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1.
Protein domain family PF09905 (DUF2132) is a family of small domains of unknown function that are conserved in a wide range of bacteria. Here we describe the solution NMR structure of the 80-residue VF0530 protein from Vibrio fischeri, the first structural representative from this protein domain family. We demonstrate that the structure of VF0530 adopts a unique four-helix motif that shows some similarity to the C-terminal double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) binding domain of RecA, as well as other nucleic acid binding domains. Moreover, gel shift binding data indicate a potential dsDNA binding role for VF0530. 相似文献
2.
Background
A variety of synthetic carriers, such as cationic polymers and lipids, have been used as nonviral carriers for small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery. Although siRNA polyplexes and lipoplexes exhibited good gene silencing efficiencies, they often showed serious cytotoxicities, which are not useful for clinical applications. A double‐stranded RNA binding cellular protein with highly specific siRNA binding property and noncytotoxicity was used for siRNA delivery.Methods
A double‐stranded RNA binding domain (dsRBD) of human double‐stranded RNA activated protein kinase R was genetically produced and utilized to complex siRNA for intracellular delivery. For characterization of the siRNA/dsRBD complexes, decomplexation assay and RNase protection assay were performed. Cytotoxicity and target gene inhibition ability were also examined using human carcinoma cell lines.Results
The recombinantly produced polypeptide dsRBD exhibited its inherent binding activity for siRNA without sequence specificity, and the siRNA/dsRBD complexes protected siRNA from degradation by ribonucleases. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) siRNA/dsRBD complexes showed prominent down‐regulation of a target GFP gene, when an endosomal escape function was supplemented by addition of a fusogenic peptide, KALA, in the formulation.Conclusions
The results suggest that dsRBD‐based protein carriers could be successfully applied for a wide range of therapeutic siRNAs for intracellular gene inhibition without showing any cytotoxicity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献3.
Molecular recognition of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is a key event for numerous biological pathways including the trafficking, editing, and maturation of cellular RNA, the interferon antiviral response, and RNA interference. Over the past several years, our laboratory has studied proteins and small molecules that bind dsRNA with the goal of understanding and controlling the binding selectivity. In this review, we discuss members of the dsRBM class of proteins that bind dsRNA. The dsRBM is an approximately 70 amino acid sequence motif found in a variety of dsRNA-binding proteins. Recent results have led to a new appreciation of the ability of these proteins to bind selectivity to certain sites on dsRNA. This property is discussed in light of the RNA selectivity observed in the function of two proteins that contain dsRBMs, the RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) and an adenosine deaminase that acts on dsRNA (ADAR2). In addition, we introduce peptide-acridine conjugates (PACs), small molecules designed to control dsRBM-RNA interactions. These intercalating molecules bear variable peptide appendages at opposite edges of an acridine heterocycle. This design imparts the potential to exploit differences in groove characteristics and/or base-pair dynamics at binding sites to achieve selective binding. 相似文献
4.
Angelika A. Krivenko Alexei V. Kazantsev Catherine Adamidi Daniel J. Harrington Norman R. Pace 《Acta Crystallographica. Section D, Structural Biology》2002,58(7):1234-1236
Ribonuclease P (RNase P), the ubiquitous endonuclease that catalyzes maturation of the 5′‐end of tRNA in bacteria, is a ribonucleoprotein particle composed of one large RNA and one small protein. Two major structural types of bacterial RNase P RNA have been identified by phylogenetic comparative analysis: the A (ancestral) and B (Bacillus) types. The RNase P protein from Thermotoga maritima, a hyperthermophilic bacterium with an A‐type RNase P RNA, has been expressed in Escherichia coli. A purification strategy was developed to obtain a protein preparation suitable for crystallization. Protein crystals suitable for diffraction studies were obtained and characterized. 相似文献
5.
Yanshun Liu Giovanni Gotte Massimo Libonati David Eisenberg 《Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society》2002,11(2):371-380
When concentrated in mildly acidic solutions, bovine pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase A) forms long-lived oligomers including two types of dimer, two types of trimer, and higher oligomers. In previous crystallographic work, we found that the major dimeric component forms by a swapping of the C-terminal beta-strands between the monomers, and that the minor dimeric component forms by swapping the N-terminal alpha-helices of the monomers. On the basis of these structures, we proposed that a linear RNase A trimer can form from a central molecule that simultaneously swaps its N-terminal helix with a second RNase A molecule and its C-terminal strand with a third molecule. Studies by dissociation are consistent with this model for the major trimeric component: the major trimer dissociates into both the major and the minor dimers, as well as monomers. In contrast, the minor trimer component dissociates into the monomer and the major dimer. This suggests that the minor trimer is cyclic, formed from three monomers that swap their C-terminal beta-strands into identical molecules. These conclusions are supported by cross-linking of lysyl residues, showing that the major trimer swaps its N-terminal helix, and the minor trimer does not. We verified by X-ray crystallography the proposed cyclic structure for the minor trimer, with swapping of the C-terminal beta-strands. This study thus expands the variety of domain-swapped oligomers by revealing the first example of a protein that can form both a linear and a cyclic domain-swapped oligomer. These structures permit interpretation of the enzymatic activities of the RNase A oligomers on double-stranded RNA. 相似文献
7.
Kai‐En Chen Ayanthi A. Richards Juliana K. Ariffin Ian L. Ross Matthew J. Sweet Stuart Kellie Bostjan Kobe Jennifer L. Martin 《Acta Crystallographica. Section D, Structural Biology》2012,68(6):637-648
Fam96a mRNA, which encodes a mammalian DUF59 protein, is enriched in macrophages. Recombinant human Fam96a forms stable monomers and dimers in solution. Crystal structures of these two forms revealed that each adopts a distinct type of domain‐swapped dimer, one of which is stabilized by zinc binding. Two hinge loops control Fam96a domain swapping; both are flexible and highly conserved, suggesting that domain swapping may be a common feature of eukaryotic but not bacterial DUF59 proteins. The derived monomer fold of Fam96a diverges from that of bacterial DUF59 counterparts in that the C‐terminal region of Fam96a is much longer and is positioned on the opposite side of the N‐terminal core fold. The putative metal‐binding site of bacterial DUF59 proteins is not conserved in Fam96a, but Fam96a interacts tightly in vitro with Ciao1, the cytosolic iron‐assembly protein. Moreover, Fam96a and Ciao1 can be co‐immunoprecipitated, suggesting that the interaction also occurs in vivo. Although predicted to have a signal peptide, it is shown that Fam96a is cytoplasmic. The data reveal that eukaryotic DUF59 proteins share intriguing characteristics with amyloidogenic proteins. 相似文献
8.
Makoto Nakabayashi Naoki Shibata Hirofumi Komori Yasufumi Ueda Hitoshi Iino Akio Ebihara Seiki Kuramitsu Yoshiki Higuchi 《Acta Crystallographica. Section F, Structural Biology Communications》2005,61(12):1027-1031
The crystal structure of a conserved hypothetical protein, TTHA0849 from Thermus thermophilus HB8, has been determined at 2.4 Å resolution as a part of a structural and functional genomics project on T. thermophilus HB8. The main‐chain folding shows a compact α+β motif, forming a hydrophobic cavity in the molecule. A structural similarity search reveals that it resembles those steroidogenic acute regulatory proteins that contain the lipid‐transfer (START) domain, even though TTHA0849 shows comparatively weak sequence identity to polyketide cyclases. However, the size of the ligand‐binding cavity is distinctly smaller than other START domain‐containing proteins, suggesting that it catalyses the transfer of smaller ligand molecules. 相似文献
9.
Ebihara A Yao M Masui R Tanaka I Yokoyama S Kuramitsu S 《Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society》2006,15(6):1494-1499
We have determined the crystal structure of hypothetical protein TTHB192 from Thermus thermophilus HB8 at 1.9 A resolution. This protein is a member of the Escherichia coli ygcH sequence family, which contains approximately 15 sequence homologs of bacterial origin. These homologs have a high isoelectric point. The crystal structure reveals that TTHB192 consists of two independently folded domains, and that each domain exhibits a ferredoxin-like fold with a four-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet packed on one side by alpha-helices. These two tandem domains face each other to generate a beta-sheet platform. TTHB192 displays overall structural similarity to Sex-lethal protein and poly(A)-binding protein fragments. These proteins have RNA binding activity which is supported by a beta-sheet platform formed by two tandem repeats of an RNA recognition motif domain with signature sequence motifs on the beta-sheet surface. Although TTHB192 does not have the same signature sequence motif as the RNA recognition motif domain, the presence of an evolutionarily conserved basic patch on the beta-sheet platform could be functionally relevant for nucleic acid-binding. This report shows that TTHB192 and its sequence homologs adopt an RNA recognition motif-like domain and provides the first testable functional hypothesis for this protein family. 相似文献
10.
11.
Xinhua Ji 《Acta Crystallographica. Section D, Structural Biology》2006,62(8):933-940
Ribonuclease III (RNase III) represents a highly conserved family of double‐stranded (ds) RNA‐specific endoribonucleases, exemplified by bacterial RNase III and eukaryotic Rnt1p, Drosha and Dicer. Bacterial RNase III, containing an endonuclease domain followed by a dsRNA‐binding domain, is the most extensively studied member of the family. It can affect RNA structure and gene expression in either of two ways: as a processing enzyme that cleaves dsRNA or as a binding protein that binds but does not cleave dsRNA. The available biochemical and structural data support the existence of two distinct forms of the RNase III–dsRNA complex which reflect the dual activities of the protein. The information revealed by the structures of bacterial RNase III provides insight into the mechanism of dsRNA processing by all members of the family. 相似文献
12.
Schubert M Edge RE Lario P Cook MA Strynadka NC Mackie GA McIntosh LP 《Journal of molecular biology》2004,341(1):37-54
S1 domains occur in four of the major enzymes of mRNA decay in Escherichia coli: RNase E, PNPase, RNase II, and RNase G. Here, we report the structure of the S1 domain of RNase E, determined by both X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. The RNase E S1 domain adopts an OB-fold, very similar to that found with PNPase and the major cold shock proteins, in which flexible loops are appended to a well-ordered five-stranded beta-barrel core. Within the crystal lattice, the protein forms a dimer stabilized primarily by intermolecular hydrophobic packing. Consistent with this observation, light-scattering, chemical crosslinking, and NMR spectroscopic measurements confirm that the isolated RNase E S1 domain undergoes a specific monomer-dimer equilibrium in solution with a K(D) value in the millimolar range. The substitution of glycine 66 with serine dramatically destabilizes the folded structure of this domain, thereby providing an explanation for the temperature-sensitive phenotype associated with this mutation in full-length RNase E. Based on amide chemical shift perturbation mapping, the binding surface for a single-stranded DNA dodecamer (K(D)=160(+/-40)microM) was identified as a groove of positive electrostatic potential containing several exposed aromatic side-chains. This surface, which corresponds to the conserved ligand-binding cleft found in numerous OB-fold proteins, lies distal to the dimerization interface, such that two independent oligonucleotide-binding sites can exist in the dimeric form of the RNase E S1 domain. Based on these data, we propose that the S1 domain serves a dual role of dimerization to aid in the formation of the tetrameric quaternary structure of RNase E as described by Callaghan et al. in 2003 and of substrate binding to facilitate RNA hydrolysis by the adjacent catalytic domains within this multimeric enzyme. 相似文献
13.
The crystal structure of the Midwest Center for Structural Genomics target APC35832, a 14.7-kDa cytosolic protein from Bacillus stearothermophilus, has been determined at 1.3 A resolution by the single anomalous diffraction method from a mercury soaked crystal. The APC35832 protein is a representative of large group of bacterial and archeal proteins entirely consisting of the Toprim (topoisomerase-primase) domain. This domain is found in the catalytic centers of many enzymes catalyzing phosphodiester bond formation or cleavage, but the function of small Toprim domain proteins remains unknown. Consistent with the sequence analysis, the APC35832 structure shows a conserved Toprim fold, with a central 4-stranded parallel beta-sheet surrounded by four alpha-helixes. Comparison of the APC35832 structure with its closest structural homolog, the catalytic core of bacteriophage T7 primase, revealed structural conservation of a metal binding site and isothermal titration calorimetry indicates that APC35832 binds Mg2+ with a sub-millimolar dissociation constant (K(d)). The APC35832-Mg2+ complex structure was determined at 1.65 A and reveals the role of conserved acidic residues in Mg2+ ion coordination. The structural similarities to other Toprim domain containing proteins and potential function and substrates of APC35832 are discussed in this article. 相似文献
14.
Ko‐Hsin Chin Wei‐Tien Kuo Chia‐Cheng Chou Hui‐Lin Shr Ping‐Chiang Lyu Andrew H.‐J. Wang Shan‐Ho Chou 《Acta Crystallographica. Section F, Structural Biology Communications》2005,61(7):694-696
Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris is a Gram‐negative yellow‐pigmented pathogenic bacterium that causes black rot, one of the major worldwide diseases of cruciferous crops. Its genome contains approximately 4500 genes, roughly one third of which have no known structure and/or function. However, some of these unknown genes are highly conserved among several different bacterial genuses. XC229 is one such protein containing 134 amino acids. It was overexpressed in Escherichia coli, purified and crystallized using the hanging‐drop vapour‐diffusion method. The crystal diffracted to a resolution of at least 1.80 Å. It is cubic and belongs to space group I2x3, with unit‐cell parameters a = b = c = 106.8 Å. It contains one or two molecules per asymmetric unit. 相似文献
15.
Protein function elucidation often relies heavily on amino acid sequence analysis and other bioinformatics approaches. The reliance is extended to structure homology modeling for ligand docking and protein–protein interaction mapping. However, sequence analysis of RPA3313 exposes a large, unannotated class of hypothetical proteins mostly from the Rhizobiales order. In the absence of sequence and structure information, further functional elucidation of this class of proteins has been significantly hindered. A high quality NMR structure of RPA3313 reveals that the protein forms a novel split ββαβ fold with a conserved ligand binding pocket between the first β‐strand and the N‐terminus of the α‐helix. Conserved residue analysis and protein–protein interaction prediction analyses reveal multiple protein binding sites and conserved functional residues. Results of a mass spectrometry proteomic analysis strongly point toward interaction with the ribosome and its subunits. The combined structural and proteomic analyses suggest that RPA3313 by itself or in a larger complex may assist in the transportation of substrates to or from the ribosome for further processing. Proteins 2016; 85:93–102. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
16.
17.
Regions of rare conformation were located in 300 protein crystal structures representing seven major protein folds. A distance matrix algorithm was used to search rapidly for 9-residue fragments of rare backbone conformation using a comparison to a relational database of encoded fragments derived from the database of nonredundant structures. Rare fragments were found in 61% of the analyzed protein structures. Detailed analysis was performed for 78 proteins of different folds. The rare fragments were located near functional sites in 72% of the protein structures. The rare fragments often formed parts of ligand-binding sites (59%), protein-protein interfaces (8%), and domain-domain contacts (5%). Of the remaining structures, 5% had a high average B-factor or high local B-factors. Statistical analysis suggests that the association between ligands and rare regions does not occur by chance alone. The present study is likely to underestimate the number of functional sites, because not all analyzed protein structures contained a ligand. The results suggest that rapid searches for regions with rare local backbone conformations can assist in prediction of functional sites in novel proteins. 相似文献
18.
Kristina Bckbro Annette Roos Edward N. Baker Vickery L. Arcus 《Acta Crystallographica. Section D, Structural Biology》2004,60(4):733-735
Structural genomics offers a potential route to the discovery of protein function. As part of a structural genomics project focused on the hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon Pyrobaculum aerophilum, a conserved hypothetical protein, PAE2754, has been expressed in Escherichia coli, purified and crystallized. Because of the difficulties of preparing interpretable heavy‐atom derivatives with limited resolution and 8–12 molecules in the asymmetric unit, two leucine residues were selected for mutation to methionine. The double mutant L65M/L80M was created, expressed incorporating SeMet and crystallized. The crystals are monoclinic, space group P21, with unit‐cell parameters a = 56.4, b = 193.3, c = 60.5 Å, β = 94.6° and eight molecules (two tetramers) in the asymmetric unit. The crystals diffract to 2.75 Å resolution and are suitable for MAD phasing. 相似文献
19.
Sugimori N Torizawa T Aceti DJ Thao S Markley JL Kainosho M 《Journal of biomolecular NMR》2004,30(3):357-358
20.
Using a new protocol, PFscape, we undertake a systematic identification of protein families and domain architectures in 120 complete genomes. PFscape clusters sequences into protein families using a Markov clustering algorithm (Enright et al., Nucleic Acids Res 2002;30:1575-1584) followed by complete linkage clustering according to sequence identity. Within each protein family, domains are recognized using a library of hidden Markov models comprising CATH structural and Pfam functional domains. Domain architectures are then determined using DomainFinder (Pearl et al., Protein Sci 2002;11:233-244) and the protein family and domain architecture data are amalgamated in the Gene3D database (Buchan et al., Genome Res 2002;12:503-514). Using Gene3D, we have investigated protein sequence space, the extent of structural annotation, and the distribution of different domain architectures in completed genomes from all kingdoms of life. As with earlier studies by other researchers, the distribution of domain families shows power-law behavior such that the largest 2,000 domain families can be mapped to approximately 70% of nonsingleton genome sequences; the remaining sequences are assigned to much smaller families. While approximately 50% of domain annotations within a genome are assigned to 219 universal domain families, a much smaller proportion (< 10%) of protein sequences are assigned to universal protein families. This supports the mosaic theory of evolution whereby domain duplication followed by domain shuffling gives rise to novel domain architectures that can expand the protein functional repertoire of an organism. Functional data (e.g. COG/KEGG/GO) integrated within Gene3D result in a comprehensive resource that is currently being used in structure genomics initiatives and can be accessed via http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/cath/Gene3D/. 相似文献