青霉NXP25纤维素酶的产生及性质

青霉（Penicillium sp.）NXP25在5％玉米穗轴粉,3％（麦夫）,0.35％氮源10号和0.3％氯化钙组成的液体培养基（起始pH 5.0）中,10％接种量,29℃,280r/min振荡培养72h。在50℃温度下测定,发酵液内切-1,4-β-葡聚糖酶,外切-1,4-β-葡聚糖酶,β-葡糖苷酶和滤纸酶活力分别为841u/mL,13u/mL,24u/mL和46u/mL。各类型酶最适作用条件分别为pH4.8和60℃、pH5.0和50℃、pH4.     

利用重组大肠杆菌产聚-4-羟基丁酸的研究*

重组大肠杆菌 E.coli XL-1 Blue（pKSSE5.3）携带Ralstonia　eutropha　H16的 PHA聚合酶基因（phaC）和Clostridium kluyveri的4-羟基丁酸:CoA转移酶基因（orfZ）,可以利用葡萄糖和4-羟基丁酸为碳源合成均聚的聚-4-羟基丁酸[P（4HB）]。优化培养基和培养条件后,进行了补料分批培养。结果表明,经68h左右培养,E.coli XL-1 Blue（pKSSE5.3）的发酵液中菌体干重     

应用CTB基因启动子及信号肽序列构建分泌性表达系统

利用霍乱毒素B亚基基因的启动子、信号肽序列及ctx操纵子的转录终止信号构建了分泌性表达的质粒载体pMCOSS。Β－半乳糖苷酶基因克隆至霍乱毒素B亚基基因的信号肽序列下游后能得到高效分泌性表达。不同的宿主菌和培养基成分中对β-半乳糖苷酶的表达产量有较大的影响,以MM2为宿主菌、在玉米浆培养基中β－半乳糖苷酶的表达产量达4 lOOu／ml,产物的大部分分泌至细胞的周质,活力测定的结果与SDS—PAGE电泳测定结果基本一致,说明表达的β－半乳糖苷酶绝大部分都具有酶活性。构建的蛋白质分泌性表达的载体－宿主系统及合适的培养条件为易形成包含体的蛋白质的高效表达提供了一条新的途径。     

新型抗肿瘤转移多肽-三聚β肽(β３)在大肠杆菌中的表达及其抗粘附作用

自行设计了抗肿瘤转移多肽－三聚β肽（β3）,人工合成了β3的基因片段,构建了β3的表达质粒pET-His-β3,在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)plysS中表达。在用IPTG诱导15h后可见明显的His-β3融合蛋白的表达,表达产物约占细胞总蛋白的4％,占细胞总不溶性蛋白的10％。每升pET-His-β3/BL21(DE3)plysS细菌培养液用金属螯合琼脂糖凝胶6B FF分离后可回收纯度为92.2%的β3产物约20mg。所表达出的β3肽对人肝癌细胞株SMMC-7721细胞及人肝癌高转移细胞株HCCLM6细胞与纤连蛋白（fibronectin, FN）粘附具有特异的抑制作用,呈现剂量效应相关关系和时间效应相关关系,抑制作用强于β肽（β1）、3倍浓度的β1（3×β1）和GRGDS。研究结果表明：pET-His-β3/BL21(DE3)plysS是β3适合的表达系统;表达的β3肽具有特异的抗肿瘤细胞粘附作用。     

尖镰孢胞外青霉素V酰化酶的产生

由腐殖土中分离出一株产胞外青霉素Ｖ酰化酶的尖镰孢（Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍｏｘｙｓｐｏｒｕｍ）,编号ＦＰ９４１。研究了该菌在液体培养基中产胞外青霉素Ｖ酰化酶的条件。在以１０％麦麸为碳源的培养基中,添加氮源能促进酶的形成。无机氮源优于有机氮源。（ＮＨ_４）_２ＨＰＯ_４的促进效果最佳,草酸铵次之,用量均为１％。为提高产酶量,培养基中添加诱导物是必要的、苯氧乙酸的诱导效果最佳,用量为０．１％,其次是青霉素Ｖ,用量为０．３％。最适培养条件为：培养     

曲霉与木霉纤维素酶系基因组的属间遗传表达相容性

选用三类典型重组子3a、3b、A7-1和双亲本菌株AspersillusnigerAMSH、TrichodermareeseiQM9414为材料,按照所设计的纤维素酶系基因的通用序列和同工酶分型方法,进行基因组DNA指纹和酶系同工酶多态性比较分析。旨在提供重组子中基因重组的分子证据,阐明远缘双亲本基因组间的遗传表达相容性,并讨论其杂种优势的分子基础。结果发现重组子中基因组DNA指纹的重组特征稳定遗传,并能够相容性增强表达重组后的羧甲基纤维素酶（CMCase）和β-葡萄糖苷酶（βGlase）同工酶组分。纤维素酶系杂种优势的分子基础多样性包括：（1）3b中来自于双亲本部分编码βGlase的基因的杂合迭加和增强表达;（2）3a和A7-1中对应继承双亲本部分编码CMCase和βGlase的基因间协调性增强表达,并导致相应酶组分蛋白合成量的显著增加。由此综合提出了一个由βGlase介导的纤维素酶系活性调节和诱导合成调控的“双重协同增效”模型。此外还建立了考察重组子中杂种优势分子基础及其遗传稳定性的可行方法。     

Qβ RNA 复制酶中亚基的共表达对β亚基溶解性的影响

在体外RNA和蛋白质合成及自复制系统的研究中,Qβ RNA复制酶作为以RNA为模板的RNA聚合酶,是比较重要的应用酶种之一。该酶由4个亚基组成,其中只有 β亚基是由病毒基因编码,而其他3个亚基都是宿主蛋白。利用普通表达载体合成Qβ复制酶时,得到的β亚基几乎都是不溶性蛋白,从而影响了Qβ复制酶的活性和产率。为尝试提高β亚基的溶解性,构建含有β亚基基因的表达质粒pBAD 33rep,同时利用pET21a(+)为表达载体表达其他3个亚基进行共表达研究。不同亚基组合的共表达结果通过SDSPAGE分析表明,当β亚基与EFTuTs亚基共表达时,溶解度有一定的提高,而且可溶性部分也具有复制酶活性。通过调节共表达诱导物浓度,相对增强可溶性β亚基的表达,可溶性Qβ复制酶酶量得到相应的提高。     

用三叶草离体根建立VA菌根

红三叶草(Trifolium pratense L.)离体根在改良的White培养基上能连续继代培养。将发芽的中国球囊霉(Glomus sinensis Peng＆Shen)孢子接种三叶草离体根,在以CaHPO4为磷源的White培养基上培养,能稳定地形成泡囊—丛枝状内生菌根(Vesicular—ArbuscularMycorrhizae,YAM)。真菌在侵染前,菌丝在根分泌物的刺激下常进一步伸长,当菌丝接触到根的适当部位后即开始侵染,侵入前常首先形成附着胞,并通过附着胞进一步向根内侵染,形成具有根内菌丝、丛枝和不明显泡囊的内生菌根。随后产生根外菌丝,并产生少量薄壁的“无性孢子”。这些“无性孢子”不能发育成正常的厚垣孢子。本文讨论了这一技术在研究VA菌根中的作用和意义。     

β干扰素基因在大肠杆菌中的表达

通过Bal 31酶酶切及筛选从β干扰素基因组克隆中分离到成熟β干扰素基因,并组建了一个在Tac启动子控制下表达β干扰索基因的质粒。研究了不同诱导条件对β干扰素表达的影响。Β干扰素在大肠杆菌中表达的产量为10μ／l。     

红豆杉细胞非甲羟戊酸途径关键酶基因dxr的克隆与分析

近几年的研究表明,非甲羟戊酸途径可能是紫杉醇合成的主要途径,通过对各种不同来源的非甲羟戊酸途径关键酶5_磷酸脱氧木酮糖还原异构酶（DXR）基因同源区域进行比较,设计出简并引物,利用RT_PCR技术从中国红豆杉（Taxus chinensis）悬浮细胞中扩增出535bp的基因片段。同源序列比对发现,推断的蛋白质序列与Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9XFS9)、Mentha x piperita (Q9XES0)、Synechococcus elongatus (Q8DK30)、Synechocystissp. PCC 6803 (Q55663)、Nostocsp. PCC 7120 (Q8YP49)、Synechococcus leopoliensis (Q9RKT1)的一致性分别达到95%、94%、80%、78%、78%和73%。结合蛋白质保守区、特征区以及进化树分析,证实该基因确为dxr基因,首次报道从裸子植物中克隆到非甲羟戊酸途径关键酶的基因片段。     

The program of protein synthesis during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis

The program of protein synthesis was examined during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis as an index of the control of gene expression. At various stages of growth and spore formation, cells of B. subtilis were pulse-labeled with ³⁵S-methionine. Protein was extracted from the radioactively labeled bacteria and then subjected to high resolution one-dimensional and two-dimensional slab gel electrophoresis. We report that sporulating cells restricted or “turned off” the synthesis of certain polypeptides characteristic of the vegetative phase of growth. In certain cases, this “turn off” was prevented in a mutant (SpoOa-5NA) blocked at the first stage of spore formation. Sporulating bacteria also elaborated new polypeptide species that could not be detected in vegetatively growing cells or in cells of the asporogenous mutant SpoOa-5NA in sporulation medium. The synthesis of these sporulation-specific proteins was “turned on” in a temporally defined sequence throughout the period of spore formation. Spore coat protein, for example, was first synthesized at 4 hr after the onset of sporulation, the time at which refractile prespores appeared. Certain sporulation-specific polypeptides including the coat protein were among the most actively produced polypeptides in sporulating cells.     

Resporulation of outgrowing Bacillus subtilis spores.

Germinated spores of Bacillus subtilis were incubated in outgrowth medium and tested periodically for capacity to sporulate when suspended in sporulation medium. Concurrent measurements were made of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content and numbers of cell division septa and nucleoids. Sporulation potential is shown to reach a peak at about 110 min at which time the chromosomes are probably well into the second round of replication. Experiments with nalidixic acid show that sporulation potential can be generated in the outgrowth medium even when DNA synthesis is largely prevented. Further experiments show that nalidixic acid apparently does not prevent the formation of DNA initiation complexes, which can subsequently function after resuspension in the sporulation medium. The results support those previously obtained with a temperature-sensitive DNA mutant which indicated that sporulation could only be induced at a specific stage of chromosome replication, and then only if the cells are in a state of nutritional "step-down".     

Sporulation in Bacillus subtilis. Effect of medium on the form of chromosome replication and on initiation to sporulation in Bacillus subtilis

Thymine-requiring mutants of Bacillus subtilis and mutants that are temperature-sensitive for initiation of chromosome replication have been used to study the relationship between sporulation and chromosome formation. The DNA synthesis that normally occurs when cells are transferred to sporulation medium is essential for spore induction. This is shown by the fact that thymine-starved cells are unable to form spores and are unable to perform even the earlier steps of sporulation, such as septum formation or synthesis of alkaline phosphatase. The nature of the medium in which the cells are growing while the DNA is being completed is also important because it determines both the shape and the position of the daughter chromosomes. If the cells are in a rich medium, the newly synthesized chromosomes are discrete and compact bodies: the cells are primed for growth, and sporulation cannot be induced by transferring them at this stage to a spore-inducing medium. If DNA synthesis was completed with the cells in a poor medium the daughter chromosomes, by the time DNA synthesis has ceased, are spread in a single filamentous band and the cells are morphologically already in stage I of sporulation.     

Differential amino acid requirements for sporulation in Bacillus subtilis

The amino acid requirements for sporulation were studied by use of auxotrophic mutants of Bacillus subtilis 168. Cells were grown to T(0) in medium containing the test amino acid and were then transferred to a minimal medium lacking that amino acid. Omission of leucine caused no reduction in sporulation. Omission of methionine, lysine, and phenylalanine appeared to cause reduced levels of sporulation, and sporulation was completely inhibited when isoleucine, tryptophan, and threonine were omitted. The amino acids in this third class showed a sequence of requirements, with tryptophan required earlier than isoleucine, which in turn was required earlier in the sporulation process than threonine. Isoleucine omission did not affect the early sporulation functions of extracellular protease formation or septum formation, but prevented the increased levels of protein synthesis and oxygen consumption that normally accompany early sporulation stages. Isoleucine did not appear to be metabolized to other compounds in significant amounts during sporulation. The role of isoleucine in the sporulation process remains unclear.     

Genetic mapping and physiological consequences of metE mutations of Bacillus subtilis.

Three metE mutations of Bacillus subtilis, which cause cells to have a 25- to 200-fold decrease in L-methionine S-adenosyltransferase (EC 2.5.1.6) activity, were mapped between bioB and thr. The corresponding three metE mutants contained three- to fourfold less intracellular S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) but at least sevenfold more methionine than the metE+ strain when grown in synthetic medium. This indicates a strong feedback control of SAM on its synthesis. However, only the metE2 strain, with the lowest SAM concentration, grew at a slightly lower rate than the parent, which showed that an intracellular concentration of about 25 microM SAM was critical for growth at the normal rate. Neither DNA methylation (measured by bacteriophage luminal diameter 105 restriction) nor sporulation was affected at this low SAM concentration. Addition of methionine to the growth medium caused an increase in the pool of SAM in some but not all metE mutants. Coaddition of adenine did not change this result. However, the extent of sporulation (induced by mycophenolic acid) was decreased 50-fold in all mutants by the addition of methionine and adenine. Therefore, the combination of methionine and adenine suppresses sporulation regardless of whether it causes an increase in the level of SAM.     

Phenotypes of Bacillus subtilis mutants altered in the precursor-specific region of sigma E.

sigma E is a sporulation-specific sigma factor of Bacillus subtilis that is synthesized from an inactive precursor protein (P31). The structural gene (sigE) for P31 was reengineered by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis to encode sigma E directly. The sequence specifying the first amino acid of sigma E (GGC) was placed immediately downstream of the initiating codon (ATG) of P31. The resulting sigE allele (sigE delta 84) encodes a sigma E-like protein which differs from the "processed product" by a single Met residue at its amino terminus. B. subtilis strains which carried this allele were Spo- and contained no detectable sigma E. The sigE delta 84 allele generated a product in Escherichia coli which, by quantitative Western immunoblot analysis, was present at 10 to 20% of the level of product (P31) obtained from a wild-type allele. A sigma E-like product was also not detected in two B. subtilis strains with missense mutations in the sequence encoding the processed region of P31. These results suggest that sigma E is a highly labile protein that is stabilized during its synthesis by an element of the precursor sequence. A mutant allele (sigE delta 48) which made an active sigma E-like protein in B. subtilis was isolated. This gene specified a product in which five amino acids, not derived from the P31 processed region, were joined to P31 at a position eight amino acids upstream of the processing site. The sigE delta 48 product was not processed, but it activated the sigma E -dependent spoIID promoter in vivo. The sigE delta 48 product therefore lost both an essential target for processing and a region which inhibited sigma sigma E activity. Cells which carried sig E delta 48 were Spo-. The basis of the sigE delta 48-dependent defect in sporulation is unknown, but the sigma E delta 48 activity appeared to persist beyond the time in development (4 h after onset sporulation) when wild-type sigma E activity declines. Thus, it may interfere with the proper regulation of late sporulation genes.     

The effect of acid shock on sporulating Bacillus subtilis cells

AIMS: To study the effect of acid shock in sporulation on the production of acid-shock proteins, and on the heat resistance and germination characteristics of the spores formed subsequently. METHODS AND RESULTS: Bacillus subtilis wild-type (SASP-alpha+beta+) and mutant (SASP-alpha-beta-) cells in 2 x SG medium at 30 degrees C were acid-shocked with HCl (pH 4, 4.3, 5 and 6 against a control pH of 6.2) for 30 min, 1 h into sporulation. The D85-value of B. subtilis wild-type (but not mutant) spores formed from sporulating cells acid-shocked at pH 5 increased from 46.5 min to 78.8 min, and there was also an increase in the resistance of wild-type acid-shocked spores at both 90 degrees C and 95 degrees C. ALA- or AGFK-initiated germination of pH 5-shocked spores was the same as that of non-acid-shocked spores. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis showed only one novel acid-shock protein, identified as a vegetative catalase 1 (KatA), which appeared 30 min after acid shock but was lost later in sporulation. CONCLUSIONS: Acid shock at pH 5 increased the heat resistance of spores subsequently formed in B. subtilis wild type. The catalase, KatA, was induced by acid shock early in sporulation, but since it was degraded later in sporulation, it appears to act to increase heat resistance by altering spore structure. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This is the first proteomic study of acid shock in sporulating B. subtilis cells. The increasing spore heat resistance produced by acid shock may have significance for the heat resistance of spores formed in the food industry.