Crystal structure of Proteus vulgaris chondroitin sulfate ABC lyase I at 1.9A resolution

Chondroitin Sulfate ABC lyase I from Proteus vulgaris is an endolytic, broad-specificity glycosaminoglycan lyase, which degrades chondroitin, chondroitin-4-sulfate, dermatan sulfate, chondroitin-6-sulfate, and hyaluronan by beta-elimination of 1,4-hexosaminidic bond to unsaturated disaccharides and tetrasaccharides. Its structure revealed three domains. The N-terminal domain has a fold similar to that of carbohydrate-binding domains of xylanases and some lectins, the middle and C-terminal domains are similar to the structures of the two-domain chondroitin lyase AC and bacterial hyaluronidases. Although the middle domain shows a very low level of sequence identity with the catalytic domains of chondroitinase AC and hyaluronidase, the residues implicated in catalysis of the latter enzymes are present in chondroitinase ABC I. The substrate-binding site in chondroitinase ABC I is in a wide-open cleft, consistent with the endolytic action pattern of this enzyme. The tryptophan residues crucial for substrate binding in chondroitinase AC and hyaluronidases are lacking in chondroitinase ABC I. The structure of chondroitinase ABC I provides a framework for probing specific functions of active-site residues for understanding the remarkably broad specificity of this enzyme and perhaps engineering a desired specificity. The electron density map showed clearly that the deposited DNA sequence for residues 495-530 of chondroitin ABC lyase I, the segment containing two putative active-site residues, contains a frame-shift error resulting in an incorrectly translated amino acid sequence.     

Cloning and constitutive expression of the N-acetylneuraminate lyase gene of Escherichia coli

The N-acetylneuraminate (NANA) lyase (EC 4.1.3.3) gene from Escherichia coli was self-cloned in E. coli. Transformants were selected by complementation of a NANA lyase-deficient E. coli strain. One clone was found to produce NANA lyase, and it contained a recombinant plasmid, pNAL1, with a 9.0-kilobase HindIII insert. The cloning of the NANA lyase gene resulted in the change from inducible to constitutive production of the enzyme. The level of expression of the NANA lyase gene in E. coli(pNAL1) clones was two- to three-fold higher than that in the fully induced wild-type strains.     

Cloning and expression of the gene(s) for chromosome-mediated beta-lactamase production of Proteus vulgaris in Escherichia coli

The gene(s) for chromosome-mediated beta-lactamase production of Proteus vulgaris GN7919 was cloned into a unique EcoRI site of pACYC184 as an insert of a 14.2-kb fragment, which was further digested into two fragments with EcoRI, 4.9 and 9.3 kb. The restriction enzyme digestion pattern of the recombinant plasmid, designated pMS182, had no similarity to those of other chromosomal beta-lactamase genes cloned from gram-negative bacteria. Plasmid pMS182 enabled host Escherichia coli ML4953 to inducibly produce beta-lactamase which was identical to that of the parent P. vulgaris in substrate profile, molecular weight, and reactivity to antiserum raised against P. vulgaris GN7919 beta-lactamase. The pMS182-harboring E. coli were highly resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics, possibly based on inducible production of beta-lactamase.     

Cloning and constitutive expression of the N-acetylneuraminate lyase gene of Escherichia coli.

The N-acetylneuraminate (NANA) lyase (EC 4.1.3.3) gene from Escherichia coli was self-cloned in E. coli. Transformants were selected by complementation of a NANA lyase-deficient E. coli strain. One clone was found to produce NANA lyase, and it contained a recombinant plasmid, pNAL1, with a 9.0-kilobase HindIII insert. The cloning of the NANA lyase gene resulted in the change from inducible to constitutive production of the enzyme. The level of expression of the NANA lyase gene in E. coli(pNAL1) clones was two- to three-fold higher than that in the fully induced wild-type strains.     

Cloning and expression of pectin lyase gene from Erwinia carotovora in Escherichia coli

A pectin lyase (PNL; EC 4.2.2.10) gene of Erwinia carotovora Er was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the 0.6 kb StuI-EcoRI fragment, which was hybridized with the mixed oligonucleotide probe for PNL gene, revealed the presence of an open reading frame (0RF) and correlated exactly with the known N-terminal 18 amino acid sequence of PNL. When a plasmid pTN2159, which has a BamHI-EcoRI fragment containing this ORF, was introduced into E. coli JM109, PNL was not expressed. When a tac-promoter was inserted in front of the ORF, PNL was efficiently expressed in E. coli. Synthesis of PNL by E. coli was also confirmed by immunoblot analysis.     

Cloning of alginate lyase gene (alxM) and expression in Escherichia coli

The alxM gene encoding a D-mannuronan-specific alginate lyase has been cloned from a marine bacterium isolated as an epiphyte on the brown alga, Sargassum fluitans. Expression of this gene in Escherichia coli provides a source of this enzyme for probing alginate structure and modifying the mannuronan-rich alginate polymers produced by bacterial pathogens.     

Control and heterologous expression in Escherichia coli of the Klebsiella pneumoniae gene encoding alginate lyase

The gene (aly) encoding the guluronate-specific alginate lyase from Klebsiella pneumoniae has been subcloned into the plasmid vector pHG327, transformed into Escherichia coli, and expressed in this host. Three groups of lyase-positive clones have been identified in which one or more copies of a 1.95-kb Hind III fragment encoding the gene have been inserted. The enzyme is expressed constitutively from its own promoter, but the efficiency depends on the orientation of the insert within the vector. Similarly, enhanced expression by induction of the vector's lac promoter is also orientation-dependent.     

Cloning of alginate lyase gene (alxM) and expression in Escherichia coli.

The alxM gene encoding a D-mannuronan-specific alginate lyase has been cloned from a marine bacterium isolated as an epiphyte on the brown alga, Sargassum fluitans. Expression of this gene in Escherichia coli provides a source of this enzyme for probing alginate structure and modifying the mannuronan-rich alginate polymers produced by bacterial pathogens.     

普通变形杆菌位置非特异性脂肪酶基因的克隆及在大肠杆菌中的表达

【目的】本文拟克隆普通变形杆菌(Proteus vulgaris)脂肪酶基因,并实现其在大肠杆菌中的高效表达,并检验外源表达脂肪酶的催化性质。【方法】通过PCR方法,从P.vulgaris基因组中扩增其脂肪酶基因(PVL),并将其开放读码框区域连接到表达载体pET-DsbA及pMBP-P上,在大肠杆菌中用IPTG诱导表达。我们对培养基组分及培养条件进行优化,以获得最高的酶产量。用Ni柱亲和层析法对所得重组脂肪酶进行纯化,并考察其酶学性质。【结果】PVL基因编码区含864个碱基,编码含287个氨基酸的酶蛋白。该序列在GenBank的登录号为FJ643627。PVL基因在大肠杆菌BL21内诱导表达的最佳条件为:在pH8.5的LB培养基中添加15g/L葡萄糖及200mg/L氨苄青霉素,在培养至OD600为1.2时加入100mg/LIPTG,15℃诱导15h,最高酶活达到192.2U/mL。通过亲和层析纯化了重组脂肪酶,得到一个约31kDa的蛋白条带。外源表达的脂肪酶的催化特性与野生菌脂肪酶相似,具有催化的位置非特异性,对长链脂肪酸酯亲和性最高。【结论】PVL基因在大肠杆菌中的高效表达为P.vulgaris脂肪酶的进一步研究与应用奠定基础。     

马克斯克鲁维酵母羰基还原酶基因的克隆与表达

【目的】研究羰基还原酶基因的克隆、表达及其在不对称生物催化中的应用。【方法】对羰基还原酶氨基酸序列进行BLAST推导出核苷酸序列,设计引物,以马克斯克鲁维酵母(Kluyveromyce marxianus)CGMCC 2.1977全基因组为模板,通过PCR扩增目的片段,与载体pET-28a连接,转化大肠杆菌获得重组菌BL21(DE3)-(pET28a-cMCR)和Rosetta(DE3)-(pET28a-cMCR)。【结果】扩增的序列与已报道的mer序列有100%同源性,全长1 038 bp,共编码345个氨基酸。目的蛋白在Rosetta(DE3)-(pET28a-cMCR)得到了高效表达,大小为42 kD。该酶最适反应温度为40°C,最适反应pH是8,热稳定性与pH稳定性较差。Ca2+对酶活具有明显的激活作用,且浓度为0.5 mmol/L时效果最好。重组菌可还原4-氯乙酰乙酸乙酯(COBE)为(S)-4-氯-3-羟基丁酸乙酯[(S)-CHBE],光学纯度为100%,转化率为81.0%。重组菌在制备度洛西汀关键中间体(S)-氮,氮-二甲基-3-羟基-(2-噻吩)-l-丙胺[(S)-DHTP]中也得到初步应用。【结论】从菌株马克斯克鲁维酵母(Kluyveromyce marxianus)CGMCC 2.1977中克隆获得了羰基还原酶基因,在大肠杆菌中成功表达,并可应用于不对称还原。     

Cloning of a cDNA encoding adenylosuccinate lyase by functional complementation in Escherichia coli

Adenylosuccinate lyase was cloned by functional complementation of an Escherichia coli purB mutant using an avian liver cDNA expression library. The derived amino acid sequence is homologous to the bacterial purB-encoded adenylosuccinate lyase which catalyzes the same two steps in purine biosynthesis as the enzyme from animals. Avian adenylosuccinate lyase also shows regions of extensive sequence similarity to the urea cycle enzyme, argininosuccinate lyase. This homology suggests a similar mechanism for catalysis. Homology of adenylosuccinate and argininosuccinate lyases is intriguing because chickens do not utilize the urea cycle in nitrogen excretion. This is the first report of the cloning of a eukaryotic cDNA encoding adenylosuccinate lyase, and it affords a route to isolate the corresponding human gene which has been suggested to be defective in autistic children.     

Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the gene encoding Aspergillus flavus urate oxidase.

Amino acid sequencing of peptides obtained after proteolytic hydrolysis of Aspergillus flavus urate oxidase (uricase) permitted the design of oligodeoxynucleotide probes that were used to obtain 1.2- and 5-kilobase pair DNA fragments from A. flavus cDNA and genomic libraries, respectively. The cDNA fragment contained the entire coding region for uricase, and comparison with the genomic fragment revealed the presence of two short introns in the coding region of the gene. A. flavus uricase has around 40% overall identity with uricases from higher organisms but with many conserved amino acids. Hitherto highly conserved consensus patterns found in other uricases were found to be modified in the A. flavus enzyme, notably the sequence Val-Leu-Lys-Thr-Thr-Gln-Ser near position 150, which in the filamentous fungus is uniquely modified to Val-Leu-Lys-Ser-Thr-Asn-Ser. Silent mutations were introduced by cassette mutagenesis near the 5'-extremity of the coding sequence in order to conform with Escherichia coli codon usage, and the uricase was expressed in the E. coli cytoplasm in a completely soluble, biologically active form.     

Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the Clostridium thermoaceticum gene encoding thermostable formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase

Formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (FTHFS) (EC 6.3.4.3), a thermostable protein of four identical subunits from Clostridium thermoaceticum was cloned into Escherichia coli SK1592. The clone (CRL47) contained a 9.5 kb EcoRI fragment of C. thermoaceticum DNA ligated into pBR322. It produced catalytically active, thermostable FTHFS, that was not found in E. coli SK1592 containing native pBR322. The identity of the expressed enzyme was confirmed by specific binding of rabbit polyclonal anti-FTHFS serum produced against C. thermoaceticum FTHFS. The specific activities (mol·min^-1·mg^-1) of FTHFS in cell free extracts of CRL47 were 28–89 when assayed at 50°C and pH8. This was from 3–10-fold higher than in C. thermoaceticum extracts. FTHFS was purified to homogeneity from CRL47. The purified enzyme behaved during electrophoresis and gel chromatography and it had similar specific activity and thermostability as the enzyme purified from C. thermoaceticum.Abbreviations FTHFS formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase - kb kilobase - H₄-folate tetrahydrofolate - SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate A preliminary account of this work was presented at the annual meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, Atlanta, GA, 1987 (C. R. Lovell, A. Przybyla and L. G. Ljungdahl, Abstr. Annu. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol. 1987, K126, p. 223).     

人成骨蛋白-1成熟肽基因在大肠杆菌中的克隆与表达

本实验报告了人成骨蛋白 - 1成熟肽基因在大肠杆菌中的克隆与高效表达。通过计算机软件分析 ,采用大肠杆菌偏爱密码子设计并分段合成了人成骨蛋白 - 1成熟肽编码基因片段。用 PCR技术扩增目的基因片段 ,先克隆到 p UC1 9载体上 ,测序正确后再将其克隆到 p BV2 2 0表达载体上 ,以DH5α为宿主菌 ,42℃ ,6 h诱导表达。经 SDS- PAGE鉴定分析 ,在约 1 6× 1 0 3处有一新的蛋白质条带 ,扫描分析表明 ,该条带占菌体总蛋白含量的 40 %左右。     

Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the Azospirillum brasilense Sp7 gene encoding ampicillin resistance

The Azospirillum brasilense ATCC 29145 gene coding for beta-lactamase was cloned in Escherichia coli. The gene was expressed in E. coli from its own promoter as a 30-kilodalton protein, conferring resistance to high levels of beta-lactam antibiotics. The DNA sequence containing the beta-lactamase gene was found to be highly amplified in the Azospirillum genome, scattered in the chromosomal as well as in the plasmidic DNA.     

Cloning,sequence and expression in Escherichia coli of the gene encoding phosphofructokinase from Bacillus macquariensis

A chromosomal DNA fragment containing the Bacillus macquariensis (Bm) ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase-encoding gene (pfk) was cloned from a subgenomic library in pUC19 using a PCR-derived probe. The region containing pfk, including flanking sequences, was sequenced and the deduced amino acid sequence (aa) was found to be homologous to other PFK, but it contained two single-aa changes conserved in a range of other organisms from pro- and eukaryotic origins. Enzymatic studies with PFK purified from overproducing Escherichia coli (Ec) host cells showed that the Bm enzyme is similar to B. stearothermophilus (Bs) PFK in many respects and that it is relatively cold stable.     

The rtn gene of Proteus vulgaris is actually from Escherichia coli.

The rtn gene, identified as coming from Proteus vulgaris ATCC 13315, is present in Escherichia coli K-12, and over a 440-bp region of rtn is identical to the published Proteus sequence, with the exception of a single G insertion. It was not possible to verify the presence of rtn in P. vulgaris.