中华甲虫蒲螨对松墨天牛的生防潜力初探

中华甲虫蒲螨(Pyemotes zhonghuajia Yu, Zhang and He)在多种蛀干害虫中起到了较好的防治效果,但利用其对松墨天牛(Monochamus alternatus Hope)进行防治的研究目前较少。为揭示中华甲虫蒲螨对松墨天牛的寄生效果,初步探究其生防潜力,比较中华甲虫蒲螨对不同龄期松墨天牛幼虫的寄生情况与致死力,及不同温度对中华甲虫蒲螨发育及寄生效果的影响。结果显示,中华甲虫蒲螨对1龄、2龄、3龄、4龄幼虫均有致死力,致死力强弱为2龄3龄4龄1龄;不同龄期松墨天牛幼虫体上的中华甲虫蒲螨寄生数量差异显著(p0.05),其中2龄幼虫体上寄生的数量最高,达(5.800±1.448)头;2龄、3龄、4龄幼虫体上寄生的蒲螨可产生膨腹体完成世代发育,且3龄虫体上的膨腹体发育最好;蒲螨膨腹体发育的最适温度区间为24℃~28℃,低于或高于此温度区域膨腹体会发育不良或难以发育。综上,中华甲虫蒲螨对松墨天牛幼虫有较好的防治效果,有助于日后松墨天牛的生物防治。     

河南新乡小麦区荻草谷网蚜的冬季耐寒性研究

为给荻草谷网蚜Sitobion miscanthi的准确预测预报提供理论依据,本研究利用过冷却点(Supercooling point,SCP)、低温暴露死亡率和冷识别温度(80％死亡率时的温度)等昆虫耐寒性指标评价低温条件下不同发育阶段该虫的耐寒能力.结果表明,荻草谷网蚜各发育阶段的SCP变化范围为-27.10～-12.23℃,SCP为1龄若蚜>2龄若蚜>有翅孤雌成蚜>无翅孤雌成蚜>4龄若蚜>3龄若蚜,其中1龄和2龄若蚜的SCP均显著高于3龄和4龄的SCP(P<0.01),3龄和4龄若蚜的SCP无显著性差异(P>0.05),无翅孤雌成蚜与其它发育阶段蚜虫的SCP均无显著性差异(P>0.05);两种虫态的低温存活率和冷识别温度分析表明,在-10～-8℃不同低温下,荻草谷网蚜1龄若蚜低温存活率均显著高于初羽化有翅成蚜的低温存活率(P<0.05),1龄若蚜和初羽化有翅成蚜的冷识别温度分别为-8.5℃和-7.9℃;两种虫态在0℃经过4 h冷驯化后,1龄若蚜和初羽化有翅成蚜在2 h的存活率提升最高,分别为62％和64％,均显著高于无冷驯化的对照组(P<0.05).本研究结果充分说明了荻草谷网蚜具有极强的耐低温适应能力,结合河南新乡近5年冬季极端低温数据,本文推测该虫能在冬季极端低温高于其冷识别温度的年份在当地越冬.     

斑马鱼热耐受性对温度驯化的响应及其性别差异

为了探究斑马鱼(Danio rerio)热耐受性对温度驯化的响应及其性别差异,将性成熟斑马鱼分别于适温(28℃)、低温(20℃)和高温(34℃)下驯化14 d,之后测定不同温度驯化下雌鱼和雄鱼的临界高温(critical thermal maxima,CTmax)、致死高温(lethal thermal maxima,LTmax)、临界低温(critical thermal minima,CTmin)、致死低温(lethal thermal minima,LTmin)等热耐受性参数.结果表明:驯化温度对雄鱼和雌鱼的所有热忍耐参数(CTmax、LTmax、CTmin和LTmin)均影响显著(P<0.05),并且驯化温度和性别对热耐受性参数的影响具有交互作用(P<0.05).适温(28℃)驯化下,雌鱼与雄鱼各个热忍耐参数相比无显著差异(P> 0.05);低温(20℃)驯化下雌鱼的耐高温能力强于雄鱼,而高温(34℃)驯化下雌鱼的耐低温能力弱于雄鱼.结果提示:繁殖适温下雌雄斑马鱼的热耐受性趋于一致,而非繁殖适温下二者的热耐受性出现分化.     

短时高温对加州新小绥螨发育的影响

为了探究高温逆境条件下加州新小绥螨的生存特性对其种群发育的影响,利用短时高温刺激试验,研究加州新小绥螨卵、幼螨、雌成螨在35、38、42、45 ℃等4个温度下、处理1～8 h后的孵化率、存活率、后期发育历期及繁殖的影响.结果表明: 处理温度越高,时间越长,卵和幼螨的存活率越低,其后续发育历期随处理温度升高和时间增加先缩短后延长.当温度为38 ℃,处理8 h后,卵的后续发育历期最短,为4.1 d.卵在45 ℃下处理2 h以上将不能正常孵化,而幼螨在45 ℃下处理8 h后不能存活;雌成螨产卵期和产卵量基本随温度升高先增加后降低,35 ℃处理8 h后,单雌产卵量最高,为38.9粒;38 ℃处理8 h后,单雌产卵量为36.7粒;45 ℃处理8 h后,单雌产卵量仅为14.5粒.短时高温主要影响加州新小绥螨的孵化率、存活率和后续发育历期,对雌成螨的产卵前期和存活率影响较小.     

短时高温对加州新小绥螨发育的影响

为了探究高温逆境条件下加州新小绥螨的生存特性对其种群发育的影响,利用短时高温刺激试验,研究加州新小绥螨卵、幼螨、雌成螨在35、38、42、45 ℃等4个温度下、处理1～8 h后的孵化率、存活率、后期发育历期及繁殖的影响.结果表明: 处理温度越高,时间越长,卵和幼螨的存活率越低,其后续发育历期随处理温度升高和时间增加先缩短后延长.当温度为38 ℃,处理8 h后,卵的后续发育历期最短,为4.1 d.卵在45 ℃下处理2 h以上将不能正常孵化,而幼螨在45 ℃下处理8 h后不能存活;雌成螨产卵期和产卵量基本随温度升高先增加后降低,35 ℃处理8 h后,单雌产卵量最高,为38.9粒;38 ℃处理8 h后,单雌产卵量为36.7粒;45 ℃处理8 h后,单雌产卵量仅为14.5粒.短时高温主要影响加州新小绥螨的孵化率、存活率和后续发育历期,对雌成螨的产卵前期和存活率影响较小.     

冷驯化对松墨天牛幼虫脂代谢的影响

【目的】在低温环境下,昆虫会启用体内的生理调控机制稳定自身代谢,脂肪代谢在昆虫抵御低温的过程中发挥重要作用。本研究旨在探究松墨天牛Monochamus alternatus幼虫脂肪代谢在低温条件下的变化及其对耐寒性的影响。【方法】将室内25℃下饲养的松墨天牛4龄幼虫分别置于25℃(对照)和4℃(冷驯化)恒温培养箱,7 d后解剖幼虫,收集其脂肪体,观察冷驯化后脂滴变化,测定脂肪体内脂肪含量;利用气相色谱 质谱分析,检测脂肪体内游离脂肪酸组分及含量;并用RT-qPCR方法检测脂肪体内脂肪酸β-氧化关键酶(CPT1, 4KCT, VLCAD, ECH和3HCD-1)基因的相对表达量。【结果】冷驯化(4℃)7 d后松墨天牛4龄幼虫脂肪体中脂滴较对照变小,密度降低,脂肪含量下降;但其脂肪酸组成种类未变,对照组和冷驯化组主要脂肪酸均为C16∶0, C16∶1, C18∶0, C18∶1和C18∶2,其中C18∶2的相对含量在两组中均最高,由未驯化时的31.83%±8.82%降至冷驯化后的25.16%±2.88%。冷驯化后,松墨天牛4龄幼虫脂肪体中C16∶0,C16∶1和C18∶2脂肪酸含量减少,C18∶0与C18∶1的相对含量上升。在5种主要脂肪酸中,冷驯化后各脂肪酸的相对丰度较对照均有所减少,其中C16∶0, C16∶1及C18∶2的相对丰度则显著下降。但冷驯化后松墨天牛4龄幼虫脂肪体中游离脂肪酸的双键指数较对照上升3.88%。且冷驯化组脂肪体中VLCAD基因表达量较对照组显著上调。【结论】低温环境中松墨天牛幼虫通过消耗脂肪维持基本代谢,幼虫脂肪体的脂肪酸分解代谢水平提高;不饱和脂肪酸在松墨天牛的耐寒性中起关键作用。脂代谢调控为松墨天牛应对低温的重要生存策略。     

短时高温暴露对土耳其斯坦叶螨和截形叶螨的影响

【目的】为了明确土耳其斯坦叶螨Tetranychus turkestani和截形叶螨T. truncatus在高温逆境下的生存特性对其种群发展的影响。【方法】通过短时高温处理试验, 研究了土耳其斯坦叶螨和截形叶螨卵、 幼螨、 成螨在38℃, 42℃和46℃下处理2～6 h后的孵化率和存活率, 以及对其后续发育历期和生殖的影响。【结果】两种叶螨的卵和幼螨在38～46℃下处理2～6 h, 其存活率随着温度和处理时间的增加而降低, 后续发育历期随着温度和处理时间的增加而延长。两种叶螨的雌成螨在38～46℃下处理2～6 h后其存活率、 产卵前期、 产卵期和产卵量均不受影响, 但所产卵的孵化率明显降低, 其中土耳其斯坦叶螨在46℃下处理6 h的孵化率下降了15.5%, 截形叶螨在46℃下处理6 h的孵化率下降了18.0%。【结论】高温暴露主要影响叶螨的孵化率、 存活率和后续的发育历期, 对成螨的寿命和生殖无显著影响; 土耳其斯坦叶螨和截形叶螨对极端高温的适应性存在差异, 土耳其斯坦叶螨对高温的适应性要高于截形叶螨。     

温度对松褐天牛传递松材线虫数量的影响

松材线虫病是一种重要的检疫性病害,松褐天牛是传播松材线虫的主要媒介昆虫.本实验研究了温度对松褐天牛传递松材线虫数量的影响.设置22℃、28℃和34℃ 3个温度梯度,结果表明松褐天牛成虫的寿命随温度升高而缩短,其中雌虫寿命短于雄虫,且羽化进度不太一致,多数松褐天牛携带的松材线虫量在1000～9999条之间.通过对松褐天牛取食传入松枝的松材线虫量的追踪记录发现,随着温度升高,传播线虫的高峰时段随之提前.34℃高温下松褐天牛的传递率最低,表明高温对松材线虫病的发生具有抑制作用.     

短时高温暴露处理对双尾新小绥螨Neoseiulus bicaudus Wainstein生长发育的影响

【目的】明确新疆本地种捕食螨双尾新小绥螨Neoseiulus bicaudus Wainstein在遇到短时极端高温胁迫后,对其生长发育和种群发展的影响。【方法】利用短时极端高温处理试验,研究双尾新小绥螨卵和成螨分别在38℃、42℃和46℃下,处理2、4和6 h后的孵化率、存活率以及对其未成熟阶段发育历期和生命参数的影响。【结果】卵经过不同时间高温处理后,随着处理温度的升高,处理时间的延长,卵的孵化率逐渐降低,46℃处理2 h的孵化率仅为42.02%,且在46℃处理超过4 h,其卵不能孵化;其各未成熟阶段发育历期有先缩短后延长的趋势,当在38℃处理2 h时,其发育历期最短为4.82 d。雌成螨经过不同时间高温处理后,雌成螨的产卵量、产卵期和寿命随着处理温度的升高、处理时间的延长有逐渐下降和缩短的趋势;42℃,2 h处理下每雌产卵量最低为19.33粒,其产卵期也是最短为10.09 d;38℃,6 h处理下寿命最短为14.68 d。【结论】短时极端高温处理主要影响双尾新小绥螨卵的孵化率、存活率降低和未成熟阶段的发育历期;影响其雌成螨的产卵量和寿命。     

西花蓟马和花蓟马在温度逆境下的存活率比较

以外来入侵害虫西花蓟马(Frankliniella occidentalis)和本地种花蓟马(F.intonsa)为对象,研究了高温和低温逆境下两种蓟马各虫态存活率的差异.结果表明:在36℃～44℃高温下暴露2h和4h,不论是西花蓟马还是花蓟马,各虫态的存活率均随温度的升高而降低,但在相同高温处理条件下,同一虫态西花蓟马的存活率要高于花蓟马;在-2℃～-10℃低温下暴露2h和4h,西花蓟马和花蓟马各虫态的存活率均随随温度的降低而下降;在相同低温处理条件下,同一虫态西花蓟马的存活率也要高于花蓟马.由此表明,2种蓟马对高温和低温的适应能力不同,本地种花蓟马对高温和低温均比较敏感,而外来入侵害虫西花蓟马对极端温度具有较强的适应性.     

Y-chromosome Data and Tribal Affiliations of Allenopithecus and Miopithecus

The phylogeny of Old World monkeys has remained unresolved in part because of a lack of resolution in the Cercopithecinae. Competing morphological hypotheses have had Allen's swamp monkey (Allenopithecus nigroviridis) and the talapoins (Miopithecus spp.) as basal branches of either the tribe Cercopithecini or the tribe Papionini. Previous molecular analyses have not adequately addressed the issue. To better understand the evolutionary history of these primates, we sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis 3.1 kb of 2 loci (TSPY and SRY) from the non-recombining portion of the Y-chromosome. Individuals from the genera Allenopithecus, Miopithecus, Erythrocebus, Chlorocebus, and Cercopithecus were surveyed and their sequences compared with those previously published for the Papionini and Colobinae. The results suggest Allenopithecus and Miopithecus are more closely related to the Cercopithecini than Papionini. Our data also support the hypothesis that within the Cercopithecini, Erythrocebus and Chlorocebus share a close evolutionary relationship, distinct from the other members of the tribe.     

Nystatin and killer toxin sensitivity of free and immobilizedSaccharomyces cerevisiae

The inhibitory effect of nystatin and killer toxin on the growth of free and covalently-immobilizedSaccharomyces cerevisiae cells was studied. The resistance of immobilized cells to both agents was accompanied by increased amounts of phospholipids and sterols. The possible relationship between these changes in the membrane composition and the transduction of a signal across the cytoplasmic membrane is discussed.     

The hernandez and fernandez genes of Drosophila specify eye and antenna

The formation of different structures in Drosophila depends on the combined activities of selector genes and signaling pathways. For instance, the antenna requires the selector gene homothorax, which distinguishes between the leg and the antenna and can specify distal antenna if expressed ectopically. Similarly, the eye is formed by a group of "eye-specifying" genes, among them eyeless, which can direct eye development ectopically. We report here the characterization of the hernandez and fernandez genes, expressed in the antennal and eye primordia of the eye-antenna imaginal disc. The predicted proteins encoded by these two genes have 27% common amino acids and include a Pipsqueak domain. Reduced expression of either hernandez or fernandez mildly affects antenna and eye development, while the inactivation of both genes partially transforms distal antenna into leg. Ectopic expression of either of the two genes results in two different phenotypes: it can form distal antenna, activating genes like homothorax, spineless, and spalt, and it can promote eye development and activates eyeless. Reciprocally, eyeless can induce hernandez and fernandez expression, and homothorax and spineless can activate both hernandez and fernandez when ectopically expressed. The formation of eye by these genes seems to require Notch signaling, since the induction of ectopic eyes and the activation of eyeless by the hernandez gene are suppressed when the Notch function is compromised. Our results show that the hernandez and fernandez genes are required for antennal and eye development and are also able to specify eye or antenna ectopically.     

Ovule and seed anatomy ofCistaceae and relatedMalvanae

Ovule and especially seed anatomy of eight species ofCochlospermaceae, Bixaceae, Cistaceae, Monotoideae, Pakaraimaeoideae (two subfamilies ofDipterocarpaceae), andSarcolaenaceae were investigated. All representatives show a bixoid chalazal region in the seed as probable exclusive synapomorphy among angiosperms. The palisade layer of the exotegmen is curved inwards at its proximal end and forms a dome-shaped structure. A plug of hypostase tissue with an annulus/core structure fits into this dome. Moreover, two additional tissue types in the hypostase can be found in some representatives of the group. These and other micromorphological, wood anatomical, and floral morphological characters, indicate that the taxa form a monophyletic group close toMalvales s. str. The form of the starch grains in the endosperm is compared and is described for the first time forPakaraimaea (Dipterocarpaceae) andLeptolaena (Sarcolaenaceae). The position ofDiegodendron close toBixa and the presumably more distant positions ofMuntingia andNeuradaceae are discussed.     

Development and function of Pisolithus and Scleroderma ectomycorrhizas formed in vivo with Allocasuarina,Casuarina and Eucalyptus

The effect of inoculating seedlings of Eucalyptus grandis, Allocasuarina littoralis and Casuarina equisetifolia with two isolates of Pisolithus and two isolates of Scleroderma from under eucalypts was examined in a glasshouse trial. Ectomycorrhizas formed extensively on Eucalyptus (23–46% fine roots ectomycorrhizal) and Allocasuarina (18–51% fine roots ectomycorrhizal). On Casuarina, the fungi were either unable to colonize the rhizosphere (one isolate of Pisolithus), or sheathed roots, resembling ectomycorrhizas, formed on 1–2% of the fine roots. Colonization of roots by one isolate of Scleroderma resulted in the death of Casuarina seedlings. Inoculation with fungi increased shoot dry weight by up to a factor of 32 (Eucalyptus), 4 (Allocasuarina) and 3 (Casuarina). Ectomycorrhizas formed in associations with Eucalyptus and Allocasuarina had fully differentiated mantles and Hartig nets in which the host and fungal cells were linked by an extensive fibrillar matrix. Sheathed roots in Casuarina lacked a Hartig net, and the epidermis showed a hypersensitive reaction resulting in wall thickening and cell death. The sheaths are described as mantles since the density and arrangement of the hyphae in the sheaths was similar to that in mantles of the eucalypt ectomycorrhizas. The intercellular carbohydrate matrix was not produced in the Casuarina mantle in association with Pisolithus, hence the mantle was not cemented to the root. These structures differ from poorly compatible associations described previously for Pisolithus and Eucalyptus. The anatomical data indicate that ectomycorrhizal assessment based on surface morphological features may be misleading in ecological studies because compatible and incompatible associations may not be distinguishable.     

Amino acids and sugars in nectar,and their putative evolutionary significance

Individual amino acids and sugars from flower nectar of 32 plant species with different pollination systems were quantified and compared. Data show that there is no correlation between sugar and amino acid concentration. Furthermore there is no correlation between composition and concentration of amino acids and evolutionary advancement, nor any direct relation with pollination systems. However, higher sugar concentrations are often linked with more advanced morphological characters. Nectars from pierced or damaged flowers or nectars contaminated with pollen exhibit modifications and increases in amino acid composition. The presence of proline probably indicates such pollen contamination. Most pollinating animals depend on flower nectar in their energetic requirements, yet innumerable alternative amino acid and protein sources exist. Future research has to consider the relationship between nutritional requirements of pollinating animals and dependence on flower nectars.Dedicated to Prof. Dr.L. van der Pijl, Den Haag, in honour of his 80th birthday.     

Theoretical Study of Antagonists and Inhibitors of Mammalian Adenosine Deaminase: I. Adenosine and Its Aza- and Deazaanalogues

Aza- and deazaanalogues of adenosine, including their 1-protonated forms (except for that of 1-deazaadenosine), were studied by computer computation to find a relationship between their molecular structures and substrate properties for the mammalian adenosine deaminase. The atomic charge distribution and maps of the electrostatic potential around their van der Waals molecular surface were calculated for these compounds using the ab initio STO-3G method. The conformational studies are carried out by the MM⁺ method of molecular mechanics. The mechanism that determines the substrate selectivity of mammalian adenosine deaminase is discussed.     

Cyclooxygenase inhibitory and antioxidant cyanidin glycosides in cherries and berries

Anthocyanins from tart cherries, Prunus cerasus L. (Rosaceae) cv. Balaton and Montmorency; sweet cherries, Prunus avium L. (Rosaceae); bilberries, Vaccinum myrtillus L. (Ericaceae); blackberries, Rubus sp. (Rosaceae); blueberries var. Jersey, Vaccinium corymbosum L. (Ericaceae); cranberries var. Early Black, Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. (Ericaceae); elderberries, Sambucus canadensis (Caprifoliaceae); raspberries, Rubus idaeus (Rosaceae); and strawberries var. Honeoye, Fragaria x ananassa Duch. (Rosaceae), were investigated for cyclooxygenase inhibitory and antioxidant activities. The presence and levels of cyanidin-3-glucosylrutinoside 1 and cyanidin-3-rutinoside 2 were determined in the fruits using HPLC. The antioxidant activity of anthocyanins from cherries was comparable to the commercial antioxidants, tert-butylhydroquinone, butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole, and superior to vitamin E, at a test concentration of 125 microg/ml. Anthocyanins from raspberries and sweet cherries demonstrated 45% and 47% cyclooxygenase-I and cyclooxygenase-II inhibitory activities, respectively, when assayed at 125 microg/ml. The cyclooxygenase inhibitory activities of anthocyanins from these fruits were comparable to those of ibuprofen and naproxen at 10 microM concentrations. Anthocyanins 1 and 2 are present in both cherries and raspberry. The yields of pure anthocyanins 1 and 2 in 100 g Balaton and Montmorency tart cherries, sweet cherries and raspberries were 21, 16.5; 11, 5; 4.95, 21; and 4.65, 13.5 mg, respectively. Fresh blackberries and strawberries contained only anthocyanin 2 in yields of 24 and 22.5 mg/100 g, respectively. Anthocyanins 1 and 2 were not found in bilberries, blueberries, cranberries or elderberries.     

Origin and development of Tool-making behavior in Africa and Asia

Around two-and-a-half million years ago, some hominid populations in Africa began to modify stones and bones in a manner that can be recognized by prehistorians as artifacts, and, by definition, produced the earliest identifiable archaeological record. It is likely that earlier hominid groups also may have had relatively rich tool-using behavioral repertoires similar to that seen in modern chimpanzees (McGrew, 1992), such tools may have been made of perishable materials or minimally modified and thus difficult to identify. This review will focus on the earliest archaeological traces and the spread of hominids out of Africa and into Eurasia.     

Molecular identification and differentiation of Brevibacterium species and strains

Amplified ribosomal DNA restriction enzyme analysis (ARDRA), pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and ribotyping were used to differentiate among 24 strains of Brevibacterium linens, Brevibacterium casei and Brevibacterium epidermidis obtained from type culture collections or isolated from various smear ripened cheeses. ARDRA was applied to the 16S rDNA. B. linens was shown to be a quite heterogenic group with 2 to at least 4 copies of rrn operons per strain with aberrant nucleotide sequences. AccI gave genus specific restriction patterns and was used to separate Brevibacterium from Corynebacterium species. The expected species specificity of TaqI applied to B. linens type culture strains, but not to all strains isolated from cheese. By AvaI restriction, B. casei and B. linens were differentiated from B. epidermidis and the orange pigmented Arthrobacter casei, a new species of coryneform bacteria; by XmnI restriction, B. linens and B. epidermidis were differentiated from B. casei. One of 4 B. linens genotypes could not be distinguished from B. casei by this method. Here, the typical orange B. linens pigments were used for classification, which was confirmed by partial sequencing of the 16S rDNA.