头状轮生链霉菌谷氨酰胺合成酶的研究 Ⅱ.酶的性质和调节

头状轮生链霉菌(Streptoverticillium caespitosus)谷氨酰胺合成酶(Glutamine synthetase,GS)生物活性的最适pH为7。测活系统中必须加入Mn~(2+)或Mg~(2+),二者分别作激活离子时得到的酶的参数不同。Mn~(2+)对GS有稳定作用。一些金属离子如Ca~(2+)等强烈地抑制生物活性。GS的最适温度为50℃,对ATP、谷氨酸和NH_4Cl的Km值分别为1.75、2.78和5mmol/L。NH_4Cl的浓度小于10mmol/L时对酶有正协同效应,大于10mmol/L时对酶有负协同效应。GS可被氨阻遏,比活能被硝酸盐促进。一些代谢物对GS有累积反馈抑制作用。发酵过程中加入氨后无“氨休克”现象,高氨条件下的GS不受蛇毒磷酸二酯酶(SVPDE)的作用,所以此酶无腺苷酰化—去腺苷酰化调节。     

头状轮生链霉菌谷氨酰胺合成酶的研究 Ⅱ.酶的性质和调节

头状轮生链霉菌(Streptoverticillium caespitosus)谷氨酰胺合成酶(Glutamine synthetase,GS)生物活性的最适pH为7。测活系统中必须加入Mn~(2 )或Mg~(2 ),二者分别作激活离子时得到的酶的参数不同。Mn~(2 )对GS有稳定作用。一些金属离子如Ca~(2 )等强烈地抑制生物活性。GS的最适温度为50℃,对ATP、谷氨酸和NH_4Cl的Km值分别为1.75、2.78和5mmol/L。NH_4Cl的浓度小于10mmol/L时对酶有正协同效应,大于10mmol/L时对酶有负协同效应。GS可被氨阻遏,比活能被硝酸盐促进。一些代谢物对GS有累积反馈抑制作用。发酵过程中加入氨后无“氨休克”现象,高氨条件下的GS不受蛇毒磷酸二酯酶(SVPDE)的作用,所以此酶无腺苷酰化—去腺苷酰化调节。     

林肯链霉菌谷氨酰胺合成酶活力调节的研究

对不同氮源生长条件下林肯链霉菌无细胞粗提液中谷氨酰胺合成酶 (GS)的研究结果表明 ,高浓度NH+4阻遏了GS的生物合成。从不同氮源生长条件下林肯链霉菌中分离纯化了GS ,其性质没有差别。以受腺苷化调节的产气克雷伯氏菌GS作对照 ,林肯链霉菌GS没有明显的氨休克作用 ,经蛇毒磷酸二酯酶处理后 ,其活力没有变化。这些结果都说明林肯链霉菌GS不存在腺苷化共价修饰这一调节方式。反馈抑制作用是林肯链霉菌GS的一种重要的调节方式 ,这种抑制作用是以累积的方式进行的 ,这表明各种抑制剂对GS作用位点不同 ,各种抑制剂对GS的抑制作用是相互独立的。由此推测 ,林肯链霉菌GS是一种变构酶。     

简单节杆菌转化氢化可的松的△-脱氢反应动力学I．简单节杆菌BY-2-13自由细胞转化氢化可的松的△-脱氢反应动力学

本文研究了简单节杆菌(Arthrobacter simplex) By-2-13转化氢化可的松为氢化泼尼松韵△一脱氢反应动力学。其中包括溶解底物的底物浓度对反应速度的影响,反应初速度与底物浓度的关系;固体悬浮液中底物总浓度对反应速度的影响,反应初速度与底物浓度的关系;酶量对反应的影响以及产物的抑制作用等。溶解底物和固体悬浮液底物的反应初速度与底物浓度的关系都符合简单米氏方程,米氏常数Km分别为0．33mg／mJ和29．41n,g／ml,而两者的反应过程曲线均与简单米氏方程不符。无论在较低或较高浓度的固体悬浮液底物转化过程中,产物对A’。脱氢反应都呈现抑制作用。由此建立了该反应的反应动力学模型及相应的动力学方程,井经线性化后回归得出反应的动力学参数。当反应时间小于‘(达到约85％的转化率所需要的时间)时,用此动力学方程拟合所得的数据与实验测定值相符。     

粘红酵母产L-苯丙氨酸解氨酶的条件和酶法合成苯丙氨酸的研究

研究了粘红酵母(Rhodotorula glutinis)中L-苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)(EC4.3.1.5)的产酶条件及用此酶把反式肉桂酸转化成苯丙氨酸的条件.结果表明,在下列培养基(g/L)及培养条件下PAL的活力较高:酵母膏10.0,蛋白胨10.0,NaCl5.0,KH_2PO_4 0.5,苯内氨酸0.5,(NH_4)_2SO_41.0,葡萄糖5.0,pH6.0—6.5,培养温度为30℃.转化过程中,[NH_4~+]对初速度的影响符合米氏方程,其K_m和V_(max)分别为16.85mol/L和5.96 g·L~(-1)·h~(-1),最适pH为10.0.底物肉桂酸对反应初速度的影响,在低浓度时有激活作用,在高浓度下则有抑制作用.肉桂酸转化为苯丙氨酸的转化率在60.0%以上.     

大肠杆菌ATCC 15224胞内β-半乳糖苷酶生成的动力学研究

本文报道了用补料分批培养方法控制限制生长底物的补料速率,获得一个限制生长底物浓度由10Ks缓慢地渐降的可控培养过程,以保证获得足够数量的准确的(Si,μi),从而得到Ks值。用该法测定了E．Coli ATCC 15224在葡萄糖限制生长培养中的Ks值及Monod方程表达式。通过该菌胞内β-半乳糖苷酶生成与细胞比生长速率相互关系的研究,导出描述该酶生成与培养液中限制生长底物浓度相互关系的曲线方程。它很好地表明了菌体生长的环境因子与胞内酶生成的相互关系及影响,并提示可获得最多胞内酶的培养途径。     

头状轮生链霉菌谷氨酰胺合成酶的研究 Ⅰ.酶的生成和纯化

以氨为氮源培养头状轮生链霉菌(Streptoverticillium caespitosus)时粗抽提液中谷氨酰胺合成酶(glutamine synthetase, GS)对热稳定,以硝酸盐为氮源时GS对热不稳定。以硫酸链霉素沉淀、热处理、聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)沉淀和Affini-gel Blue柱纯化了前者,以DE-52柱和Affini-gel Blue柱纯化了后者,纯化后两个酶分子量同为550000,亚基分子量同为56000,热稳定性相同,转谷氨酰基酶活力的最适pH均在6.4～6.7之间,对谷氨酰胺的K_m值同为11.1mmol/L,寸羟胺的K_m值同为1.6mmol/L,所以认为此菌中总是同一GS表现出活力。     

柠条Ca~(2+)-ATPase的性质及钙调素含量与抗旱性的关系

分离纯化旱生植物柠条的叶细胞质膜,测定其Ca2＋-ATPase的最适反应pH、最适反应温度、底物ATP和激活剂Ca2＋对酶活性的影响,并与中生植物小麦叶细胞质膜Ca2＋-ATPase的性质进行比较。实验表明柠条叶细胞质膜Ca2＋-ATPase的最适反应pH为7．5,最适反应温度为55℃,酶对ATP的Hill系数为0．94,符合米氏动力学类型,对Ca2＋的Hill系数为0．35,具有负协同作用。还测定了柠条和小麦叶片中及叶细胞质膜结合的钙调素含量,发现钙调素含量与植物的抗旱性成正相关。     

基因工程菌1016氨基酰化酶的酶学性质研究

研究了基因工程菌 1 0 1 6所产的氨基酰化酶的酶学特性。该酶的拆分速率符合米氏方程 ,且在 0 .5mol/L的高底物浓度下 ,无底物抑制现象。 37℃时的米氏常数和最大反应速率分别为 0 .0 4 8mmol/L和 2 .1 78mmol/L·h。最适反应温度为 5 5℃。5 5℃时 ,Km为 0 .0 37mmol/L ,Vmax为 2 .5 5 8mmol/L·h。最适底物为乙酰蛋氨酸 ;热稳定性好。     

大肠杆菌-链霉菌高效接合载体的构建及其应用

以链霉菌质粒SCP2 的衍生质粒pHJL400为基础 ,构建了能够在大肠杆菌到链霉菌之间进行高效接合转移的质粒pGH112。pGH112含有在大肠杆菌和链霉菌中复制起始位点 ,以及分别在大肠杆菌和链霉菌中进行筛选的抗性标记。用pGH112转化EscherichiacoliET12567(pUZ8002 )后 ,与天蓝链霉菌 (StreptomycescoelicolorA3(2 ) )、除虫链霉菌 (Streptomycesavermitilis)、变铅青链霉菌 (StreptomyceslividansTK54 )、毒三素链霉菌 (StreptomycestoxytriciniNRRL15443)、委内瑞拉链霉菌 (Streptomyces.venezuelaeISP5230 )和红色糖多孢菌 (Saccharopolyporaerythraea)进行接合 ,发现本文构建的pGH112与pKC1139相比 ,接合转移效率较高 ,稳定性好 ,而且宿主范围较广。把组成型启动子ermE 与绿色荧光蛋白基因 (gfp)克隆到本文构建的pGH112 ,通过接合转移到链霉菌中 ,gfp获得表达,证明其可以用作基因接合转移的有效工具载体,这为研究链霉菌的基因功能创造了有利条件上。     

How is glutamine synthetase I activity from Streptomyces aureofaciens regulated ?

Summary Activity of glutamine synthetase I (GSI) from Streptomyces aureofaciens increased markedly during tetracycline production phase. The purified GSI exhibited a low affinity for glutamate but high affinities for ATP and ammonium. Its Mn²⁺-dependent activity was more sensitive to feedback inhibitors than Mg²⁺-dependent activity. Both the activities were significantly stimulated by Co²⁺ but inhibited by other divalent cations. ADP was a strong inhibitor. These results suggest that GSI activity is regulated by availability of substrates, feedback inhibitors, divalent cations, and cell energy charge.     

Subunit interaction elicited by partial inactivation with L-methionine sulfoximine and ATP differently affects the biosynthetic and gamma-glutamyltransferase reactions catalyzed by yeast glutamine synthetase

Yeast glutamine synthetase can be irreversibly inactivated in the presence of L-methionine sulfoximine, ATP, and a divalent cation Mn2+ or Mg2+. Kinetic studies with partially inactivated enzymes show that inactivation of a given subunit in the octameric glutamine synthetase affects the activities of its neighboring subunit such that the rate of the inactivation as well as the gamma-glutamyltransferase activity of the noninactivated subunits decreases while their biosynthetic activity is enhanced. This outcome of subunit interaction is the same irrespective of whether Mn2+ or Mg2+ is used to fulfill the divalent cation requirement of glutamine synthetase for the inactivation reaction and the gamma-glutamyltransferase reaction. Although only Vmax is affected in the gamma-glutamyltransferase assay, both Km (glutamate) and Vmax are changed in the biosynthetic assay.     

在林可霉素生物合成过程中铵离子调控作用的酶学研究

在FUS-50L发酵罐内,用林可链霉菌发酵生产林可霉素。研究发现,NH4^＋对林可霉素发酵过程具有显著的调控效应：补入硫酸铵前,发酵液中的NH4^＋浓度由3．0mmol／L消耗至1．0mmol／L以下的控制过程非常关键,这样可能使林可霉素合成酶大量合成,同时,解除了NH4^＋对谷氨酰合成酶（GS）的阻遏效应;20～24h,尽可能提高硫酸铵的平均补入速率,但最高NH4^＋的瞬时浓度应控制在19．0mmol／L以下,一方面可缩短生物量的积累时间,另一方面可避免过高浓度的NH4^＋对GS的抑制作用;24h后逐渐降低NH4^＋的平均补入速率,使主代谢流转入次级代谢;在发酵中期和后期,应将最低NH4^＋浓度控制在3．0～4．0mmol／L的范围内,避免铵离子对GS的阻遏效应,GS比活力与林可霉素的产量呈正相关关系。最终建立了动态的硫酸铵补加工艺。     

Regulation and biochemical characterization of the glutamine synthetase of azotobacter vinelandii

We have investigated the regulation of the activity and synthesis of the glutamine synthetase (l-glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming), EC (6.3.1.2) of Azotobacter vinelandii. Synthesis of the enzyme was not repressed by NH+4 and/or a number of amino acids in the growth medium; however, biosynthetic activity was rapidly lost through adenylylation in response to ammonium ion. The enzyme could be prepared as a 'relaxed, divalent-cation-free form which was catalytically inactive. The 'taut', active form could be restored with 1-5 mM Mg2+, Mn2+, Ca2+ or CO2+ and taut-vs.-relaxed difference spectra unique to each divalent cation were generated. Mg2+ and CO2+ each supported biosynthetic catalysis, but with different substrate Km and Vmax values. L-Alanine, glycine and L-aspartate were the most potent of several inhibitors of the biosynthetic and the gamma-glutamyl transferase activities; only aspartate and AMP behaved differentially toward glutamine synthetase adenylylation state: the more highly adenylylated enzyme was more severely affected. Any two of alanine, glycine or AMP showed cumulative inhibition, while the inhibitory effects of groups of three effectors were not cumulative. The Co2+-supported biosynthetic activity of Al vinelandii glutamine synthetase was markedly less sensitive to inhibition my glycine and alanine and was stimulated up to 50% by 1-10 mM aspartate.     

Fluorometric studies of aza-epsilon-adenylylated glutamine synthetase from Escherichia coli

Glutamine synthetase in Escherichia coli is regulated by adenylation and deadenylation reactions. The adenylation reaction converts the divalent cation requirement of the enzyme from Mg2+ to Mn2+. Previously, the catalytic action of unadenylated glutamine synthetase was elucidated by monitoring the intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence change accompanying substrate binding. However, due to the lack of changes in the tryptophan fluorescence, a similar study could not be done with the adenylated enzyme. In this study, therefore, an extrinsic fluor is introduced into the adenylated glutamine synthetase by adenylating the enzyme with 2-aza-1,N6-ethenoadenosine triphosphate, a fluorescent analog of ATP. The modified enzyme (aza-epsilon-glutamine synthetase) exhibits catalytic and kinetic properties similar to those of the naturally adenylated enzyme. The results of fluorometric studies on this aza-epsilon-glutamine synthetase indicated that L-glutamate and ATP bind to both Mn2+ and Mg2+ forms of the enzyme in a random order, but only the Mn2+ form is capable of forming a highly reactive enzyme-bound intermediate which is a prerequisite for the reaction with NH4+ to form products. The extrinsic fluorescence changes are also used to determine the binding constants of various substrates and inhibitors of both the biosynthetic and gamma-glutamyl transfer reactions.     

Regulation and properties of glutamine synthetase purified from Bacillus cereus

The glutamine synthetase from Bacillus cereus IFO 3131 was purified to homogeneity. The enzyme is a dodecamer with a molecular weight of approximately 600,000, and its subunit molecular weight is 50,000. Both Mg2+ and Mn2+ activated the enzyme as to the biosynthesis of L-glutamine, but, unlike in the case of the E. coli enzyme, the Mg2+-dependent activity was stimulated by the addition of Mn2+. The highest activity was obtained when 20 mM Mg2+ and 0.5 mM Mn2+ were added to the assay mixture. For each set of optimal assay conditions, the apparent Km values for glutamate, ammonia and a divalent cation X ATP complex were 1.03, 0.34, and 0.40 mM (Mn2+: ATP = 1: 1); 14.0, 0.47, and 0.91 mM (Mg2+: ATP = 4: 1); and 9.09, 0.45, and 0.77 mM (Mg2+: Mn2+: ATP = 4: 0.2: 1), respectively. At each optimum pH, the Vmax values for these reactions were 6.1 (Mn2+-dependent), 7.4 (Mg2+-dependent), and 12.9 (Mg2+ plus Mn2+-dependent) mumoles per min per mg protein, respectively. Mg2+-dependent glutamine synthetase activity was inhibited by the addition of AMP or glutamine; however, this inhibitory effect was suppressed in the case of the Mg2+ plus Mn2+-dependent reaction. These results suggest that the activity of the B. cereus glutamine synthetase is regulated by both the intracellular concentration and the ratio of Mn2+/Mg2+ in vivo. Also in the present investigation, a potent glutamine synthetase inhibitor(s) was detected in crude extracts from B. cereus.     

Conformation-specific monoclonal antibodies to glutamine synthetase in Escherichia coli

Glutamine synthetase from Escherichia coli is composed of 12 identical subunits and exists in various forms: unadenylylated, adenylylated, divalent cation bound (taut), and divalent cation free (relaxed). The relaxed dodecamer readily dissociates into monomers upon exposure to 1 M urea or pH 8.0. Glutamine synthetase can be inactivated irreversibly by oxidizing a particular histidine residue or by incubating with methionine sulfoximine and ATP. In order to establish hybridoma monoclones that produce antibodies capable of differentiating between different conformers of glutamine synthetase, homogeneous antibodies produced from 7 clones (10-76-1, 48-76-1, 68-2-1, 57-142-2, 72-104-1, 68-3-2, 57-8-1) were characterized for their binding specificity and effects on glutamine synthetase activity. Two antibodies (10-76-1, 48-76-1) bind only to the monomeric form, two antibodies (57-142-2, 68-3-2) bind only to the dodecameric forms (taut or relaxed) and the three others (68-2-1, 72-104-1, 57-8-1) bind to both forms. At a low antibody concentration, 68-3-2 binds preferentially to taut glutamine synthetase over oxidized glutamine synthetase. None of the 7 antibodies differentiates between unadenylylated and adenylylated form. Nevertheless, the gamma-glutamyltransferase activities of the resulting antibody-glutamine synthetase complexes were influenced variably depending upon the state of adenylylation and the divalent cation.     

Mg2+ is bound to glutamine synthetase extracted from bovine or ovine brain in the presence of L-methionine-S-sulfoximine phosphate

Purified glutamine synthetase from bovine or ovine brain had no tightly bound Mn2+. By extraction of bovine or ovine brain glutamine synthetase in the presence of L-Met-S-sulfoximine phosphate and ADP in metal ion-free water and 0.1 M KCl, only endogenously bound divalent cations were trapped on the enzyme. Enzyme complexes isolated by immunoprecipitation contained less than 0.05 Mn2+ and 1.5 +/- 0.2 Mg2+ per subunit. Without inactive complex formation, the enzyme immunoprecipitated from extracts contained undetectable Mn2+ (less than 0.01 eq per subunit) and 0.1-2.0 eq of Mg2+ per subunit. Direct binding measurements showed that the purified bovine brain enzyme contained two divalent cations bound at the active site of each subunit. Thus, although either Mg2+ or Mn2+ supports enzyme activity in vitro, Mg2+ rather than Mn2+ appears to be bound to brain glutamine synthetase in vivo.     

Regulation of Mycobacterium smegmatis glutamine synthetase by adenylylation

Glutamine synthetase from a Gram-positive acid-fast bacterium, Mycobacterium smegmatis, was purified to homogeneity from cells grown with glycerol-bouillon medium. Electron micrographs of the enzyme revealed a dodecameric arrangement of its subunits in two superimposed hexagonal rings, similar to the structure of glutamine synthetase of Escherichia coli. Disc electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate indicated a subunit molecular weight of 56,000. The sedimentation coefficient of the native enzyme was estimated to be 19.4S by ultracentrifugation in a sucrose gradient. Like the E. coli enzyme, the glutamine synthetase from M. smegmatis is regulated by adenylylation/deadenylylation. This conclusion was based on studies of the effect of snake venom phosphodiesterase treatment on the catalytic and spectral properties of the isolated enzyme. The AMP released from the enzyme by the phosphodiesterase was identified by thin-layer chromatography. Despite the structural similarity of both enzymes, striking differences were found between the catalytic properties of M. smegmatis and E. coli glutamine synthetases. The divalent cation specificity of the M. smegmatis enzyme was not altered by adenylylation of the enzyme, and deadenylylation of the enzyme caused a significant increase in the specific activities for both biosynthetic and transfer reactions with either Mg2+ or Mn2+.