鸭病毒性肠炎病毒强毒株的形态发生学与超微病理学研究

应用透射电镜和超薄切片技术,研究鸭病毒性肠炎病毒(duck enteritis virus,DEV)CH强毒株人工感染成年鸭后,病毒在宿主细胞内的形态发生及各组织器官的超微结构变化.结果表明,感染后不同时间剖杀及发病后死亡鸭的肝、肠、脾、胸腺、法氏囊等组织器官中,均观察到典型的疱疹病毒粒子.病毒主要的靶细胞为淋巴细胞、网状内皮细胞、成纤维细胞、巨噬细胞、血管内皮细胞、肠道上皮细胞、肠道平滑肌细胞和肝细胞等.DEV的核衣壳有空心型、致密核心型、双环型和内壁附有颗粒型四种形态,存在胞核和胞浆两种装配方式.病毒核衣壳可在核内获得皮层,通过核内膜获得囊膜成为成熟病毒;也可通过内外核膜进入胞浆,在其中获得皮层,然后在各种质膜上获得囊膜,最后成熟病毒释放到细胞外.伴随着病毒的复制、装配和成熟,细胞中出现多种核内和胞浆包涵体、核内致密病毒核酸颗粒、微管和中空短管以及胞浆内膜包裹的电子致密小体、双层管等病毒相关结构.超微研究表明,组织细胞有坏死和凋亡两种变化.坏死细胞肿胀甚至破裂,线粒体肿胀空泡化,粗面内质网扩张,核糖体脱落,有的细胞器甚至完全崩解,染色质或固缩或溶解.凋亡细胞则染色质聚集,胞浆凝聚深染,细胞膜上有大量空泡,并有凋亡小体形成.细胞坏死与凋亡往往同时存在,疾病发生过程中,脾、胸腺、法氏囊以及小肠固有层中的淋巴细胞凋亡数量明显增多.     

鸡源和鹅源新城疫病毒在宿主细胞上的蚀斑形成特性及形态发生学比较

通过蚀斑形成试验比较鸡源(F48E9株)和鹅源(NA-1株)新城疫病毒在不同细胞的蚀斑形成能力,结果显示F48E9、NA-1两种病毒在Vero细胞、鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)和鹅胚成纤维细胞(GEF)上蚀斑形成能力存在明显的差异,在GEF上NA-1株的蚀斑形成能力强于F48E9株,而在CEF上弱于F48E9株,在Vero细胞上NA-1株的蚀斑形成能力稍强于F48E9株,表明病毒蚀斑形成特性与宿主种属特性一致。通过电镜观察两株病毒以相同感染量感染Vero细胞后的病毒形态发生过程。NA-1株和F48E9株病毒在Vero细胞中不同时段的形态发生的进程上存在区别,无论从出芽时间还是出芽后病毒囊膜的完整性上,NA-1株均优于F48E9株,提示NA-1株病毒对宿主环境的适应力较强。     

伪狂犬病病毒基因缺失疫苗制苗用毒种特性研究

本试验通过对PRV基因缺失株SA215(gE-/gI-/TK- )细胞培养特性、理化特性及形态发生过程进行研究,来确定gE、gI和TK 基因缺失对病毒特性的影响。结果表明,基因缺失对该毒株在培养细胞的吸附和穿入过程没有影响,但与亲本株相比,表现为生长掩蔽期延长,增殖速度减缓,但能达到相似的增殖滴度,并且基因缺失对病毒的理化特性影响很小。形态发生过程观察结果表明,PRV SA215 株在细胞培养上形态发生正常,能形成感染性病毒粒子,但在由核膜出芽和囊膜形成上受到一定程度的阻碍。本研究为疫苗研制和生产提供指导和依据。     

新城疫病毒M蛋白在病毒毒力和复制中的作用研究进展

M蛋白是新城疫病毒(Newcastle disease virus,NDV)基因组编码的一种非糖基化膜相关蛋白,主要位于病毒囊膜内表面,构成病毒囊膜与核衣壳连接的支架.研究表明,M蛋白是一种细胞核-细胞质穿梭蛋白,在抑制细胞基因转录和蛋白质合成以及协助病毒粒子组装和出芽方面发挥了重要作用.目前,国内外对NDV毒力和复制...     

杆状病毒囊膜糖蛋白gp64基因启动子活性分析

GP64是杆状病毒在其发育循环第一时相所产生的芽生型病毒粒子（budded voirus,BV)的特异性囊膜糖蛋白。它在病毒入侵细胞过程中具有重要作用。为了探明杆状病毒gp64基因的表达调控。从所克隆的BmNPV和AcMNPVgp64基因ATG上游437-439bp启动子的序列分析发现。该启动子同时具有早期和晚期转录模体,将所构建的该启动子控制下荧光素酶报告基因（Luc)的非融合表达质粒分别转染Bm-N和Sf-21细胞进行瞬间表达分析,BmNPVgp64启动子能被允许宿主Bm-N细胞RNA聚合酶Ⅱ所识别,AcMNPVgp64启动子既能被允许宿主Sf-21又能被非允许宿主Bm-N细胞RNA聚合酶Ⅱ所识别,同时,这两个启动子的转录活性在各自的允许宿主细胞中被相应的病毒因子所反式激活2.4-4倍。将家吞核多角体病毒同源重复序列3（BmNPV homologous region-3,hr3)克隆到该启动子控制下的Luc报告基因下游,用所构建的质粒分别转染细胞,瞬间表达分析结果表达,BmNPVhr3能分别增强该启动子在Bm-N和Sf-21细胞中的转录活性13-22倍和7000-14000倍以上,同时,相应的病毒因子能反式激活插入了hr3的gp64启动子在各自允许宿主细胞中转录活性73-78倍,这暗示着BmNPVhr3除了具有病毒DNA复制原点和增强子的功能外,它在病毒的反式激活过程中起着重要的作用。     

缺失宿主Vta1蛋白的MIT结构域对杆状病毒AcMNPV复制的影响

【目的】克隆草地贪夜蛾(Spodoptera frugiperda)Vta1基因,检测Vta1在苜蓿银纹夜蛾核多角体病毒(Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus,AcMNPV)复制中的作用。【方法】利用反转录-PCR与PCR方法筛选草地贪夜蛾Vta1基因及缺失Vta1N-端MIT结构域的突变体并构建其瞬时表达质粒,通过转染Sf9细胞检测表达;构建Vta1及其突变体的双分子荧光互补表达质粒,并通过瞬时转染检测其与Vps4及ESCRT-III亚基Vps46与Vps60的相互作用;共转染gp64与Vta1及其突变体瞬时表达质粒,检测瞬时表达Vta1突变体对AcMNPV出芽型病毒产量及病毒基因启动子指导报告基因表达的影响。【结果】获得了草地贪夜蛾Vta1基因。氨基酸序列相似性分析表明,昆虫、酵母与人类Vta1同源蛋白的相似性分别约为20%与50%。Western blotting分析表明GFP标签的Vta1及其突变体均能在瞬时转染的Sf9细胞中表达。双分子荧光互补分析发现,缺失第1个或第2个MIT结构域显著降低Vta1突变体与Vps4、Vps46或Vps60的相互作用。此外,瞬时表达Vta1突变体显著降低了AcMNPV感染性出芽型病毒的产量,但并未影响AcMNPVie1基因早期启动子和p6.9基因晚期启动子指导的LacZ和GUS报告基因的表达。【结论】Vta1可能参与杆状病毒AcMNPV子代病毒粒子的组装和/或出芽释放过程。     

金特异性结合短肽介导的重组杆状病毒与胶体金构成的纳米复合体

纳米金在生物探针方面的应用技术是重要的研究方向, 这一技术的关键在于纳米金与生物分子有效的结合, 本文通过基因重组策略, 研究杆状病毒表面展示技术与金特异结合肽介导的固定化方法联用以构建生物-无机复合材料的可行性。利用Bac-to-Bac杆状病毒表达系统将合成的金特异结合肽基因融合到杆状病毒BmNPV囊膜糖蛋白gp64的N端信号肽与成熟蛋白之间构成转移质粒载体, 经过转座得到重组穿梭质粒pFB-gp64-Au, 转染Sf9昆虫细胞后收获多角体启动子控制下表达融合蛋白的重组AcMNPV。同时采用硼氢化钠还原法制备得到胶体金, 进行组建病毒 胶体金复合结构的初步研究。结果表明, 成功构建的重组穿梭质粒转染细胞后得到囊膜表面经金无机结合肽修饰的AcMNPV重组病毒, 并通过透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscopy, TEM)观察到由金特异结合肽所介导的病毒 胶体金的复合结构。这项研究有助于进行生物-无机复合体系构建及纳米材料在生物学领域应用的研究。     

伪狂犬病病毒基因缺失疫苗制苗用毒种特性研究

本试验通过对PRV基因缺失株SA215(gE -/gI -/TK -)细胞培养特性、理化特性及形态发生过程进行研究,来确定gE、gI和TK基因缺失对病毒特性的影响.结果表明,基因缺失对该毒株在培养细胞的吸附和穿入过程没有影响,但与亲本株相比,表现为生长掩蔽期延长,增殖速度减缓,但能达到相似的增殖滴度,并且基因缺失对病毒的理化特性影响很小.形态发生过程观察结果表明,PRV SA215株在细胞培养上形态发生正常,能形成感染性病毒粒子,但在由核膜出芽和囊膜形成上受到一定程度的阻碍.本研究为疫苗研制和生产提供指导和依据.     

人工感染雏鹅新型病毒性肠炎病毒的形态发生及宿主细胞的超微结构变化

应用超薄切片及电镜观察发现,人工感染雏鹅新型病毒性肠炎病毒(gosling new type viral enteritis virus,NGVEV)后不同时间宰杀的及发病的雏鹅,其心、肝及小肠上皮细胞的细胞核(质)中均有典型腺病毒粒子.病毒侵害的靶器官主要是小肠粘膜上皮细胞,以上皮细胞微绒毛断裂、脱落开始,进一步发展为上皮细胞核畸形,固缩,核仁消失,核膜模糊和胞核崩解;胞浆严重空化,形成含有很多病毒粒子的"封入体";粗面内质网严重扩张呈囊状,其上的核蛋白体严重脱落;线粒体外膜破裂或嵴断裂及空化,部分受到损害的线粒体充满大量的病毒粒子;形成肠道栓子的外层假膜由大量的病毒粒子、细菌以及坏死的肠上皮细胞组成.肝和心的损害主要发生于感染早期,其粗面内质网和线粒体出现类似于小肠粘膜上皮细胞的变化.病毒在细胞核复制和装配,通过芽生或核膜的破裂而进入胞质,病毒于胞浆中主要是以"封入体"的形式存在,此外还有少量游离病毒.病毒释出细胞外可通过细胞膜芽生或破裂方式,也可通过与核外膜紧密联系的特殊膜性管道将病毒由胞核运至胞外.还讨论了小鹅瘟与雏鹅新型病毒性肠炎在超微结构上的区别.     

激素和活性多肽

侄草地捉蛾Sf9细胞:}l灰达_r传染性粘液囊病 病毒(IBDV)株(E/DE],)结构蛋白(VP2)的 编码基阂,该基因含有金属离子fA合位点,在C一 末端表现为5个组氯酸戏基。用曹蓿银纹夜蛾核多 角体病毒DNA分别与质粒pEDLBacⅡ和 pEDLH—BacⅡ共转染Sf9细胞,获得2种重组杆 状病毒vED[。-8和rED     

The GP64 envelope fusion protein is an essential baculovirus protein required for cell-to-cell transmission of infection.

To demonstrate the essential nature of the baculovirus GP64 envelope fusion protein (GP64 EFP) and to further examine the role of this protein in infection, we inactivated the gp64 efp gene of Autographa californica multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) and examined the biological properties of this virus in vivo. To provide GP64 EFP during construction of the recombinant GP64 EFP-null AcMNPV baculovirus, we first generated a stably transfected insect cell line (SfpOP64-6) that constitutively expressed the GP64 EFP of Orgyia pseudotsugata multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (OpMNPV). The AcMNPV gp64 efp gene was inactivated by inserting the bacterial lacZ gene in frame after codon 131 of the gp64 efp gene. The inactivated gp64 gene was cloned into the AcMNPV viral genome by replacement of the wild-type gp64 efp locus. When propagated in the stably transfected insect cells (Sf9OP64-6 cells), budded virions produced by the recombinant AcMNPV GP64 EFP-null virus (vAc64z) contained OpMNPV GP64 EFP supplied by the Sf9OP64-6 cells. Virions propagated in Sf9OP64-6 cells were capable of infecting wild-type Sf9 cells, and cells infected by vAc64z exhibited a blue phenotype in the presence of X-Gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside). Using cytochemical staining to detect vAc64z infected cells, we demonstrated that this GP64 EFP-null virus is defective in cell-to-cell propagation in cell culture. Although defective in cell-to-cell propagation, vAc64z produces occlusion bodies and infectious occlusion-derived virions within the nucleus. Occlusion bodies collected from cells infected by vAc64z were infectious to midgut epithelial cells of Trichoplusia ni larvae. However, in contrast to infection by a control virus, infection by vAc64z did not proceed into the hemocoel. Analysis of vAc64z occlusion bodies in a standard neonate droplet feeding assay showed no virus-induced mortality, indicating that occluded virions produced from vAc64z could not initiate a productive (lethal) infection in neonate larvae. Thus, GP64 EFP is an essential virion structural protein that is required for propagation of the budded virus from cell to cell and for systemic infection of the host insect.     

A GP64-null baculovirus pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus G protein

The Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) GP64 protein is an essential virion protein that is involved in both receptor binding and membrane fusion during viral entry. Genetic studies have shown that GP64-null viruses are unable to move from cell to cell and this results from a defect in the assembly and production of budded virions (BV). To further examine requirements for virion budding, we asked whether a GP64-null baculovirus, vAc(64-), could be pseudotyped by introducing a heterologous viral envelope protein (vesicular stomatitis virus G protein [VSV-G]) into its membrane and whether the resulting virus was infectious. To address this question, we generated a stably transfected insect Sf9 cell line (Sf9(VSV-G)) that inducibly expresses the VSV-G protein upon infection with AcMNPV Sf9(VSV-G) and Sf9 cells were infected with vAc(64-), and cells were monitored for infection and for movement of infection from cell to cell. vAc(64-) formed plaques on Sf9(VSV-G) cells but not on Sf9 cells, and plaques formed on Sf9(VSV-G) cells were observed only after prolonged intervals. Passage and amplification of vAc(64-) on Sf9(VSV-G) cells resulted in pseudotyped virus particles that contained the VSV-G protein. Cell-to-cell propagation of vAc(64-) in the G-expressing cells was delayed in comparison to wild-type (wt) AcMNPV, and growth curves showed that pseudotyped vAc(64-) was generated at titers of approximately 10(6) to 10(7) infectious units (IU)/ml, compared with titers of approximately 10(8) IU/ml for wt AcMNPV. Propagation and amplification of pseudotyped vAc(64-) virions in Sf9(VSV-G) cells suggests that the VSV-G protein may either possess the signals necessary for baculovirus BV assembly and budding at the cell surface or may otherwise facilitate production of infectious baculovirus virions. The functional complementation of GP64-null viruses by VSV-G protein was further demonstrated by identification of a vAc(64-)-derived virus that had acquired the G gene through recombination with Sf9(VSV-G) cellular DNA. GP64-null viruses expressing the VSV-G gene were capable of productive infection, replication, and propagation in Sf9 cells.     

Pseudotyping Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV): F proteins from group II NPVs are functionally analogous to AcMNPV GP64

GP64, the major envelope glycoprotein of budded virions of the baculovirus Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), is involved in viral attachment, mediates membrane fusion during virus entry, and is required for efficient virion budding. Thus, GP64 is essential for viral propagation in cell culture and in animals. Recent genome sequences from a number of baculoviruses show that only a subset of closely related baculoviruses have gp64 genes, while other baculoviruses have a recently discovered unrelated envelope protein named F. F proteins from Lymantria dispar MNPV (LdMNPV) and Spodoptera exigua MNPV (SeMNPV) mediate membrane fusion and are therefore thought to serve roles similar to that of GP64. To determine whether F proteins are functionally analogous to GP64 proteins, we deleted the gp64 gene from an AcMNPV bacmid and inserted F protein genes from three different baculoviruses. In addition, we also inserted envelope protein genes from vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and Thogoto virus. Transfection of the gp64-null bacmid DNA into Sf9 cells does not generate infectious particles, but this defect was rescued by introducing either the F protein gene from LdMNPV or SeMNPV or the G protein gene from VSV. These results demonstrate that baculovirus F proteins are functionally analogous to GP64. Because baculovirus F proteins appear to be more widespread within the family and are much more divergent than GP64 proteins, gp64 may represent the acquisition of an envelope protein gene by an ancestral baculovirus. The AcMNPV pseudotyping system provides an efficient and powerful method for examining the functions and compatibilities of analogous or orthologous viral envelope proteins, and it could have important biotechnological applications.     

MICROTUBULATION OF THE INNER MEMBRANE OF THE NUCLEAR ENVELOPE

In the course of a light and electron microscopy study of spermatogenesis in the European crayfish, Astacus fluviatilis, spermatocytes of abnormal appearance were observed in two instances in individuals that had passed the mating period. The electron microscope showed that the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope of these cells was erupting into a mass of microtubules, 15 to 18 mµ in diameter and 0.5 µ or more in length, while the outer membrane transformed into cytoplasmic vesicles. Stages in the formation of these novel processes were followed. The plasma membrane of the affected cells was seen in some cases to erupt into similar although shorter microtubules. It is concluded that the phenomenon is part of a degenerative process in which the spermatocytes are being absorbed by sustentacular cells. It is suggested that the observations provide further evidence for a fundamental functional as well as a morphological similarity between the membranes bounding the nucleus and the plasma membrane.     

Virus envelope acquisition of nuclear polyhedrosis virus in vitro.

There have been several reports concerned with the replication and morphogenesis of insect baculoviruses during the past decade [1--7]. While there is general agreement as to the assembly of the virus on the basis of electron microscopic studies, there are still questions regarding the details of the replicative mechanisms, such as the acquisition of the virus envelope. Three possible ways have been proposed to describe envelope formation of nuclear polyhedrosis virus: (i) acquisition of budding through the nuclear membrane; (ii) acquisition of budding through the plasma membrane, and (iii) de novo formation within the nucleus. This paper briefly describes the observations made on the acquisition of a virus envelope by the cotton bollworm virus (Heliothis armigera), a nuclear polyhedrosis virus, in primary hemocyte cultures. Swirling hair-like clusters, hitherto unreported, were observed in association with virogenic stroma and nucleocapsids in the nuclei of infected cells. It is postulated that the formation of the hair-like structure may be involved in the process of envelopment of the virus.     

蓝氏贾第虫核被膜缺口的电镜观寨

双滴虫类是迄今所知的现存最原始的真核生物类群。以蓝氏贾第虫作为双滴虫类的代表,对其细胞核进行了电镜观察。除了未见有核仁外,还发现其核被膜的横切面上存在有缺口。在缺口的边缘处,核内膜与校外膜是相互连接着的,表明并非切片时所造成的假象。核被膜缺口处常有一核纤层样的薄层分隔核质与细胞质。用高锰酸钾固定细胞以求只保存膜结构时,核被膜缺口仍然可见,上述的薄层即未见到。核被膜缺口的发现证实了李靖炎（１９７９）的核被膜起源假说所作出的推断。     

Apical budding of a recombinant influenza A virus expressing a hemagglutinin protein with a basolateral localization signal

Influenza virions bud preferentially from the apical plasma membrane of infected epithelial cells, by enveloping viral nucleocapsids located in the cytosol with its viral integral membrane proteins, i.e., hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and M2 proteins, located at the plasma membrane. Because individually expressed HA, NA, and M2 proteins are targeted to the apical surface of the cell, guided by apical sorting signals in their transmembrane or cytoplasmic domains, it has been proposed that the polarized budding of influenza virions depends on the interaction of nucleocapsids and matrix proteins with the cytoplasmic domains of HA, NA, and/or M2 proteins. Since HA is the major protein component of the viral envelope, its polarized surface delivery may be a major force that drives polarized viral budding. We investigated this hypothesis by infecting MDCK cells with a transfectant influenza virus carrying a mutant form of HA (C560Y) with a basolateral sorting signal in its cytoplasmic domain. C560Y HA was expressed nonpolarly on the surface of infected MDCK cells. Interestingly, viral budding remained apical in C560Y virus-infected cells, and so did the location of NP and M1 proteins at late times of infection. These results are consistent with a model in which apical viral budding is a shared function of various viral components rather than a role of the major viral envelope glycoprotein HA.     

Display of heterologous proteins on gp64null baculovirus virions and enhanced budding mediated by a vesicular stomatitis virus G-stem construct

The Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) GP64 envelope glycoprotein is essential for virus entry and plays an important role in virion budding. An AcMNPV construct that contains a deletion of the gp64 gene is unable to propagate infection from cell to cell, and this defect results from both a severe reduction in the production of budded virions and the absence of GP64 on virions. In the current study, we examined GP64 proteins containing N- and C-terminal truncations of the ectodomain and identified a minimal construct capable of targeting the truncated GP64 to budded virions. The minimal budding and targeting construct of GP64 contained 38 amino acids from the mature N terminus of the GP64 ectodomain and 52 amino acids from the C terminus of GP64. Because the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) G protein was previously found to rescue infectivity of a gp64null AcMNPV, we also examined a small C-terminal construct of the VSV G protein. We found that a construct containing 91 amino acids from the C terminus of VSV G (termed G-stem) was capable of rescuing AcMNPV gp64null virion budding to wild-type (wt) or nearly wt levels. We also examined the display of chimeric proteins on the gp64null AcMNPV virion. By generating viruses that expressed chimeric influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) proteins containing the GP64 targeting domain and coinfecting those viruses with a virus expressing the G-stem construct, we demonstrated enhanced display of the HA protein on gp64null AcMNPV budded virions. The combined use of gp64null virions, VSV G-stem-enhanced budding, and GP64 domains for targeting heterologous proteins to virions should be valuable for biotechnological applications ranging from targeted transduction of mammalian cells to vaccine production.     

尼罗罗非鱼精子形成中核内囊泡的释放

通过透射电镜观察了尼罗罗非鱼的精子形成过程。尼罗罗非鱼精子细胞在成熟过程中,细胞核中出现由双层生物膜构成的囊泡。囊泡中均匀分布着电子密度低的物质。该囊泡逐渐从细胞核内排到细胞核外。在此过程中细胞核不但排出不参与染色质浓缩的物质,还将多余的核膜排出。进入袖套的囊泡可以留在精子的袖套中,而排到核前方和核侧面的囊泡继续以出芽的方式排出精子细胞。尼罗罗非鱼成熟精子的头部仅有染色质高度浓缩的细胞核。细胞核前