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1.
<正> 对昆虫摩擦发声器装置的研究虽始于两个多世纪前,但只是在本世纪才得到了飞速的发展。由于先进研究方法和设备的不断涌现,特别是由于电子显微技术的应用,使得人们发现并细致地研究了越来越多的昆虫摩擦发声器装置,并开始逐渐认识到它们的分类学价值。本  相似文献   

2.
中国鞭蝽科首记(半翅目:异翅亚目)   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
任树芝  杨集昆 《昆虫学报》1991,34(3):333-336
鞭蝽科(Dipsocoridae)为小型的捕食性昆虫,体长约1—3,色泽一般为黄褐、褐色,光亮;体长形。头似三角状,前端向前突,不强烈向下倾斜;复眼小,具单眼;触角细长,第1、2两节短,第2节显著长于第1节,第3、4两节长,纤细,具稀疏长毛。喙一般细长,达到或略超过后足基节。翅的长短常有变异,具翅室;前翅前缘近中部有楔片缝(楔片缝长者,可达革片的中部)。跗节2节或3节。雄虫生殖节构造复杂;雌虫生殖节一般有产卵瓣。  相似文献   

3.
线粒体DNA序列特点与昆虫系统学研究   总被引:41,自引:9,他引:41  
昆虫线粒体DNA是昆虫分子系统学研究中应用最为广泛的遗传物质之一。线粒体DNA具有进化速率较核DNA快 ,遗传过程不发生基因重组、倒位、易位等突变 ,并且遵守严格的母系遗传方式等特点。本文概述了mtDNA中的rRNA、tRNA、蛋白编码基因和非编码区的一般属性 ,分析了它们在昆虫分子系统学研究中的应用价值 ,以及应用DNA序列数据来推导分类阶 (单 )元的系统发育关系时 ,基因或DNA片段选择的重要性  相似文献   

4.
扩增并测定了我国蝽科4亚科8属11种昆虫线粒体COⅡ基因585 bp的序列,对序列的碱基组成、转换颠换、遗传距离等进行分析,探讨了COⅡ基因在该科的分子进化机制.并基于COⅡ基因序列数据,分别采用邻接法(NI)、最大简约法(MP)和贝叶斯推论法(BI)建立蝽科分子系统发育关系.研究结果表明,蝽科昆虫COⅡ基因A T含量平均为71.7%,存在较强的A T含量偏向性,氨基酸的变异率为27.2%;亚科间的遗传距离介于0.168~0.242之间,大于亚科内属种间的遗传距离,蝽科与盾蝽科2外群之间遗传距离最大,两科之间存在明显的间断.分子系统发育树表明,短喙蝽亚科为蝽科中较为原始的类群,分化较早,益蝽亚科与舌盾蝽亚科关系较近,形成一对姐妹群,蝽科中捕食性种类--益蝽亚科是较为特化的类群,它是由植食性种类分化而来.蝽科4亚科间的分子系统发育关系为Phyllocephalinae (Pentatominae (Asopinae Podopinae).  相似文献   

5.
报道中国蝽科(Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)3个中国新记录属:库蝽属 Cuspicona Dallas、赫蝽属Hermolaus Distant、昂角蝽属 Oncinoproctus Breddin,以及6个新记录种:绿库蝽 Cuspicona antica Vollenhoven、赫蝽 Hermolaus typicus Distant、笑曼蝽 Menida atkinsoni Distant、昂角蝽 Oncinoproctus griseolus Breddin、斑卷蝽 Paterculus aberrans Distant 和短线鳖蝽 Rolstoniellus malacanicus (Yang)。并给出各种的虫体背腹面照片和生殖节结构图。除绿库蝽的观察标本保存在中国科学院动物所(IZCAS)以外,其余研究观察标本保存在南开大学昆虫研究所标本馆(NKUM)。  相似文献   

6.
犬科的线粒体细胞色素b DNA序列及其分子系统学研究   总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13  
通过对犬科的赤狐、蓝狐、貉和狼4种的线粒体细胞色素b约372bpDNA片段序列分析,结合GenBank中狗、西门豺和非洲野犬3种的该区段DNA序列的比较,共发现113个核苷酸位点存在变异(约30%)。NJ法构建的分子系统树显示,非洲野犬最先从犬科动物中分化出来;犬属的我狼、狗和西门豺等3种为系统树上独立的一支,且其分歧的时间较赤狐、蓝狐和貉早;赤狐和蓝狐具有较近的亲缘关系。上述结果与形态的观点基本  相似文献   

7.
记述了采于我国南方地区的异蝽科昆虫2新种,分属于2属,即壮异蝽属Urochela Dallas的白点壮异蝽Urochela albosignata sp.nov,和盲异蝽属Urolabida Westwood的五峰盲异蝽Urolabida wufengana sp.nov。量度单位mm。模式标本存南开大学生命科学学院生物系。  相似文献   

8.
DNA 序列在蕨类分子系统学研究中的应用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
刘红梅  张宪春  曾辉 《植物学报》2009,44(2):143-158
在分子系统学研究中, 目的基因或者基因片段的选择是最关键的一步, 由于进化速率的差异, 不同的DNA序列适用于不同分类阶元的系统发育研究。本文综述了目前蕨类分子系统发育研究中常用的DNA序列分析, 它们分别来自叶绿体基因组、核基因组和线粒体基因组, 着重阐明叶绿体基因在蕨类分子系统学研究中的应用。本文还简要介绍了分子系统学研究中常见的问题及解决方法(如内类群和外类群的选择, 适宜DNA片段的选择策略), 总结了目前蕨类植物分子系统学研究所取得的进展和研究现状, 展望了当今国际蕨类分子系统学的研究趋势。  相似文献   

9.
在分子系统学研究中,目的基因或者基因片段的选择是最关键的一步,由于进化速率的差异,不同的DNA序列适用于不同分类阶元的系统发育研究.本文综述了目前蕨类分子系统发育研究中常用的DNA序列分析,它们分别来自叶绿体基因组、核基因组和线粒体基因组,着重阐明叶绿体基因在蕨类分子系统学研究中的应用.本文还简要介绍了分子系统学研究中常见的问题及解决方法(如内类群和外类群的选择.适宜DNA片段的选择策略),总结了目前蕨类植物分子系统学研究所取得的进展和研究现状,展望了当今国际蕨类分子系统学的研究趋势.  相似文献   

10.
DNA是遗传信息的载体,直接对DNA核苷酸排列顺序的分析和比较是研究苔藓分子系统学的最彻底和最理想的方法。本文综述了DNA序列(叶绿体基因组、核基因组和线粒体基因组)在苔藓分子系统学中的应用,探讨了基因片段的选择策略。并提出只有将分子数据和传统分类学取得的研究成果结合起来,构建最合理的系统树,才能更好地推动苔藓分子系统学的发展。  相似文献   

11.
DNA水平上的植物系统学研究进展   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
分子钟假说为在分子水平上研究生物进化提供了理论基础,分子系统学已成为当前生物学领域中的热门课题,并取得了许多引人注目的进展。本方要以高等植物为对象,从核DNA,叶绿体DNA和线粒体DNA三方面对植物分子系统学进行了综述。  相似文献   

12.
    
Allopatric populations that show genetic differentiation but lack phenotypic diagnosability are difficult to classify. In 1946, Arnett described a new species of burying beetle (Silphidae: Nicrophorus) from Luzon Island, Philippines, Nicrophorus benguetensis. In 2002, Sikes et al., finding the species to be inconsistently diagnosable, synonymized N. benguetensis under Nicrophorus nepalensis Hope 1831. We rigorously and quantitatively test the validity of N. benguetensis using several different species delimitation criteria. We employed discrete and quantitative character‐based methods to test similarity criteria using linear morphometrics in a discriminant analysis framework, and percentage sequence divergences based on sequences from four mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genes (COI, COII, ND4 and ND5) and two nuclear genes [28S (D2 region) and CAD]. We also employed tree‐based methods to test phylogenetic criteria using mtDNA sequences and morphology with parsimony, Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood. The analysis of discrete phenotypic characters did not reliably diagnose N. benguetensis. The results of the discriminant analysis provided moderate support for the validity of N. benguetensis (71.4% of the specimens were properly classified). There is adequate genetic distance between N. benguetensis and its nearest neighbour for DNA barcoding to identify an unknown sequence, although this may be an artefact of the small sample size. Phylogenetic analyses of the morphological data, with and without the morphometric data, yielded unresolved trees. Molecular phylogenetic results found N. benguetensis to be monophyletic, but neither clearly rejected nor supported its validity. Two of our approaches using molecular data diagnosed N. benguetensis, but those that used phenotypic data did not exceed a 75% success rate. We conclude, therefore, that N. benguetensis, despite being a weakly distinct allopatric population, and deserving of additional study, should remain synonymized until further analysis suggests otherwise. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 102 , 311–333.  相似文献   

13.
    
The amphibian genus Telmatobius is a diverse group of species that inhabits the Andes. This study analysed the phylogenetic relationships of 19 species described from the central Andes of Chile and Bolivia, and 12 undescribed populations of Chile. A molecular phylogeny based on mitochondrial DNA 16S and cytochrome b shows that the Chilean species belong to three groups: (1) the Telmatobius marmoratus group, widespread in the Chilean and Bolivian Altiplano; (2) the Telmatobius hintoni group, including the species Telmatobius philippii, Telmatobius fronteriensis, and Telmatobius huayra, occurring in the south‐western Altiplano of Chile and Bolivia, and (3) the Telmatobius zapahuirensis group, a new clade which also includes Telmatobius chusmisensis, Telmatobius dankoi, and Telmatobius vilamensis, restricted to western slopes of the Andes, and which was recovered as more closely related to the T. hintoni group than the T. marmoratus group. The divergence times between clades were traced to the late Pleistocene. The molecular phylogeny also confirmed that the groups of the Altiplano and western Andes slopes form a clade separated from the species that inhabit the eastern Andes (Telmatobius verrucosus and Telmatobius bolivianus groups), supporting the forest origin of the Altiplano groups proposed by several previous authors. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London  相似文献   

14.
    
The systematic position of the Malagasy Phlebotomus (Diptera: Psychodidae) species was assessed in molecular phylogenetic studies. Three molecular markers were sequenced: cytochrome b of the mitochondrial DNA; ITS2, and the D8 domain of the ribosomal DNA. The following species were studied: Phlebotomus (Anaphlebotomus) berentiensis, Phlebotomus (Anaphlebotomus) fertei, Phlebotomus (Anaphlebotomus) fontenillei, Phlebotomus (Anaphlebotomus) vaomalalae and Phlebotomus (Anaphlebotomus) vincenti from Madagascar; Phlebotomus (Anaphlebotomus) stantoni from Asia, and Phlebotomus (Anaphlebotomus) rodhaini from Africa. The following outgroups were selected: Phlebotomus (Euphlebotomus) argentipes, Phlebotomus (Euphlebotomus) barguesae, Phlebotomus (Larroussius) perfiliewi s.l. and Phlebotomus (Adlerius) simici. Each marker analysed by maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood supports the monophyly of the Malagasy Phlebotomus spp. Consequently, we create a new subgenus for these species: Madaphlebotomus subg. nov. This molecular individualization is reinforced by the originality of their spermathecae and by the fact that their geographical distribution is limited to Madagascar, and considers the high level of endemism on this island.  相似文献   

15.
    
Comparison of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control-region sequences of 155 dunlins from 15 breeding populations confirmed the existence of five major phylogeographic groups in the circumpolar breeding range of this migratory shorebird species. Time estimates of the origin of groups, based on sequence divergences and a molecular clock for birds, suggest a scenario of repeated fragmentation of populations in isolated tundra refugia during the late Pleistocene. The distribution of about three-quarters of all detected molecular variance between phylogeographic groups attests to the strongly subdivided genetic population structure in dunlins that is being maintained by natal philopatry. Each mtDNA phylogeographic group can be related to a morphometrically defined subspecies, but several other recognized subspecies are not supported by monophyletic mtDNA lineages within their purported ranges. More detailed analysis of several European populations reveals low amounts of gene flow and the partitioning of a substantial fraction of molecular variance between them. This ongoing evolution of population-genetic structuring within the European phylogeographic group most likely started with the last retreat of the ice sheets some 10,000 years ago. Dunlins thus provide one of the clearest examples of the linkage between historical and contemporary components of mtDNA phylogeographic structuring in birds.  相似文献   

16.
Sturmiopsis parasitica Curran (Diptera: Tachinidae) is a widely spread parasitoid of various lepidopteran stem borers including Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), Busseola fusca (Fuller) and Sesamia calamistis Hampson (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in western, eastern and southern Aenica. As the Aenican sugarcane stalk borer, E. saccharina, is currently the most economically important insect pest in South Aenican sugarcane there is an urgent need to develop a control strategy for the management of this pest. S. parasitica has been tested as a biological control agent against E. saccharina with limited success. In seeking possible reasons for this limited success we tested whether there is genetic differentiation among populations of S. parasitica and whether there are hostassociated lineages of S. parasitica enom B. fusca and E. saccharina.

To assess these hypotheses, DNA sequences of cytochrome oxidase I (COI), a mitochondrial proteincoding gene, were obtained enom fifteen specimens collected in western, eastern and southern Aenica. Phylogenetic analysis of these sequences using maximum parsimony grouped the specimens into two main clades, one of which is further subdivided. Examination of pairwise sequence divergence levels supports the hypothesis of two cryptic lineages. However, further supportive evidence is necessary before revising the taxonomy of the species.  相似文献   

17.
COⅡ基因在昆虫分子系统学研究中的作用和地位   总被引:16,自引:5,他引:16  
卜云  郑哲民 《昆虫知识》2005,42(1):18-22
细胞色素氧化酶Ⅱ(cytochromeoxidaseⅡ,COⅡ)基因位于线粒体DNA(mtDNA)上,编码细胞色素氧化酶亚基Ⅱ,该亚基为细胞色素c提供重要的结合位点。COⅡ基因进化速率较快,是昆虫分子系统学研究中理想的分子标记。目前,已经利用该基因从各个分类水平对昆虫系统发育关系、物种形成与分化、种群遗传与变异及生物地理等方面做了广泛的研究。研究表明,利用该基因可以很好地解决昆虫属、种及种下分类单元的系统发育问题,但是在解决科、亚科等高级阶元的系统发育关系时仍存在一些局限,COⅡ基因与其他mtDNA及核基因的联合分析能够更好地解决昆虫的系统发育问题。  相似文献   

18.
To resolve the population genetic structure and phylogeography of the West Indian manatee ( Trichechus manatus ), mitochondrial (mt) DNA control region sequences were compared among eight locations across the western Atlantic region. Fifteen haplotypes were identified among 86 individuals from Florida, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana and Brazil. Despite the manatee's ability to move thousands of kilometres along continental margins, strong population separations between most locations were demonstrated with significant haplotype frequency shifts. These findings are consistent with tagging studies which indicate that stretches of open water and unsuitable coastal habitats constitute substantial barriers to gene flow and colonization. Low levels of genetic diversity within Florida and Brazilian samples might be explained by recent colonization into high latitudes or bottleneck effects. Three distinctive mtDNA lineages were observed in an intraspecific phylogeny of T. manatus , corresponding approximately to: (i) Florida and the West Indies; (ii) the Gulf of Mexico to the Caribbean rivers of South America; and (iii) the northeast Atlantic coast of South America. These lineages, which are not concordant with previous subspecies designations, are separated by sequence divergence estimates of d = 0.04–0.07, approximately the same level of divergence observed between T. manatus and the Amazonian manatee ( T. inunguis , n = 16). Three individuals from Guyana, identified as T. manatus , had mtDNA haplotypes which are affiliated with the endemic Amazon form T. inunguis . The three primary T. manatus lineages and the T. inunguis lineage may represent relatively deep phylogeographic partitions which have been bridged recently due to changes in habitat availability (after the Wisconsin glacial period, 10 000 BP ), natural colonization, and human-mediated transplantation.  相似文献   

19.
    
This study tests the utility of the nuclear gene encoding dopa decarboxylase (DDC) for recovering Cretaceous‐age divergences within the lepidopteran clade Heteroneura, which contains 98% of lepidopteran species. A 709‐bp fragment of DDC has been sequenced in 32 species, including representatives of all major lineages of Heteroneura plus outgroups from more basal lepidopteran groups and the related order Trichoptera. Pairwise divergences across the first and second codon positions and amino acids increase with depth throughout the taxonomic hierarchy, indicating that non‐synonymous substitutions are not fully saturated; whereas, divergences across the third codon position level off at the family to superfamily level. Inclusion of non‐neolepidopteran outgroups results in phylogeny estimates that contradict well established groups, almost surely due to sparse taxon sampling and high character divergence. When these taxa and an equivalently divergent basal ditrysian are excluded, DDC trees show nearly complete recovery of ten uncontroversial basal heteroneuran ‘test clades’ of family rank and higher, about half with strong bootstrap support. Thus, DDC clearly carries phylogenetic signal at these levels. Bootstrap support for resolution of the controversial relationships among the five main heteroneuran groups (four monotrysian superfamilies plus Ditrysia) is individually low, but two of three previous hypotheses were statistically rejected overall by DDC. DDC trees within the primitive heteroneuran superfamily Incurvarioidea, though modestly supported, closely resemble a previous morphological hypothesis, while removing the requirement for reversal in a possible ‘key adaptation’, the larval case. Taxon overlap with a previous mtDNA study of Prodoxidae (Incurvarioidea), which includes much‐ studied mutualist pollinators, permits a comparison of substitution rates with the conservative mitochondrial COI+COII region, as well as combined‐data re‐examination of generic reltionships. Non‐synonymous substitution is about 25% slower in DDC than in COI+COII, though synonymous substitution is faster. With additional taxon sampling, and in combination with other genes, DDC promises to be a powerful tool for reconstructing among‐superfamily relationships within Lepidoptera and probably other insect groups.  相似文献   

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