Component diversity of the soil cover in the Chuya depression, Gorny Altai

The high-mountain Chuya depression (Gorny Altai) was studied in 2006–2008. New data on the diversity of soil components of the soil cover in terms of the new Russian soil classification system have been obtained. Some relations of soil components to biotic and abiotic components of high-mountain steppe terrestrial ecosystems have been revealed.     

Bioluminescence characteristics of Lake Shira water

Bioluminescence bioassays based on luminous bacteria (Photobacterium phosphopreum) and coupled enzyme system NADH-FMN-oxidoreductase-luciferase were adapted for monitoring the saline-water conditions of Lake Shira (Khakasia, Siberia). The differences in bioluminescence responses have been found to be related to the salt composition and the oxidation-reduction properties of water. Bioluminescent kinetics parameters, which are mostly sensitive to pollution under conditions of saline water, have been observed. The enzymatic system in the presence of 1,4-benzoquinone are shown to be more sensitive to redox characteristics of the salt water than this in the absence of 1,4-benzoquinone. 1,4-benzoquinone should be applied for the preparation of a model solution for the monitoring of redox properties of the salt water. Using this technique, the results of bioluminescence analysis are used to construct a heterogeneity map that characterizes the spatial and temporal water quality of lake Shira. A partial map was based on the bioluminescence characteristics of water samples taken along the shoreline, sampling stations in the different places and in different depths of the lake. It has been demonstrated that the bioluminescence assay measurements must be done within two hours after the sampling time.     

Interaction coefficients in the Lake Shira algal-bacterial community

A new method is proposed to evaluate the interaction coefficients in microbial communities interacting due to physical-chemical environmental factors. This method differs from the classical one suggested by E.P.Odum. Redefinition of the interaction coefficients allows the evaluation of the experimental (actual) and theoretical values of the coefficients for the hypothetical interaction layout. The interaction layout is considered to be a set of factors, the values of their transformation ratios and the form of dependence of a population's specific growth rate on these factors. A comparison of theoretical and experimental values of interaction coefficients enables us to assess the adequacy of the hypothetical interaction scheme in the microbial communities. The aim of the work is to test the suggested method on a natural algal-bacterial community of Shira Lake (Khakasia, Russia), which has been the object of detailed and concerted limnological studies and for which detailed data are available. Feedback coefficients of phyto- and bacterioplankton and the coefficients of influence of phytoplankton on bacterioplankton have been defined. Dominance of negative experimental IC values has been experimentally shown, which is indicative of the negative feedback in bacterio- and phytoplankton links of Shira Lake and of negative interpopulation (phytoplankton on bacterioplankton) interactions. The considerable differences observed between the experimental and theoretical coefficients indicates inadequacy of the assumed interaction layout of the community under study. Further investigations are needed to provide a precise sketch of the interactions.     

Soil formation and grouping of soils of the taiga zone in central West Siberia

Natural environments of the taiga zone in central West Siberia have been analyzed, with emphasis placed on the geological and morphological structure of the territory and morphology of soils. The main factors of soil formation are recognized, the main processes of soil formation are revealed, and a systematic list of soil kinds is compiled.     

城市化对土壤生态环境的影响研究进展

城市土壤是城市生态系统中最重要的组成部分之一,发挥着重要的生态系统服务功能。在全球快速城市化的背景下,城市土壤受到人类活动的强烈干扰,土壤物理、化学性质发生改变,土壤退化与污染日益加重。城市土壤退化导致土壤动物生态特征与行为模式发生变化,城市景观格局与土地利用类型的变化强烈影响了土壤动物的栖息地,为土壤动物的生存与生物多样性带来潜在威胁;另一方面,城市化过程改变了土壤微生物群落组成与功能特征。城市化直接影响了城市土壤维持植物生长、土壤自然消减能力以及碳储存功能等重要的生态系统服务功能。针对城市化过程对土壤生态环境产生的一系列影响,需要采用科学的管理方式,改善土壤理化性质,提高土壤环境质量,保护和恢复土壤生物多样性,从而增强城市土壤的生态系统服务功能。     

黄土和风沙土藓结皮土壤呼吸对模拟降雨的响应

生物结皮土壤呼吸是干旱和半干旱生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分,但目前其对降雨的响应规律尚不明确。针对黄土高原黄土和风沙土上发育的藓结皮,分别进行2、4、6、10、20、30、40 mm的模拟降雨,并使用便携式土壤碳通量分析仪测定雨前和雨后藓结皮的呼吸速率,对比分析降雨量对藓结皮呼吸速率的影响;同时,在40 mm降雨后的0—24 h连续测定藓结皮的呼吸速率变化,分析藓结皮呼吸速率随雨后历时的变化规律。结果显示,7种降雨量后两种土壤上藓结皮的呼吸速率均显著升高,黄土上藓结皮呼吸速度的增幅为2.89—6.38倍,风沙土上藓结皮呼吸速率的增幅为0.73—4.38倍。0—6 mm降雨中,两种土壤上藓结皮的呼吸速率均随降雨量增加而迅速升高,二者成显著线性正相关关系;6—40 mm降雨中,黄土上藓结皮的呼吸速率随降雨量增加而缓慢升高,但风沙土上藓结皮的呼吸速率随降雨量增加而快速降低。两种土壤上藓结皮的呼吸速率随雨后历时表现出相似的变化规律,即雨后迅速升高、之后逐渐降低,并在24 h左右回归到雨前水平;但黄土上藓结皮的呼吸速率在雨后即刻达到峰值,而风沙土上藓结皮的呼吸速率在雨后30 min左右方达到峰值。黄土上藓结皮的呼吸速率一致高于风沙土上的藓结皮,前者在不同降雨量和雨后历时中平均比后者高150.0%和59.6%。此外,藓结皮呼吸速率与表层土壤含水量存有显著相关关系,在含水量较低(小于约4%)时二者显著正相关,在含水量较高(大于约4%)时二者对于黄土上藓结皮为正相关、对于风沙土上藓结皮为负相关。研究表明,黄土高原藓结皮土壤呼吸对降雨响应快速而直接,但其响应规律对于黄土和风沙土上的藓结皮是不同的,总体而言黄土上藓结皮对降雨的响应更为持久有效。     

岷江上游半干旱河谷区3种林型土壤氮素的比较

比较研究了岷江上游半干旱河谷区辐射松人工林、油松人工林与邻近灌丛0-20cm、20-40cm、40-60cm土层土壤氮素和氮循环过程相关酶的特征,包括土壤有机碳、全氮、碳氮比、硝态氮、铵态氮、无机氮、微生物量氮含量及蛋白酶、脲酶、硝酸盐还原酶活性。结果表明,辐射松林和油松林各土层土壤有机碳含量、碳氮比和硝酸盐还原酶活性无显著差异,油松林土壤无机氮含量和脲酶活性显著高于辐射松林土壤,而辐射松林土壤微生物量氮含量是3种林型土壤中最高的,灌丛0-20cm土层土壤有机碳、全氮含量最高。此外,有机碳、全氮含量、脲酶活性随土层深度增加而降低;而硝酸盐还原酶活性却随土层深度的增加而增强;同时,各土层间蛋白酶活性差异较小。因此,植被类型对土壤氮素转化有一定影响,而从目前的土壤氮素状况来看,油松林土壤中植物可直接吸收利用的氮素高于辐射松林和灌丛;辐射松林土壤微生物固持的氮素含量最高。区域3种植被类型土壤氮素状况还受到半干旱气候因素的强烈影响。     

模拟酸雨对杉木幼苗-土壤复合体系土壤呼吸的短期效应

为了解酸雨对土壤碳释放的作用,选取对酸沉降敏感的杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)幼苗-土壤复合系统,分成重度酸雨(pH值2.5)、中度酸雨(pH值4.0)和对照(pH值5.6)3个处理区组,进行了2a模拟酸雨胁迫盆栽实验。通过分析酸雨短期作用下土壤酸化的状况以及土壤呼吸的变动,发现:(1)对照组土壤pH值虽有下降,但土壤缓冲体系无显著变化。重度酸雨组土壤pH值持续下降至3.71,土壤残留交换性Ca2+和Mg2+含量明显降低,土壤缓冲体系转成铝缓冲体系,土壤明显酸化。中度酸雨组土壤pH值略低于对照,土壤残留交换性Ca2+含量维持在40.15-42.76μg·g-1(烘干土),而交换性Mg2+含量下降,土壤缓冲体系无显著变化。(2)非模拟酸雨胁迫状况下(对照组),2007年和2008年年均土壤呼吸速率分别为1.41μmol·m-2·s-1和1.42μmol·m-2·s-1,土壤呼吸作用稳定。模拟酸雨短期内以抑制土壤呼吸为主。重度酸雨使土壤呼吸作用持续减弱,2007年和2008年年均土壤呼吸速率分别下降了14%和28%;中度酸雨虽未造成土壤的显著酸化,但该处理组年均土壤呼吸速率2007年增加了8%,2008年则降低了15%。模拟酸雨对土壤呼吸的影响随着酸雨的持续而加强。     

全球大气CO2浓度升高对土壤微生物的影响

全球大气CO2浓度升高对土壤微生物生态系统的影响已引起广泛关注。本文从土壤微生物群落结构、微生物区系、土壤呼吸、微生物生物量以及土壤酶活性方面对大气高浓度CO2的响应进行了综述。由于提供高浓度CO2的实验系统、所选植物材料以及土壤特性等的不同,大气CO2浓度升高对土壤微生物群落结构、微生物区系、土壤呼吸、微生物生物量以及土壤酶活性的影响并未得出一致结论。但高浓度CO2对土壤微生物生态系统的影响是存在的。     

Effects of plant hedgerows on soil erosion and soil fertility on sloping farmland in the purple soil area

Effect of using plant hedgerows on controlling soil and water losses has received wide recognition and this technology has been applied in many areas in the world. Yet, studies on the effect of using plant hedgerows on soil fertility on sloping lands are rare. Carrying out an eight-year fixed field experiment, the authors investigated the effect of two different hedgerows against the control treatment on soil fertility. Results showed that clay particles tended to accumulate in front of the plant hedgerows and began to erode downward below the hedgerows along the contour lines across the field. Distribution of soil organic matter and all plant nutrients except potassium (K) showed the same pattern as the clay particles. Potassium, however, was evenly distributed in the field without any noticeable influence from the hedgerows. Since the fixed experiment started, soil phosphorus (P) kept accumulating, while soil organic matter and K were in depletion. The results accordingly suggested better nutrient management practices on the sloping lands by using properly reduced rates of P and increased rates of farm manure and K. Taking the sloping field as a whole, special attention in nutrient management should be given to the soil strips —the portions below the plant hedgerows suffering from more serious soil erosion.     

Soil microalgae and cyanobacteria: the biotechnological potential in the maintenance of soil fertility and health

Abstract

The soil microbiota plays a major role in maintaining the nutrient balance, carbon sink, and soil health. Numerous studies reported on the function of microbiota such as plant growth-promoting bacteria and fungi in soil. Although microalgae and cyanobacteria are ubiquitous in soil, very less attention has been paid on the potential of these microorganisms. The indiscriminate use of various chemicals to enhance agricultural productivity led to serious consequences like structure instability, accumulation of toxic contaminants, etc., leading to an ecological imbalance between soil, plant, and microbiota. However, the significant role of microalgae and cyanobacteria in crop productivity and other potential options has been so far undermined. The intent of the present critical review is to highlight the significance of this unique group of microorganisms in terms of maintaining soil fertility and soil health. Beneficial soil ecological applications of these two groups in enhancing plant growth, establishing interrelationships among other microbes, and detoxifying chemical agents such as insecticides, herbicides, etc. through mutualistic cooperation by synthesizing enzymes and phytohormones are presented. Since recombinant technology involving genomic integration favors the development of useful traits in microalgae and cyanobacteria for their potential application in improvement of soil fertility and health, the merits and demerits of various such advanced methodologies associated in harnessing the biotechnological potential of these photosynthetic microorganisms for sustainable agriculture were also discussed.     

植物篱对紫色土区坡耕地水土流失及土壤肥力的影响

植物篱的水土保持效果已得到广泛的认可,并在世界很多地方推广应用,然而,到目前为止,植物篱对坡耕地土壤肥力的影响规律研究却很少。利用长期定位小区试验,研究了植物篱对坡耕地土壤肥力的影响规律,旨在弄清植物篱提高土壤肥力的作用与效果,不断完善植物篱技术。研究发现,坡耕地在建立植物篱后,土壤粘粒在篱前富积,篱下加剧侵蚀,粘粒的富积与侵蚀沿等高线成水平带状分布;土壤有机质、N、P等主要营养元素出现与土壤颗粒相同的分布规律;对K来说,其分布不受植物篱的影响,表现出较为均一分布的特点。从土壤养分的绝对数量来看,P呈高度富积,而有机质和K则是高度耗竭。因此,坡耕地施肥时可以适当减少P的施用量,增加有机物和K的施用量。针对植物篱带对坡耕地肥力影响的特点,即篱前肥力升高,篱下肥力下降,在坡耕地管理上应特别加强篱下土壤带的培肥,以提高坡面整体生产能力。     

Assessing the Ecological Success of Restoration by Afforestation on the Chinese Loess Plateau

Afforestation has been accepted as a key measure for preventing soil erosion on the Chinese Loess Plateau for 40 years. In this study, we assessed the ecological success of afforestation by comparing afforested with pre‐afforested (croplands) and natural recovery sites in a typical watershed on the Loess Plateau. We evaluated the ecosystem response in terms of vegetation structure, plant diversity, and several key ecological processes of soil moisture, soil nutrients, and soil anti‐erodibility. Compared with the croplands, we found that the following indexes were significantly enhanced in afforested sites: vegetation structure and species diversity (species richness, Margalef index, Shannon–Wiener index, and Sorensen's similarity index), soil nutrients (organic carbon, total nitrogen, extractable ammonium nitrogen, available potassium, and available phosphorous), and soil anti‐erodibility indexes (water‐stable soil aggregates, mean weight diameter, and the ratio of soil structure dispersion). Afforestation offered few additional advantages when compared with natural recovery sites. More importantly, afforestation had significant negative effects on soil desiccation, with negative impacts on the long‐term sustainability of these ecosystems. In order to develop self‐sustaining and functional ecosystems, our results suggest that natural revegetation offers a more adaptive and appropriate method of ecological restoration on the Loess Plateau.     

福建省长汀县河田盆地区近35年来地表裸土变化的遥感时空分析

福建省长汀县河田盆地区是中国南方最典型的红壤水土流失区之一,当地人民和各级政府一直为治理该区的水土流失进行着不懈的努力.利用遥感技术对该区1976年以来地表裸土分布的时空变化进行了分析,基于所提出的双重遥感指数法对该区的裸土信息进行提取,查明了该区地表裸土分布的时空变化情况.研究表明,该区近35年的治理已大大减轻了地表的裸露程度,地表裸土面积从1976年的159.17 km2锐减到2010年的51.98 km2.在3个不同的观察时间段里,裸土面积的变化呈现逐次减少、减速加快的趋势,客观地反映了该区水土流失治理的3个重要历史时期和政策所产生的效应.     

Influence of Celery on the Remediation of PAHs-contaminated Farm Soil

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination has been considered as one of the major environmental concerns for farmland soil all over the world including China. Due to small per capita land area, to find crops or vegetable, which could not only degrade the PAHs contaminants but also would not concentrate PAHs, was particularly important. Celery was selected as the phytoremediator in this experiment, and the soil enzyme activity, PAHs-degrading microorganisms, and the speciation of PAHs in soil were studied. The results showed that celery could significantly enhance the remediation of PAHs compared with the controlled experiment after 90 days (p< 0.01), and the removal efficiency were 31.29%, 30.79%, and 50.21% in the soil, non-rhizosphere soil, and rhizosphere soil, respectively. The soil enzyme activity and PAHs-degrading microorganisms significantly increased in rhizosphere soil compared with non-rhizosphere soil (p< 0.05), and the bioaccessibility of PAHs in soil could have been enhanced in the presence of celery root exudates. Those would help the bioremediation of PAHs by soil microorganisms. Meanwhile, the concentration of PAHs in the edible portion of celery was only 17.13 ± 1.24 μg/kg, and the bioconcentration factors in the aboveground part of celery were only 0.025. This study provides a potential in-site farmland soil phytoremediation technology that could have practical utility.     

黄土高原藓结皮土壤呼吸速率对降雨量变化的响应

全球气候变化加剧背景下,干旱和半干旱地区的降雨模式将进一步改变,其造成的土壤水分波动是引起土壤呼吸动态变化的重要因素,但生物结皮土壤呼吸响应降雨模式变化继而影响陆地生态系统碳源/汇功能的机制尚不明确。针对黄土高原风沙土发育的藓结皮,以自然降雨量为对照,分别进行幅度为10%、30%、50%的模拟增雨和减雨处理,并利用便携式土壤碳通量分析仪(LI-8100A)测定了模拟增减雨后的藓结皮土壤呼吸速率,对比分析了其对降雨量变化的响应及机制。结果表明：(1)整个实验周期(2018和2019)增雨和减雨分别显著提高(增幅分别为17.9%—48.2%和27.1%—54.2%)和降低了(降幅分别为1.8%—26.8%和5.2%—20.8%)土壤含水量,但对土壤温度的影响不显著;(2)增雨抑制了藓结皮土壤呼吸速率(降幅分别为7.8%—31.7%和14.7%—39.4%),且随梯度增大抑制作用越明显;减雨则取决于减雨梯度,减雨10%和30%会促进土壤呼吸速率(增幅分别为27.5%、9.6%和23.6%、9.7%)而减雨50%具有抑制作用(降幅分别为15.6%和18.5%)。不同实验周期和不同降雨处理间藓结...     

腾格里沙漠人工植被区掘穴蚁(Formica cunicularia)的生态功能

掘穴蚁（Formica cunieularia）营筑丘活动,并通过营巢活动影响土壤的物理化学特性,是中国干旱和半干旱地区营巢的优势蚁类。在沙坡头人工固沙植被区调查了掘穴蚁对不同固沙年代和不同地形人工固沙区土壤的影响;研究了掘穴蚁的营巢活动对土壤水分、理化性质和种子库的影响。 研究结果表明：随着固沙年代的延长,掘穴蚁的筑丘活动加强;掘穴蚁筑丘活动对地形的选择顺序依次分别为：丘间低地〉迎风坡〉丘顶〉背风坡;与邻近土壤相比,蚁丘的土壤含水量升高,土壤容重（0～10cm深）、有机质、电导率、全氮、全磷、全钾、可溶性氮、可溶性磷和可溶性钾在蚁丘富集;土壤容重（10～20cm深）和pH值下降;蚁丘对土壤种子库有明显影响（p〈0．01）,种子密度和多样性指数在不同取样点间的大小顺序为：苔藓结皮上的蚁丘〉苔藓结皮〉地衣结皮上的蚁丘〉地衣结皮。 在沙坡头人工固沙植被区,由于生态环境的改善,特别是土壤环境的提高,导致掘穴蚁大量定居,它的筑巢对土壤具有反馈作用,这种反馈作用导致土壤异质性增强,改善了土壤环境的状况,加速了土壤和植被的演变。     

The Effect of Oil Contamination on the Geotechnical Properties of Fine-Grained Soils

Every day, petrochemical activities, oil spills, and pipeline or reservoir leakage contaminate the ground. In addition to environmental concerns, such as groundwater pollution, the alteration of geotechnical properties of the contaminated soil is also cause for worry. Contamination has been proven to alter the geotechnical properties of soil, and researchers have extensively studied the properties of contaminated granular soils. However, the effect of oil contamination on the geotechnical properties of fine-grained soils has not yet been well evaluated. Therefore, a comprehensive set of laboratory tests has been conducted on both uncontaminated and contaminated fine-grained soils containing different amounts of crude oil. The soil samples were taken from the lands in the vicinity of the Tehran oil refinery site where there is a vast area subjected to this problem.

The results of this study indicated that an increase in the angle of internal friction, maximum dry density, compression index, and Atterberg limits as well as a decrease in optimum water content and cohesion occur as the oil content increases. Moreover, aging caused a further decrease in cohesion but had no specific effect on the internal friction angle. These effects should be taken into consideration in the oil refinery site development programs. In addition, because treatment technologies for site clean-up are expensive, by investigating the geotechnical properties of contaminated soil, we are planning to develop methods of utilizing the soil as construction material.     

恩诺沙星残留对土壤微生物功能的影响

研究了恩诺沙星残留对土壤呼吸作用、纤维分解作用、氨化作用、硝化作用的影响 ,结果表明 ,相对较低浓度恩诺沙星残留(0 .0 1μg/ g土 ,0 .1μg/ g土 )刺激土壤呼吸作用 ,相对较高浓度恩诺沙星残留 (1μg/ g土 )对土壤呼吸作用产生抑制 ,药物作用活性维持期为 6 d;恩诺沙星残留对土壤纤维分解作用影响较不明显 ;较低浓度恩诺沙星残留 (0 .0 1μg/ g土 ,0 .1μg/ g土 )对土壤氨化作用有刺激作用 ,而较高浓度恩诺沙星残留 (1μg/ g土 ,10μg/ g土 )则会对其起抑制作用 ,药物作用活性期为 9d;不同浓度恩诺沙星对土壤硝化作用影响极其显著 ,当恩诺沙星浓度达到 1μg/ ml时 ,在 3～ 9d内 ,对土壤硝化作用有一定抑制作用。当恩诺沙星浓度达到 10μg/ ml时 ,强烈抑制了土壤硝化作用 ,直到本试验结束时 ,其抑制作用未见减弱。结果表明恩诺沙星残留影响了土壤微生物这些功能 ,因而可能影响到土壤特性和土壤中一些生态过程     

黄土高原半干旱区土壤干层水分恢复研究

黄土高原土壤干层是一个重要的生态环境问题,研究干层土壤水分的恢复对正确指导黄土高原退耕还林还草,实现该区土地的可持续利用具有重要意义。研究在黄土高原半干旱区的固原县,选择了将紫花苜蓿翻耕后3a、12a的坡耕地,对其土壤干层的水分恢复状况进行了分析。发现二者土壤干层水分最大恢复深度分别为3m、4．8m,但土壤水分含量在中效水及其之上的主要恢复层深度分别为2m、2．2m。苜蓿翻耕3a和12a后2m以上土层土壤平均湿度都能恢复到易效水或极易效水的水平,可以满足1年生农作物的生长需求而不会进一步恶化土壤水分生态环境。但即使苜蓿翻耕12a后土壤水分,也不能满足林木和多年牛豆科牧草正常生长的水分需求。