion and spent a smaller proportion of their feeding visit in error at M. didyma flowers than at M. fistulosa flowers, and at unaltered flowers of both species than at flowers with lower lips removed. Handling times were longer at both lipped and lipless flowers of M. didyma than at those of M. fistulosa, and at lipped than at lipless flowers of M. didyma. The average duration of contact between a hummingbird and a flower's anthers and stigma was longer at M. didyma than at M. fistulosa for both lipped and lipless flowers, and at lipped than at lipless M. didyma flowers. Hummingbirds missed the openings of latex flowers with their bills more frequently and spent a greater percentage of their total feeding visit in error at (i) 2-mm than at 4-mm flowers of all three shapes, (ii) lipless flowers than at trumpet or lipped flowers, and (iii) lipped flowers than at trumpet flowers of both widths. The duration of hummingbird/anther contact was longer at (i) 2-mm than at 4-mm flowers of all shapes, (ii) lipped than at trumpet or lipless flowers, and (iii) lipless than at trumpet flowers for both widths. No significant differences in handling times of hummingbirds were observed among any of the latex flower shapes or widths. Our results demonstrate that orifice shapes can act as guides by reducing the frequency of feeding errors by visiting hummingbirds, and that effects of orifice shape on pollination must be considered in conjunction with flower widths and locations of anthers and stigmas. 相似文献
17.
Adult parasitoids often feed on sugar sources for survival and to fuel energy. Therefore, the provision of sugar sources, such as nectar from flowers, can enhance biological control. We assessed whether Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae and Trichopria drosophilae, two pupal parasitoids of Drosophila spp., can profit from different sugar sources. In a laboratory experiment, we offered honey, cornflower and buckwheat flowers, crushed and Drosophila suzukii-infested blueberries as well as hosts together with honey. In both parasitoid species, all food sources significantly prolonged the lifespan of females compared to the control. The flowers prolonged the lifespan in both species threefold or fourfold, in P. vindemmiae from a mean of 6 to 28 days, in T. drosophilae from 13 to 49 days. Infested and damaged blueberries also enhanced mean survival in both species. When fed honey, the presence of hosts slightly decreased lifespan in P. vindemmiae and strongly decreased it in T. drosophilae. Our results suggest that the parasitoids can utilize the fruits they encounter during host search. Flowers could enhance their biological control function even further, as long as they do not benefit the pest. 相似文献
18.
Macoma balthica (L.), an abundant clam, ubiquitous in temperate estuaries across the North Atlantic, is known to practice both alternative basic modes of feeding available to seafloor invertebrates. It either holds its feeding organ, the siphon, at a fixed position just above the sediment surface to filter out food particles suspended in the overlying water or else extends and moves its siphon around to vacuum up deposited food particles on the sediment surface. Previous laboratory experiments have established an understanding of the role of current flow in dictating the choice of whether suspension or deposit feeding will be used by marine invertebrates with the facultative flexibility to choose. Faster flows imply greater fluxes of suspended particles so that the energetic rewards of suspension feeding are enhanced. Slower flows imply reduced renewal rates of suspended foods in the bottom boundary layers and enhanced deposition of food particles on the seafloor so that a switch to deposit feeding is favored. Like early optimal foraging theory, this understanding is based on energetic considerations alone without incorporation of broader implications of how population interactions such as predation and competition influence individual foraging behavior. Feeding behavior of Macoma balthica is influenced in the Neuse River estuary by both hydrodynamics and siphon-cropping by juvenile demersal fishes. Under conditions of identical concentrations of suspended particulates in the water column and organic contents of surface sediments, Macoma exhibited much higher levels of deposit feeding where currents were slower. In addition, exclosure and fish inclosure experiments demonstrated that juvenile demersal fishes influence feeding behavior of Macoma by cropping exposed siphons and inducing reduction in deposit-feeding activity. Effects of croppers were substantial in early to midsummer, when juvenile fish abundances were greatest in trawl samples from this estuarine nursery and before the growing fish exhibited ontogenetic changes in diet away from early concentration on bivalve siphons. Field experiments in which siphon-cropping fish were caged at varying distances off the bottom failed to detect any effective behavioral avoidance by Macoma of cropping in response to proximity of fish. One might have hypothesized that under high risk of cropping, Macoma would switch to suspension feeding and away from deposit feeding, the feeding method entailing more risk of losses to croppers because of greater siphon activity and greater extension of siphons on the sediment surface. Consequently, partial predation by siphon-cropping fishes greatly reduces deposit-feeding activity by Macoma balthica during summer as an apparent direct effect of disfigurement and reduction of siphons, the organ required for efficient deposit feeding. Information on current flows alone would not suffice to predict feeding behavior of this marine invertebrate: the influence of partial predation must also be included. 相似文献
19.
Larvae of the South African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis (Daudin), are efficient, obligate suspension feeders. We examine the relationship between the ambient particle concentration offered these larvae as food and their filtering, ingestion, and buccal pumping rates. We demonstrate that: (i) the larvae can sense and respond to a broad range of particle concentrations, down to 0.2 mg 1–1 (dry weight); (ii) their metabolic needs theoretically can be met by particle concentrations as low as 5 mg 1–1; and (iii) their patterns of regulation of filtering and ingestion fit predictions from certain models used to describe zooplankton feeding dynamics. Two such models are discussed: the modified Monod (Michaelis-Menten) model, with a lower threshold below which the tadpoles do not feed, and an energy optimization model. Both the models and the observed behavior of the tadpoles allow for stability of populations of food organisms. Tadpole feeding dynamics apparently are compatible with both the predictions and assumptions of these models, suggesting similar regulation of feeding by tadpoles and zooplankton. However, the size, morphology, and behavior of X. laevis larvae make their feeding regulation uniquely accessible to direct observation.Contribution No. 223, Center for Great Lakes Studies, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.Contribution No. 223, Center for Great Lakes Studies, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 相似文献
20.
Summary Amino acids occur in most floral nectars but their role in pollinator attraction is relatively unstudied. Nectars of butterfly-pollinated
flower tend to have higher concentrations of amino acids than do flowers pollinated by bees and many other animals, suggesting
that amino acids are important attractants of butterflies to flowers. In order to determine whether amino acids are important
in attracting butterflies and bees, we tested the preference of cabbage white butterflies (Pieris rapae) and honey bees (Apis mellifera) by allowing them to feed from artificial flowers containing sugar-only or sugar-amino acid mimics ofLantana camara nectar. Honey bees and female cabbage white butterflies consumed more sugar-amino acid nectar than sugar-only nectar. In
addition, female cabbage white butterflies visited artificial flowers containing sugar-amino acid nectars more frequently
than flowers containing sugar-only nectars; honey bees spent more time consuming the sugar-amino acid nectar. Male cabbage
white butterflies did not discriminate between the two nectars. These results support the hypothesis that the amino acids
of nectar contribute to pollinator attraction and/or feeding. 相似文献