ITS序列结合培养特征鉴定梨树腐烂病菌

对采自中国4个省份的9个梨树腐烂病菌分离株和7个苹果树腐烂病菌分离株的ITS序列进行了测定和分析,并结合GenBank的有性型Valsa ceratosperma、V.ambiens和V.mali的ITS序列构建了系统发育树。结果表明梨和苹果树的各分离株在ITS核苷酸序列上分化较小(p-distance=1.55%),均在V.ceratosperma聚类组,但二者又分别处于两个独立小分支。其与V.ambiens和V.mali处在不同的聚类组中,且亲缘关系较远,表明供试梨树腐烂病菌并非V.ambiens。培养性状和生物学特点的研究结果还发现,梨树腐烂病菌各分离株无论在菌落颜色、产孢特点、还是37℃高温的生长情况都和苹果腐烂病菌有一定差别。前者菌落始在PDA终为乳白色,而后者菌落初为白色后期变褐色;在20%ABA上,前者形成的产孢体较大而数量较少,在37℃高温下能正常生长,后者则形成的产孢体较小而数量较多,在37℃高温下不能正常生长。并未发现二者在子实体上有稳定明显的差异。因而表明梨树腐烂病菌应为V.ceratosperma,但可用培养性状和生物学特点进行区分其和苹果树腐烂病菌。     

ITS序列结合培养特征鉴定梨树腐烂病菌

对采自中国4个省份的9个梨树腐烂病菌分离株和7个苹果树腐烂病菌分离株的ITS序列进行了测定和分析,并结合GenBank的有性型Valsa ceratosperma、V.ambiens和V.mali的ITS序列构建了系统发育树。结果表明梨和苹果树的各分离株在ITS核苷酸序列上分化较小（p-distance=1.55%）,均在V.ceratosperma聚类组,但二者又分别处于两个独立小分支。其与V.ambiens和V.mali处在不同的聚类组中,且亲缘关系较远,表明供试梨树腐烂病菌并非V.ambiens。培养性状和生物学特点的研究结果还发现,梨树腐烂病菌各分离株无论在菌落颜色、产孢特点、还是37℃高温的生长情况都和苹果腐烂病菌有一定差别。前者菌落始在PDA终为乳白色,而后者菌落初为白色后期变褐色;在20?A上,前者形成的产孢体较大而数量较少,在37℃高温下能正常生长,后者则形成的产孢体较小而数量较多,在37℃高温下不能正常生长。并未发现二者在子实体上有稳定明显的差异。因而表明梨树腐烂病菌应为V.ceratosperma,但可用培养性状和生物学特点进行区分其和苹果树腐烂病菌。     

广东省水库微囊藻的产毒特征和ITS序列的遗传多样性分析

为了解广东省水库微囊藻的产毒特征和ITS 序列的遗传多样性,从广东省供水水库中分离得到28 株微囊藻(Microcystisspp.),对它们的产毒特征和15 株微囊藻的ITS 序列进行了分析.高效液相色谱(HPLC)和微囊藻毒素合成酶基因mcyE 的检测结果表明,广东省水库中的微囊藻以产毒藻株占优势,微囊藻毒素的主要类型为MC-RR.广东省15 株藻株的ITS 序列相似性大于93.2%,在用相邻法(NJ)构建的系统树上,不同形态的种和不同地理区域的藻株没有区分开,产毒和非产毒藻株没有形成独立分支.这说明微囊藻ITS 序列的遗传多样性较低,ITS 序列和mcyE 存在没有相关性,表型不能够反映藻株的进化关系.因此,有必要将藻类传统分类方法与分子方法结合起来对蓝藻进行重新分类.     

不同浓度壳聚糖对炭黑曲霉和硫色镰刀菌生长和发育的影响

【背景】壳聚糖是广泛存在于甲壳动物的一种多糖,具有广谱的抗真菌活性,但壳聚糖是否影响炭黑曲霉(Aspergillus carbonarius)和硫色镰刀菌(Fusarium sulphureum)生长和发育尚未见报道。【目的】明确不同浓度壳聚糖对A. carbonarius和F. sulphureum生长和发育的影响。【方法】通过在PDA培养基中添加不同浓度壳聚糖,测定两种真菌的菌落直径、生物量和菌丝干重,观察产孢量、孢子萌发和芽管长度,比较抑菌的差异。【结果】壳聚糖处理可显著改变两种真菌的菌落形态,处理浓度越高菌落皱缩和变形越明显;壳聚糖还可以有效抑制两种真菌的菌落生长、菌丝干重和菌丝生物量,抑制效果呈明显的浓度依赖,对F. sulphureum的抑制效果更好。壳聚糖可抑制两种真菌的产孢量、孢子萌发和芽管伸长,处理浓度越高抑制效果越好,对F. sulphureum的抑制效果更为明显。壳聚糖对A. carbonarius和F. sulphureum的EC₅₀值分别为0.12 mg/mL和0.075 mg/mL。【结论】壳聚糖可有效抑制A. carbonarius和F. sulphureum的生长发育,抑制效果呈浓度依赖,F. sulphureum对壳聚糖更为敏感。     

苹果树腐烂病菌拮抗放线菌的筛选、鉴定及防效

以苹果树腐烂病菌为靶标菌,通过对峙法和生长速率法对分离自苹果树根际土壤的放线菌进行筛选,对筛选出的拮抗菌株通过形态学和分子生物学特征进行鉴定,并测定了拮抗菌ZZ-9发酵滤液对苹果树腐烂病菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长的影响及离体枝条防效.结果表明: 经对峙初筛,15株放线菌对苹果树腐烂病菌具有抑菌作用,占所分离株数的18.8%,其中抑制率>50%的有8株.复筛结果表明,ZZ-9对腐烂病菌抑制率最高,达96.4%,显著高于其他菌株;通过培养特征、生理生化特性及16S rDNA序列分析将菌株ZZ-9初步鉴定为娄彻氏链霉菌,其在GenBank上的序列登录号为KT986228;不同稀释倍数的ZZ-9发酵滤液对腐烂病孢子萌发及菌丝生长均有明显的抑制作用,其中50倍发酵滤液对孢子萌发抑制率和菌丝生长抑制率均达80%以上,且受抑制菌丝颜色加深,分支增多,末端膨大、畸形,出现原生质浓缩与释放现象;离体枝条防效试验表明,菌株ZZ-9发酵原液对苹果树腐烂病防效可达75%以上,表明该菌株可作为防治苹果树腐烂病的生防菌株.     

两株不同宿主源化脓隐秘杆菌分离鉴定及其plo基因生物信息学分析

【背景】化脓隐秘杆菌是一种能够感染人类及多种动物的条件致病菌,常引起动物的各种非特异性化脓性感染。【目的】探究不同宿主疑似化脓隐秘杆菌感染的菌属种类和病原特性。【方法】对林麝皮下脓肿和鸭跗关节脓肿进行细菌分离,通过革兰氏染色、细菌16S rRNA基因分析等方法对病原菌进行鉴定,通过生长曲线测定、药敏试验和毒力基因检测分析2株病原菌的生物学特性,对溶血素plo基因进行序列分析和结构预测。【结果】分离鉴定到林麝源和鸭源化脓隐秘杆菌各1株,分别命名为FTP-1和DTP-1;生长曲线测定发现,2株病原菌的生长繁殖速度差异较大;药敏试验表明,2株病原菌对β-内酰胺类、磺胺类和利福霉素类抗生素耐药,对氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类抗生素敏感;毒力基因检测显示,2株病原菌均携带plo、nanH、nanP、fimA和fimE基因,鸭源分离株还携带有fimC基因;生物信息学分析软件预测显示,2株病原菌溶血素plo基因核苷酸序列存在宿主特异性差异,但二者氨基酸序列相同,蛋白结构预测发现化脓隐秘杆菌溶血素(pyolysin, PLO)与胆固醇依赖性溶细胞素家族其他成员之间相似性较高。【结论】在云南宜良地区分离到林麝源和鸭源化脓隐秘杆菌各1株,二者plo基因亲缘关系较近,相关生物学特性分析可为推进该病原菌的研究和防控提供参考。     

基于ITS1 DNA序列分析的几种酵母菌的分子分类*

采用ITS1序列分析的手段,对来自Dekkera/Brettanomyces/Eeniella的15株菌株进行了分子分类学的研究。研究结果支持4个Dekkera/Brettanomyces种类的确认:D.anomala/B.anomalus,D.bruxellensis/B.bruxellensis,D.custersiana和D.naardenensis,以及把E.nana合并于Brettanomyces属的建议。此外,研究也揭示了I     

金黄色葡萄球菌中PVL基因与噬菌体DNA的同源性*

为了探讨金黄色葡萄球菌PVL基因与噬菌体的相关性 ,从 4株含有PVL基因的菌株中分离出DNA ,用HindⅢ或EcoRⅠ酶切后 ,分别与PVL和LukM-lukF-PV探针进行Southern印迹杂交 ,以及对含有PVL基因及其下游区域的片段克隆、测序和同源性分析。结果表明3株菌的PVL基因及其下游区域的序列与V8菌株噬菌体∮PVL的PVL基因及其下游噬菌体attsite的序列     

篮状菌属二个中国新记录种

【背景】调查我国滩涂土壤可培养真菌物种多样性,丰富我国真菌物种资源。【目的】报道我国篮状菌属2个产子囊孢子的新记录种。【方法】采用形态学和基于β-微管蛋白基因部分序列和rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2序列系统学的多相分类学方法。【结果】分离鉴定出3种有性型篮状菌,即阿根廷篮状菌Talaromyces argentinensis （ZZ2-7-1h=CGMCC 3.16171）、巴塞篮状菌Talaromyces barcinensis （ZZ2-1-1=CGMCC 3.16172）和乌克兰篮状菌Talaromyces ucrainicus（JS11-5=CGMCC 3.16173）,其中前2种为我国新记录种。阿根廷篮状菌在25℃生长适度,在37℃生长局限,形成絮状兼绳状菌落,其菌丝体白色夹杂浅粉色,产生稀少的橙黄色裸囊壳和壁具细密小刺的椭球形子囊孢子。巴塞篮状菌在25℃生长适度,在37℃不生长,形成绒状菌落,其菌丝体为白色兼黄色,裸囊壳稀少,较小,呈皮黄色,子囊孢子椭球形,壁具稀疏小刺。【结论】参考我国迄今已报道的篮状菌物种,确定阿根廷篮状菌和巴塞篮状菌为我国篮状菌属的新记录种。     

2种杓兰属植物内生狭截盘多毛孢菌的分离与鉴定

该文报道了西藏杓兰(Cypripedium tibeticum)和无苞杓兰(C. bardolphianum)根中内生真菌新记录种——狭截盘多毛孢(Truncatella angustata)。该研究从四川黄龙沟不同海拔区分别采集到西藏杓兰和无苞杓兰,并在其根中分离获得148个狭截盘多毛孢菌株。形态学观察显示,狭截盘多毛孢菌株在PDA培养基上菌落白色,背面黄褐色;分生孢子器黑色脓包状;分生孢子梭型,4个细胞,3个隔膜;顶端附属丝1~5根。ITS rDNA分析发现3种新基因型菌株(HLIO15_15a_22、HLIO15_20a_42和HLIO15_17a_46);在海拔最高(3 330~3 400 m)的居群中狭截盘多毛孢的分离率最高,且包含全部3种基因型菌株。构建截盘多毛孢属(Truncatella)真菌ITS序列系统发育树,发现狭截盘多毛孢不同生态功能的菌株没有形成明显分支。     

Astragalar morphology of late Eocene anthropoids from the Fayum Depression (Egypt) and the origin of catarrhine primates

The phylogenetic relationships of the late Eocene anthropoids Catopithecus browni and Proteopithecus sylviae are currently a matter of debate, with opinion divided as to whether these taxa are stem or crown anthropoids. The phylogenetic position of Catopithecus is of particular interest, for, unlike the highly generalized genus Proteopithecus, this taxon shares apomorphic dental and postcranial features with more derived undoubted catarrhines that appear in the same region 1-2 Ma later. If these apomorphies are homologous and Catopithecus is a stem catarrhine, the unique combination of plesiomorphic and apomorphic features preserved in this anthropoid would have important implications for our understanding of the crown anthropoid morphotype and the pattern of morphological character transformations that occurred during the early phases of stem catarrhine evolution.Well-preserved astragali referrable to Proteopithecus, Catopithecus, and the undoubted early Oligocene stem catarrhine Aegyptopithecus have provided additional morphological evidence that allows us to further evaluate competing hypotheses of interrelationships among Eocene-Oligocene Afro-Arabian anthropoids. Qualitative observations and multivariate morphometric analyses reveal that the astragalar morphology of Proteopithecus is very similar to that of early Oligocene parapithecids and living and extinct small-bodied platyrrhines, and strengthens the hypothesis that the morphological pattern shared by these taxa is primitive within crown Anthropoidea. In contrast, Catopithecus departs markedly from the predicted crown anthropoid astragalar morphotype and shares a number of apomorphic features (e.g., deep cotylar fossa, laterally projecting fibular facet, trochlear asymmetry, mediolaterally wide astragalar head) with Aegyptopithecus and Miocene-Recent catarrhines. The evidence from the astragalus complements other independent data from the dentition, humerus and femur of Catopithecus that support this taxon's stem catarrhine status, and we continue to maintain that oligopithecines are stem catarrhines that constitute the sister group of a clade containing propliopithecines and Miocene-Recent catarrhines.     

中国异极衣科地衣二新记录种

该文综合运用形态学、解剖学和化学等方法对山东大型地衣进行分类研究,发现了两个中国新记录种,即德氏蜂窝衣(Heppia despreauxii)和多孢小极衣(Lichinella myriospora).德氏蜂窝衣隶属于蜂窝衣属(Heppia),生于光线充足且裸露的土壤上,主要识别特征为下皮层缺失、子实层IKI+蓝色;多...     

藏药多刺绿绒蒿种子萌发特性研究

多刺绿绒蒿(Meconopsis horridula)为罂粟科绿绒蒿属一年生草本植物,是一种极具观赏价值和药用价值的高山植物,目前处于濒危状态,因此研究多刺绿绒蒿种子的萌发特性对其种子育苗及人工栽培具有重要意义。为了提高多刺绿绒蒿的种子发芽率,该研究以多刺绿绒蒿的种子为材料,分析了不同消毒剂、浸种时间、温度和外源植物激素对种子萌发特性的影响。结果表明:(1)最适消毒方法为75%乙醇1 min+3%H2O25 min,最适浸种时间为24 h,最适温度和光照条件为20℃/10℃(光照12 h/黑暗12 h),用无菌水浸种后的种子发芽率为49.67%。(2) GA_3100～600 mg·L~(-1)和NAA 5～30 mg·L~(-1)可以提高种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数,缩短发芽启动时间和发芽持续时间,对种子的萌发有促进作用。(3) 6-BA 5 mg·L~(-1)和10 mg·L~(-1)对种子的萌发有一定的促进作用,但不显著,6-BA浓度≥15 mg·L~(-1)则抑制种子的萌发。(4)用GA3500 mg·L~(-1)浸种后的种子发芽指标最好,发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数分别为69.67%、33.00%、4.51,种子的发芽起始时间和发芽持续时间分别为10.67 d、11.67 d。     

scabrous Modifies Epithelial Cell Adhesion and Extends the Range of Lateral Signalling during Development of the Spaced Bristle Pattern in Drosophila

The role of scabrous (sca) in the evenly spaced bristle pattern of Drosophila is explored. Loss-of-function of sca results in development of an excess of bristles. Segregation of alternately spaced bristle precursors and epidermal cells from a group of equipotential cells relies on lateral inhibition mediated by Notch and Delta (Dl). In this process, presumptive bristle precursors inhibit the neural fate of neighbouring cells, causing them to adopt the epidermal fate. We show that Dl, a membrane-bound ligand for Notch, can inhibit adjacent cells, in direct contact with the precursor, in the absence of Sca. In contrast, inhibition of cells not adjacent to the precursor requires, in addition, Sca, a secreted molecule with a fibrinogen-related domain. Over-expression of Sca in a wild-type background, leads to increased spacing between bristles, suggesting that the range of signalling has been increased. scabrous acts nonautonomously, and we present evidence that, during bristle precursor segregation, Sca is required to maintain the normal adhesive properties of epithelial cells. The possible effects of such changes on the range of signalling are discussed. We also show that the sensory organ precursors extend numerous fine cytoplasmic extensions bearing Dl molecules, and speculate on a possible role for these structures during signalling.     

不同光质对白及组培苗生长及光合特性的影响

白及的自然繁殖率极低,组培育苗是其种苗繁殖的主要方式之一.为探索提高白及组培育苗质量及缩短育苗周期的高效人工光环境,该文以紫花白及(Bletilla striata)为试验材料,研究LED光质对白及组培苗的生长和光合特性的影响.结果表明:提高红蓝光组合中的蓝光占比,有利于促进白及组培苗的生长和生物量的积累,而白及的球茎...     

中国兰科二新记录种

兰科植物资源调查是掌握地区兰科本底资料的基础,对研究兰科植物的地理分布和资源多样性具有重要意义.该文报道了分别产自中国西藏自治区墨脱县和巴宜区的石豆兰属(Bulbophyllum Thou.)中国分布新记录种——尼泊尔大苞兰(B.raskotii J.J.Verm.,Schuit.&de Vogel)和曲唇兰属[Pan...     

Stratigraphy, artefact industries and hominid associations for Sterkfontein, member 5

A revised stratigraphy for the early hominid site of Sterkfontein (Gauteng Province, South Africa) reveals a complex distribution of infills in the main excavation area between 2.8 and 1.4 m.y.a, as well as deposits dating to the mid to late Pleistocene. New research now shows that the Member 4 australopithecine breccia (2.8-2.6 Ma) extends further west than was previously thought, while a late phase of Member 4 is recognized in a southern area. The artefact-bearing breccias were defined sedimentologically as Member 5, but one supposed part of these younger breccias, the StW 53 infill, lacks in situ stone tools, although it does appear to post-date 2.6 Ma when artefacts first appear in the archaeological record. The StW 53 hominid, previously referred to Homo habilis, is here argued to be Australopithecus. The first artefact-bearing breccia of Member 5 is the Oldowan Infill, estimated at 2-1.7 Ma. It occupies a restricted distribution in Member 5 east and contains an expedient, flake-based tool industry associated with a few fossils of Paranthropos robustus. An enlarged cave opening subsequently admitted one or more Early Acheulean infills associated in Member 5 west with Homo ergaster. The artefacts attest to a larger site accumulation between ca. 1.7 and 1.4 Ma, with more intensive use of quartzite over quartz and a subtle but important shift to large flakes and heavier-duty tools. The available information on palaeoenvironments is summarized, showing an overall change from tropical to sub-tropical gallery forest, forest fringe and woodland conditions in Member 4 to more open woodland and grassland habitats in the later units, but with suggestions of a wet localized topography in the Paranthropus -bearing Oldowan Infill.     

甜荞FeFUL2基因的克隆与表达分析

为了探索甜荞FUL同源基因参与花与籽粒发育调控的分子机制,该文采用同源克隆的方法从甜荞(Fagopyrum esculentum)长花柱和长雄蕊突变体(lpls)中克隆到1个长837 bp的FeFUL2基因(GenBank登录号为MG779493.1),其包含长690 bp的完整开放阅读框,编码1个由229个氨基酸残基组成的MADS-box转录因子。通过对FeFUL2进行分子系统发生、同源蛋白比对与转录因子结构分析,结果显示FeFUL2与核心真双子叶植物AP1/FUL亚家族转录因子中的euFUL进化系聚于1个进化分支,属甜荞euFUL型MADS-box转录因子,且包含1个57个氨基酸残基长的高度保守的MADS结构域、1个69个氨基酸残基长的次级保守的K结构域,其C末端转录激活区在序列长度和氨基酸残基组成上与其他euFUL型转录因子差异较大,但仍含有2个euFUL型转录因子特有的保守基元:FUL motif和paleo AP1 motif。用qPCR检测基因表达的组织特异性显示:FeFUL2基因在甜荞lpls突变体的根、茎、叶、花被片、雄蕊、雌蕊和发育4 d的幼果中均有表达,但其在花被片中表达量极显著高于该基因在其他器官中的表达量(LSD,P0.01)。综合转录因子的结构与基因的表达模式推测,FeFUL2基因与其他euFUL型基因的功能可能存在一定差异,其在花发育过程中可能主要参与甜荞花被片的发育调控。     

四川卧龙国家级自然保护区马先蒿属一新种——熊猫马先蒿

熊猫马先蒿(Pedicularis pandania)是在四川卧龙国家级自然保护区发现的马先蒿属一新种。该新种属于互生叶类群,其基生叶成丛,花冠属于短管有喙型,且下唇将喙包裹住,花管在近萼端发生约180度的扭旋使得花冠下唇在侧上方,这一特征明显区别于其他国产马先蒿物种。分子系统发育分析结果表明,熊猫马先蒿是Clade 7 成员,虽然与火焰系、假欧氏系、喙齿系、拟蕨系和长喙系等成员构成姐妹关系,但熊猫马先蒿的花冠形态特征明显区别于近缘物种。     

千斤拔多糖对小鼠免疫功能的调节作用

为研究千斤拔多糖对正常及免疫低下小鼠免疫功能的调节作用,该研究选用SPF级BALB/c小鼠,免疫抑制小鼠采用隔天皮下注射环磷酰胺(40 mg·kg~(-1))5次,通过测定脾脏、胸腺质量及计算脏器指数,采用碳粒廓清法计算单核巨噬细胞吞噬功能,在鸡红细胞免疫后测定小鼠血清溶血素抗体水平,同时观察高、低剂量千斤拔多糖(剂量分别为500、1 000 kg·d~(-1))对正常小鼠及免疫低下小鼠免疫调节的影响。结果表明:千斤拔多糖高、低剂量组对正常及免疫低下小鼠均有不同程度的增加脾脏指数、胸腺指数的作用;千斤拔多糖高、低剂量组对正常及免疫低下小鼠均能提高廓清指数,但没有统计学意义;千斤拔多糖高剂量组对正常及免疫低下小鼠的血清溶血素抗体水平都有显著性提高。这说明千斤拔多糖能有效提高正常及免疫低下小鼠免疫功能的作用。