核仁小RNA源性小RNA

最新研究结果表明,一些与RNA介导基因沉默相关的小RNA由核仁小RNA(small nucleolar RNA,snoRNA)加工产生,这种小RNA被称为核仁小RNA源性小RNA(snoRNA derived small RNA,sdRNA)。sdRNA现象分布物种广;涉及的snoRNA种类全,数量多;产生的小RNA分子大小不一、数量、种类多。表明这种小RNA在生物中存在着广泛的普遍性。sdRNA的发现拓展了snoRNA的功能,揭示了snoRNA与RNA介导的基因沉默之间的紧密关系,增强了snoRNA在RNA调控网络中的重要性,并为进一步研究RNA调控网络开启了一扇门。     

核仁小RNA与肺癌

核仁小RNA（small nucleolar RNA, snoRNA）是一类定位于核仁内的短链非编码RNA,在多种RNA的加工修饰过程中发挥重要作用。随着人们对基因组认识的深入,snoRNA等非编码RNA的结构及功能已成为研究的热点。近年来有研究表明,snoRNA与肺癌的发生发展有密切关系。本文结合国内外snoRNA与肺癌相关的最新研究结果,在总结snoRNA的基本结构和功能的基础上,对snoRNA在肺癌发生发展中的特点以及在肺癌的诊断和治疗中潜在应用价值进行综述,以期为后续相关的研究提供参考。     

核仁小RNA与肺癌北大核心CSCD

核仁小RNA(small nucleolar RNA,snoRNA)是一类定位于核仁内的短链非编码RNA,在多种RNA的加工修饰过程中发挥重要作用。随着人们对基因组认识的深入,snoRNA等非编码RNA的结构及功能已成为研究的热点。近年来有研究表明,snoRNA与肺癌的发生发展有密切关系。本文结合国内外snoRNA与肺癌相关的最新研究结果,在总结snoRNA的基本结构和功能的基础上,对snoRNA在肺癌发生发展中的特点以及在肺癌的诊断和治疗中潜在应用价值进行综述,以期为后续相关的研究提供参考。     

环状RNA的生物学功能及其在肿瘤发生中的作用

近年来,随着RNA研究技术的进步,研究者们在多种生物中发现了数量众多的环状RNA,且发现它们具有重要的生物学功能。环状RNA来源于内含子或外显子,可以充当微小RNA海绵,还能与蛋白质相结合,从而参与基因表达调控并影响蛋白质的功能,此外,个别环状RNA甚至能编码蛋白质。更重要的是,环状RNA在肿瘤(如:胃癌、肝癌、结直肠癌、乳腺癌、宫颈癌和卵巢癌等)的发生和发展过程中起着重要的调控作用。因此,环状RNA有希望成为肿瘤诊断的标志物和治疗的新靶点。     

环状RNA的生物学功能及其在胃肠肿瘤发生中的作用

环状RNA(circular RNA,circ RNA)是广泛存在于真核生物转录组的内源性非编码RNA.与线性RNA不同,circ RNA不易被酶解,具有更加稳定的结构.circ RNA具有微小RNA(micro RNA,mi RNA)海绵、RNA结合蛋白海绵、调节转录以及翻译蛋白质等多种生物学功能,能够在转录水平或转录后水平调节基因的表达.近期的研究发现,circ RNA在调控肿瘤细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭过程中扮演着重要的角色.胃肠肿瘤是我国常见且死亡率高的恶性肿瘤,研究者在胃肠肿瘤中发现大量异常表达的circ RNA(如:hsa_circ_0014717、hsa_circ_0001017、hsa_circ_0061276、hsa_circ_0125965和hsa_circ_KLDHC10等).本文首先阐述circ RNA的形成机制和生物学功能;然后结合国内外胃肠肿瘤相关circ RNA的最新研究进展和本课题组相关研究成果,对circ RNA影响胃肠肿瘤发生的机制作一综述,并希望能以此为胃肠肿瘤的诊断和治疗提供新的理论依据.     

微小RNA在降低HCC分子靶向药物耐药性中的作用

肝细胞癌（HCC）是原发性肝癌的主要组织学类型,大多数患者初诊时即为晚期,生存率较低,一般为5年时间。分子靶向治疗作为晚期HCC患者的重要治疗手段,大部分HCC患者都会因产生不同程度的耐药性而导致肿瘤复发或转移。特异微小RNA通过影响多类信号传导通路参与HCC靶向药耐药的调控,已成为肿瘤及耐药机制研究的热点之一。文章对微小RNA调控HCC耐药性的最新研究进行了综述,以期为解决HCC分子靶向药物耐药性问题找到新的生物标志物和治疗靶点。     

小核仁RNAs及其衍生RNAs的研究进展

小核仁RNAs(small nucleolarRNAs,snoRNAs)是一类发现较早且位于核仁内的小非编码RNAs,在核糖体RNAs(ribosomalRNAs,rRNAs)、信使RNAs(messengerRNAs,mRNAs)、小核RNAs(small nuclearRNAs,snRNAs)的成熟及修饰中均发挥重要作用。snoRNAs的功能及其作用途径一直以来均是学术界的研究热点。目前,snoRNAs对rRNAs的化学修饰作用已得到广泛认可。另外,有研究表明snoRNAs与一些遗传疾病以及肿瘤性疾病的发生发展存在密切关联。近年来研究发现,部分snoRNAs经切割可生成更小的、有功能的RNAs,即小核仁RNAs衍生RNAs(snoRNAs derivedRNAs,sdRNAs),这些sdRNAs中部分具有微小RNAs(microRNAs,miRNAs)的特征,可发挥类似miRNA的作用,这一发现极大地拓展了snoRNAs的作用机制方式。结合国内外研究现状,在总结snoRNAs的结构和基本功能的基础上对sdRNAs与miRNAs之间的相关性进行了综述,以期为后续的相关研究提供参考。     

植物核仁小分子RNA及其研究进展

自从６０年代末Ｗｅｉｎｂｅｒｇ等在哺乳动物中发现了第一个核仁小分子ＲＮＡ（ｓｍａｌｎｕｃｌｅｏｌａｒＲＮＡ,ｓｎｏＲＮＡ）Ｕ３以来,这一领域的研究特别是９０年代以来的进展引起了人们的广泛关注。这些富集于核仁区的代谢稳定的ｓｎｏＲＮＡ暗示了它们在核糖体...     

水稻基因组中的小RNA

水稻是一种很重要的模式植物, 其基因组框架图的完成将对植物生物学和遗传进化学等学科的研究做出巨大贡献. 目前, 水稻科研工作者们在绘制水稻完成图谱的同时, 也正在对水稻中基因和非编码区序列进行着深入的研究. 非编码RNA在生物系统中有着很重要的作用. 小RNA是非编码RNA的一种, 我们在水稻基因组中寻找已知小RNA序列, 并且在拟南芥、玉米、酵母、线虫、老鼠和猪这6个物种中一一进行比对, 结果在552个小RNA的数据库中找到160个小RNA, 它们存在于水稻的108个Scaffold中, 其中绝大部分(99.41%)都位于基因预测的内含子区. 19个小RNA只存在于水稻基因组中. 发现了两段U14小RNA保守片段, 一段是位于同系列的5个小RNA ZMU14SNR9(s)中, 它们只出现在3个植物物种上, 其中86%序列都是和水稻、拟南芥、玉米重复的序列; 另一段保守的小RNA是XLHS7CU14, 它出现在除猪以外的其他6个物种中. 所有这些结果显示小RNA在植物和动物之间并没有明显的界限.     

小激活RNA上调抑癌基因p21表达及其应用前景

小激活RNA (small activating RNA, saRNA)是新近发现的能够靶向作用于基因启动子区域,并在转录水平诱导基因表达的小分子双链RNA。RNA激活通过重新开启内源性基因的表达、恢复蛋白质的天然功能来发挥治疗作用,在医学上具有巨大的应用前景。抑癌基因p21的主要作用是使细胞周期停滞于G1/S和G2/M期,从而抑制细胞增殖。该文就saRNA上调抑癌基因p21表达的生物学意义及saRNA药物应用的可行性作一综述。     

Small nucleolar RNA

The review considers small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), an abundant group of non-protein-coding RNAs. In association with proteins, snoRNAs determine the two most common nucleotide modifications in rRNA and some other cell RNAs: 2′-O-methylation of ribose and pseudouridylation. In addition, snoRNAs are involved in pre-mRNA cleavage and the telomerase function. Almost all snoRNAs fall into two families, C/D and H/ACA, distinguished by conserved sequence boxes. Although the proteins of C/D and H/ACA snoRNPs have homologous regions, these snoRNPs are assembled differently. The RNA components of RNases P and MRP are also classed with snoRNAs. Another problem considered is the structure and function of small RNAs from Cajal bodies (small organelles associated with the nucleoli), which are similar to snoRNAs.     

小细胞外囊泡及其携带的非编码RNA在非酒精性脂肪性肝病中的作用

小细胞外囊泡（small extracellular vesicles,sEVs）是由细胞分泌的一种细胞外囊泡,产生于多泡体,多泡体与质膜融合并释放到细胞外基质。由于小细胞外囊泡可以携带分子质量相对较小的核酸、蛋白质、脂质,能够执行细胞间物质传递、细胞间通讯等功能。因此,小细胞外囊泡及其携带的非编码RNA不仅参与细胞正常生理过程,也可以在多种疾病的发生发展过程中起重要作用。本文综述了小细胞外囊泡在非酒精性脂肪性肝病（NAFLD）中的作用,小细胞外囊泡及其携带的非编码RNA不仅有望成为NAFLD诊断的标志物,同时也具有治疗NAFLD的潜在作用,或能为治疗NAFLD提供新思路。     

SRPK1 facilitates tumor cell growth via modulating the small nucleolar RNA expression in gastric cancer

Serine-arginine protein kinase 1 (SRPK1) is the main regulator in alternative splicing by phosphorylating splicing factors rich in serine/arginine repeats. Its overexpression has been found in multiple cancer types and contributes to cancer development. Here we report the role of SRPK1 and underlying mechanism in gastric cancer (GC) cell growth. We found that SRPK1 was frequently upregulated in GC samples compared with their adjacent corresponding normal tissues by immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. Knockdown of SRPK1 in GC cells suppressed cell growth in cell viability assays, colony formation assays and nude mice xenograft model, whereas overexpression of SRPK1 promotes opposite phenotypes in these assays. By a complementary DNA microarray analysis, we found that SRPK1 knockdown had significant inhibitory effects on a majority of small nucleolar RNAs expression. Among them, snoRA42, snoRA74A, and snoRD10 were selected for further functional experiments. Cell growth curves on a plate and in soft agar indicated that the three snoRNAs play potential oncogenic function in GC. In addition, SRPK1 could co-immunoprecipitated with NCL, a nucleolar phosphoprotein involved in the synthesis and maturation of ribosomes. These results suggested that SRPK1 contributes to GC development by a new possible mechanism involving snoRNAs mediated signaling.     

Small nucleolar RNA of silkworm can translocate from the nucleolus to the cytoplasm under abiotic stress

Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are thought to be exclusively nuclear and guide nucleotide modifications of ribosomal RNAs. Recently, more and more evidence has suggested that the nucleolus is a stress sensor for changes in growth status and that snoRNAs may orchestrate the response to environmental stress through molecular interactions outside of the nucleus. We previously showed that a box C/D snoRNA Bm-15 had both nuclear and cytoplasmic location in BmN4 cell line of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. To further study the functional roles of Bm-15, changes in expression level and cellular location of Bm-15 were examined in BmN4 cells subjected to serum starvation and ultraviolet (UV) ray radiation. Results indicated that total RNA level of Bm-15 was unchanged after 24 h serum starvation, but exhibited 3-fold increases in the cytoplasm, and the nuclear-to-cytosolic distribution ratio was reduced from 5:1 to 2:1. Moreover, UV radiation also causes rapid decline in nuclear Bm-15 and progressive cytoplasmic accumulation with a percentage of 22% and 57% after 6 and 24 h UV radiation. UV treatment results in a dramatic decrease in Bm-15 nuclear-to-cytosolic ratio from 7:1 to 2:1 and 2:1 to 1:20 after 6 and 24 h UV radiation, respectively. We show here for the first time that box C/D snoRNAs can translocate from the nucleus to the cytoplasm under the abiotic stress of nutritional deficiency and UV radiation. The rapid translocation of snoRNAs from nucleus to cytoplasm may slow down the maturation of rRNAs and synthesis of ribosomes to enhance the stress resistance of cells.     

Composition and structure of nucleolar skeleton (nucleolar matrix)-Actin and fibrillarin are two main protein components of nucleolar skeleton

Purified nucleoli of HeLa cells were treated sequentially with nonionic detergent, nucleic acid enzyme, low salt and high salt. The residual nucleolar structure termed nucleolar skeleton (nucleolar matrix) was shown as a fine network under electron microscope with DGD embedding-unembedding technique. Such structures of BHK-21 cell and mouse liver cell are similar to that of HeLa cell. The protein composition of the nucleolar skeleton of HeLa cells was analyzed. The protein composition of such nucleolar residual shows obvious difference from the compositions of nuclear matrix and chromosome scaffold. The major protein composition of the nucleolar skeleton of HeLa cells contains 6–7 polypeptides. Their molecular weights are about 48, 43, 36 and 33 ku. Further studies show that actin and fibrillarin are two major protein components of nucleolar skeleton of HeLa cells.     

Composition and structure of nucleolar skeleton (nucleolar matrix)——Actin and fibrillarin are two main protein components of nucleolar skeleton

Purified nucleoli of HeLa cells were treated sequentially with nonionic detergent, nucleic acid enzyme, low salt and high salt. The residual nucleolar structure termed nucleolar skeleton (nucleolar matrix) was shown as a fine network under electron microscope with DGD embedding-unembedding technique. Such structures of BHK-21 cell and mouse liver cell are similar to that of HeLa cell. The protein composition of the nucleolar skeleton of HeLa cells was analyzed. The protein composition of such nucleolar residual shows obvious difference from the compositions of nuclear matrix and chromosome scaffold. The major protein composition of the nucleolar skeleton of HeLa cells contains 6-7 polypeptides. Their molecular weights are about 48, 43, 36 and 33 ku. Further studies show that actin and fib-rillarin are two major protein components of nucleolar skeleton of HeLa cells.     

植物小RNAs及其抗胁迫机制研究进展

植物非编码小RNA(sRNAs)主要分为三类:微小RNA(m iRNAs)、小干扰RNA(siRNAs)和长小片段干扰RNA(lsiRNAs)。三者的生物合成和作用机制有所不同,但他们主要都通过介导靶mRNAs的剪切或抑制其翻译来调控基因的表达。这篇文章主要介绍小RNA研究的最新进展,并重点阐述其在非生物和生物胁迫中发挥的作用,如应对矿质元素缺乏、氧化胁迫、ABA胁迫以及病原菌入侵等生理过程。     

分泌性白细胞蛋白酶抑制因子在肿瘤中的作用

分泌性白细胞蛋白酶抑制因子(secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor, SLPI)是一个可抑制多种丝氨酸蛋白酶活性的阳离子蛋白质。SLPI羧基端具有抑制糜蛋白酶、胰弹性蛋白酶等抗蛋白酶活性,氨基端的功能尚不清楚,可能具有抗菌、抗真菌、抗病毒、抗炎和免疫调节等活性。近年来研究发现,SLPI在有些癌症,如卵巢癌、肺癌、胃癌、结肠癌中表达升高,但在有些癌症如乳腺癌、前列腺癌、口腔癌中表达降低。目前,尚未完全了解SLPI在调控致癌效应中的作用。本文就SLPI在肿瘤及抗肿瘤中的可能作用及其机制进行综述,为SLPI在抗肿瘤中的应用提供新思路。