Nycthemeral variations of blood and urine urea, creatinine and total proteins in rats]

The present study evidences blood and urine urea, creatinine and total proteins circadian variations in 50 male rats. Venous blood is sampled at behind socket sinus once a week at different hours (8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 2 and 5) and urines are collected during 4 consecutive six hours periods in animals living in metabolism cages (8-14, 14-20, 20-2, 2-8). Blood three nitrogen substances circadian variations bring out the decrease at 17 h and increase at 23 or 2 h. Urinary excretion variations curves shows, in all cases, an increase more than 40% during the nightly periods. The influence of feeding rhythms on the blood and urine three derivates circadian rhythms is discussed. Moreover, night diuresis increase and urea and creatinine urinary remarkable constancy suggest water, solutes and macrosolutes transglomerular pathway nightly increase existence. Urea (+ 40%) and creatinine (+ 30%) clearance nightly significative increase confirms glomerular filtration circadian variations and its nightly increase.     

Circadian dynamics of cytosolic and nuclear Ca2+ in single suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons

Intracellular free Ca(2+) regulates diverse cellular processes, including membrane potential, neurotransmitter release, and gene expression. To examine the cellular mechanisms underlying the generation of circadian rhythms, nucleus-targeted and untargeted cDNAs encoding a Ca(2+)-sensitive fluorescent protein (cameleon) were transfected into organotypic cultures of mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the primary circadian pacemaker. Circadian rhythms in cytosolic but not nuclear Ca(2+) concentration were observed in SCN neurons. The cytosolic Ca(2+) rhythm period matched the circadian multiple-unit-activity (MUA)-rhythm period monitored using a multiple-electrode array, with a mean advance in phase of 4 hr. Tetrodotoxin blocked MUA, but not Ca(2+) rhythms, while ryanodine damped both Ca(2+) and MUA rhythms. These results demonstrate cytosolic Ca(2+) rhythms regulated by the release of Ca(2+) from ryanodine-sensitive stores in SCN neurons.     

Age-related changes in blood pressure, hematological values, concentrations of serum biochemical constituents and weights of organs in the SHR/Izm, SHRSP/Izm and WKY/Izm.

Age-related changes in hematological values, serum biochemical constituents, and weights of various organs in both sexes of the Spontaneously Hypertensive (SHR/Izm), Stroke-prone SHR (SHRSP/Izm), and Wistar Kyoto (WKY/Izm) rat strains, bred under SPF conditions, were examined to obtain fundamental data. The body weights from 3-30 weeks and systolic blood pressure from 6-30 weeks in each strain were measured every week. At the ages of 8, 16, and 30 weeks, the hematological values (erythrocyte, hemoglobin, hematocrit, leucocyte, thrombocyte), serum biochemical constituents (total protein, GOT, GPT, ALP, BUN, creatinine, glucose, total Ca and phosphorus, and ionized Ca, Na, K, and Cl were measured. Also, the organs, brain, heart, lung, thymus, liver, spleen, pancreas, bilateral kidneys, adrenal glands, testes/ovaries, digestive tract, and muscle (soleus) were weighed. The age-related changes as well as the strain and sex differences in each measured item were examined. The body weights of each strain increased, but rate of the increase was less in SHR and SHRSP, and was lowest in SHRSP. The blood pressure of SHR and SHRSP elevated with age, and showed higher in SHRSP than SHR, while that of WKY did not change. There were many strain differences in most measured items at each time point, particularly at 30 weeks. In SHRSP, high values of BUN, creatinine, total and ionized Ca, weights of brain, heart, liver, kidney and digestive duct were observed at most time points indicating that this strain's abnormality of calcium metabolism may be related to functions of the kidney and digestive duct as well as hypertension.     

The gaseous messenger carbon monoxide is released from the eye into the ophthalmic venous blood depending on the intensity of sunlight

Circadian and seasonal rhythms in daylight affect many physiological processes. In the eye, energy of intense visible light not only initiates a well-studied neural reaction in the retina that modulates the secretory function of the hypothalamus and pineal gland, but also activates the heme oxygenase (HO) to produce carbon monoxide (CO). This study was designed to determine whether the concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) in the ophthalmic venous blood changes depending on the phase of the day and differing extremely light intensity seasons: summer and winter. The concentration of CO in the venous blood flowing out from the nasal cavity, where heme oxygenase (HO) is expressed, but no photoreceptors, was used as a control. Sixteen mature males of a wild boar and pig crossbreed were used for this study. Samples of ophthalmic and nasal venous blood and systemic arterial and venous blood were collected repeatedly for two consecutive days during the longest days of the summer and the shortest days of the winter. The concentrations of CO in blood samples was measured using a standard addition method. During the longest days of the summer the concentration of CO in ophthalmic venous blood averaged 3.32 ± 0.71 and 3.43 ± 0.8 nmol/ml in the morning and afternoon, respectively, and was significantly higher than in the night averaging 0.89 ± 0.12 nmol/ml (p<0.001). During the shortest day of the winter CO concentration in ophthalmic venous blood was 1.11 ± 0.10 and 1.13 ± 0.14 nmol/ml during the light and nocturnal phase, respectively, and did not differ between phases, but was lower than in the light phase of the summer (p<0.01). The CO concentration in the control nasal venous blood did not differ between seasons and day phases and was lower than in ophthalmic venous blood during the summer (p<0.01) and winter (p<0.05). The results indicate that the gaseous messenger carbon monoxide is released from the eye into the ophthalmic venous blood depending on the intensity of sunlight.     

Interindividual differences in the circadian hematologic time structure of cancer patients

The complete hematologic blood cell count of 11 patients with advanced cancer were determined on 14 occasions, every 4 hr over 36-48 hr. Oral temperature was also measured at the same times as blood sampling. Five patients had breast cancer, five had ovarian cancer and one a leiomyosarcoma. Circadian rhythms were detected by the cosinor method for seven hematologic variables (red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, white blood cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, platelets) and for oral temperature in the whole group of patients. All acrophases were located between 1300 and 1700 hr, except for lymphocytes (2100 hr). A rhythm with a period of 8 hr was validated for lymphocytes and monocytes. Validated or estimated amplitudes and acrophases were closely similar in both breast and ovarian cancer subgroups. Individual cosinor analyses documented large differences from patient to patient, which were accounted for by differences in performance status. Thus, subjects with poor performance status and rapidly progressive disease had very few validated rhythms as compared to those patients with good performance status. As a result a statistically significant correlation was found between the number of validated hematologic circadian rhythms and the performance status (r = -0.88; P less than 0.01).     

The cyanobacterium Oscillatoria brevis β-carotene extract modulates alterations of biochemical and hematological circadian patterns in stress-induced rat

Managing stress can prevent serious health problems. The present study aimed to evaluate the possible protective effect of β-carotene (βC), as a natural cyanobacterial product, against stress-induced alterations in biochemical and hematological circadian patterns. Male albino rats were subjected to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) for 21 days. Rats were randomly divided into four groups (20 rats/group), viz. control, CUS exposed, βC-treated, and βC-treated + CUS-exposed groups. Before CUS exposure, Oscillatoria brevis βC extract was administered (10 mg/kg), intraperitoneally. Blood samples were collected at four Zeitgeber times (ZT: 3, 9, 15 and 21), 5 rats/time point, to monitor circadian profiles of aspartate transferase (AST), alanine transferase (ALT), total protein (TP), glucose (Glu), urea, creatinine, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatinine kinase-MB (CK-MB), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrite (HCV), red blood cell (RBCs), and white blood cell counts (WBCs). Results revealed that these parameters expressed circadian patterns. CUS exposure significantly (p < 0.05) increased AST, ALT, Glu, urea, creatinine, LDH, CK-MB, and HCV. On the other hand, it significantly decreased Hb, RBCs, and WBCs (p < 0.05). Furthermore, under CUS-exposure the peak time (acrophase) of circadian rhythms of all parameters was variably shifted. On the other hand, βC administration modulated these alternations, where data analysis confirmed a significant decrease in AST, ALT, Glu, urea, creatinine, LDH, CK-MB, and HCV, however, a significant increase in TP, Hb, RBCs, and WBCs (p < 0.05) was observed. Taken together, it can be concluded that βC administration caused restoration of acrophase and level of these parameters thus regulating their circadian rhythms in CUS-induced rats.     

Circadian rhythms of folate and vitamin B12 concentration in relation to convulsive thresholds of mice

Circadian rhythms of folate and vitamin B₁₂ concentrations in the liver, brain and blood of Swiss mice have been determined. The relation of the changes in vitamin concentration to circadian rhythms in locomotor activity, drinking activity and convulsive thresholds (maximal electroshock seizure threshold) have been determined also. Both free folic acid (FFA) and total folic acid (TFA) of liver and blood showed minimum values at 21.00–24.00 h and maximum values at 06.00–09.00 h. Liver TFA declined at a steady rate from the peak value at 09.00 h whereas liver FFA and plasma folate maintained constant values from 09.00–18.00 h then declined rapidly. Brain folate (TFA and FFA) showed no rhythm. The concentrations of vitamin B₁₂ in plasma, liver and brain showed only minor fluctuations. Locomotor and drinking activities showed very similar rhythms with a sustained period of high activity between 12.00–21.00 h followed by a much shorter second period of high activity (23.00–03.00 h). Convulsive threshold declined during the first period of increased locomotor and drinking activities reaching a minimum value at 21.00 h thus just preceding the nadir in folate concentrations in liver and blood.     

Capillary-venous differences of free plasma catecholamines at rest and during graded exercise

Levels of free plasma catecholamines were simultaneously determined in 10 cyclists using capillary blood from one ear lobe and venous blood from one cubital vein. Catecholamine concentrations were higher in the ear lobe blood than in the venous blood at rest and during graded exercise. Average differences amounted to 1.7 nmol X 1(-1) (dopamine), 2.1 nmol X 1(-1) (noradrenaline) and 1.9 nmol X 1(-1) (adrenaline) at rest and increased only to 8.8 nmol X 1(-1) for noradrenaline during exercise. We assume that higher concentrations of dopamine and adrenaline in the capillary blood point to a significant neuronal release of these catecholamines, similar to noradrenaline. Catecholamine concentrations in capillary blood may better reflect sympathetic drive and delivery of catecholamines to the circulation than the concentrations in venous blood.     

笼养绿尾虹雉血液生理生化指标分析

为了解人工饲养绿尾虹雉(Lophophorus lhuysii)血液生理生化指标及特点,以四川宝兴蜂桶寨国家级自然保护区笼养的9只成年非繁殖期绿尾虹雉为研究对象,测定了34项血液生理生化指标,按性别分组统计进行差异显著性检验。结果表明,绿尾虹雉血液生理指标不同性别间无显著差异(P0.05)。血液生化指标中的血液总蛋白雄性显著低于雌性(P0.05),血清尿素雄性显著高于雌性(P0.05),但血液中的其他有机物(白蛋白、球蛋白、肌酐、葡萄糖、尿素、酶、总胆固醇、甘油三酯等)及无机离子(钾、钠、镁、氯、钙、磷、铁)不同性别之间无显著差异(P0.05)。说明本实验条件下,笼养绿尾虹雉非繁殖期血液生理指标与性别没有相关性,血清总蛋白、血清尿素含量可能与性别有关。     

Expression profiles of PERIOD1, 2, and 3 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from older subjects

AimsCircadian clocks regulate daily rhythms of behavior and physiology such as the sleep–wake cycle and hormonal secretion. Numerous characteristics of the behavioral and physiological processes change with age. In this study, we evaluated the circadian clockwork in older people by measuring daily profiles of PERIOD (PER) gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).Main methodsBlood samples were collected from 6 healthy older subjects (mean age 62 years) at 2-h intervals over a 24-h period under a semi-constant routine condition where masking effects are minimized. PBMCs were isolated from whole blood and temporal mRNA expression profiles of PER1, PER2, and PER3 were determined by RT-PCR. Phases of the PER rhythms, and times of sleep onset and offset were determined using data from those subjects who showed significant 24-h rhythms. The values for the parameters were compared between the older subjects and 8 young control subjects (mean age 21 years).Key findingsProminent daily rhythms of PER1, PER2, and PER3 mRNA levels, advanced sleep–wake timing and advanced phases of PER rhythms were observed in the older subjects compared to the young controls. There was no significant age-related phase difference in PER1 or PER2 rhythm with respect to sleep timing; however, PER3 expression pattern was altered in the older subjects.SignificanceThis preliminary study shows that human circadian clockwork in PBMCs remains intact at least until the presenile stage and suggests that the altered PER3 expression pattern may reflect decreased homeostatic sleep drive in older people.     

The Arabian race camel normal parameters--I. Haemogram, enzymes and minerals

1. Racing camels' (Camelus dromedarius) normal blood parameters were determined in Al-Ain, U.A.E. The parameters were: packed cell volume, haemoglobin, total red and white blood cells, the activities of glutamate oxaloacetate (GOT), creatinine kinase (CK), gamma-glutamyl transferase (gamma-GT) and CK muscle-brain isoenzyme and the concentrations of creatinine, urea, total protein, albumin, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, zinc, copper and iron. 2. Most blood parameters were found to differ from those of other domestic animals and from non-race camels. 3. The data are discussed in relation to the management system practised.     

Metabolic and respiratory status of cold-stunned Kemp’s ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempii)

“Cold-stunning” of sea turtles has been reported as a naturally occurring stressor for many years; however, the physiologic status of cold-stunned turtles has only been partially described. This study investigated initial and convalescent venous blood gas, acid-base, and critical plasma biochemical data for 26 naturally cold-stunned Kemp’s ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempii) from Cape Cod, MA, USA. Samples were analyzed for pH, pCO₂, pO₂, bicarbonate, plasma osmolality, sodium, potassium, chloride, ionized calcium, ionized magnesium, glucose, lactate, and blood urea nitrogen using a clinical point-of-care analyzer. Data were corrected for the patient’s body temperature using both species-specific and more general correction methods. In general, venous blood gas, acid-base, and plasma biochemical data obtained for surviving cold-stunned Kemp’s ridley sea turtles were consistent with previously documented data for sea turtles exposed to a wide range of temperatures and physiologic stressors. Data indicated that turtles were initially affected by metabolic and respiratory acidosis. Initial pH-corrected ionized calcium concentrations were lower than convalescent concentrations, and initial pH-corrected ionized magnesium concentrations were higher than convalescent concentrations.     

Circadian rhythms of determined blood chemistry values in buzzards and eagle owls

• 1.1. Fifteen values were determined in blood samples from six buzzards (Buteo buteo) and six eagle owls (Bubo bubo) over the 24 hr of the day.
• 2.2. Glucose, urea, uric acid, triglyceride and calcium values showed diurnal rhythms in both species. Their respective patterns of diurnal variation were compared.
• 3.3. Phosphorus, cholesterol and cholinesterase levels underwent circadian rhythms only in the buzzards. Albumin/globulin and amylase exhibited diurnal variations exclusively in the eagle owls.
• 4.4. Glutamatic oxaloacetic transaminase, albumin, globulin, total protein and creatinine concentrations did not show diurnal rhythms in either of the species.
• 5.5. Blood values of the different parameters were studied on the basis of the ranges described in birds.

     

Desynchronization of oral temperature, pulse and performance circadian rhythms in shift working Indian nurses.

Circadian time structure in shift working Indian nurses was studied. In shift workers desynchronization between circadian rhythms in different physiological variables was observed. Circadian amplitudes of oral temperature, pulse and random add speed rhythms decreased significantly in shift workers as compared to control subjects. Circadian mesors of performance rhythms increased significantly in shift workers indicating that the time taken by them was more for performing the tasks. It can be concluded that the subjects studied herein are intolerant to shift work and amplitude decrement may be considered as a chronobiologic index to determine the tolerance of individual workers to shift work.     

Blood gas analysis of bovine fetal capillary blood during stage II labor

The aim of this study was to determine whether blood gas variables in fetal capillary blood during the last 30 min of stage II labor can be used to diagnose fetal asphyxia. Twenty-five newborn calves were used to investigate the correlation between capillary blood gas values obtained from the dorsolateral aspect of the distal pastern and those in arterial and venous blood. The pH, partial pressure of oxygen, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, concentration of bicarbonate, base excess and oxygen saturation were determined. The bicarbonate concentration (arterial, r=0.759; venous, r=0.766; both P<0.0001) and base excess (arterial, r=0.730; venous, r=0.807; both P<0.0001) had the highest correlations. Fetal capillary blood was collected during the last 30 min of stage II labor and the results of blood gas analysis were compared with those of arterial and venous blood collected immediately after birth in 38 calves. The pH (arterial, r=0.806; venous, r=0.885; both P<0.0001) and base excess (arterial, r=0.822; venous, r=0.871; both P<0.0001) had the highest correlations. The pH and base excess were significantly lower after birth than during the last 30 min of stage II labor. The severity of fetal acidosis during stage II labor can be easily and reliably determined using the pH or base excess of fetal capillary blood.     

Venous and capillary blood hematocrit at rest and following submaximal exercise.

The purpose of this study was to determine if finger tip capillary blood hematocrit is a valid estimate of anticubital venous blood hematocrit at rest and after submaximal exercise. Simultaneous samples of finger tip cpaillary and venous blood were drawn from thirty-one subjects (15 males, 16 females) before and after a 15 min submaximal exercise on a bicycle ergometer. Venous and capillary blood hcts. were 42.0% +/- 3.9 and 42.0% +/- 3.5 respectively before exercise and 43.3% +/- 3.5 and 42% +/- 3.8 after exercise (X +/- s). The regression equation for predicting venous hct. from finger tip capillary blood after exercise was: Hctv = 0.87 Hctc + 6.44 with r = 0.95 (P less than 0.05). The results indicate that the finger tip capillary microhematocrit method is a valid indicator of venous blood hct. following exercise.     

Ten-Year-Replicated Circadian Profiles for 36 Physiological, Serological and Urinary Variables in Healthy Men

At 3-hr intervals over a 24-hr span, 36 systemic, serologic and urinary variables were examined in 7 men in their mid 20's in the Spring of 1969, and again in the same 7 men in the Spring of 1979 under a similar chronobiologic protocol, using the same chemical and numerical analytical procedures. The variables examined for rhythms by cosinor were: vital signs--blood pressure (systolic, diastolic, pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure), heart rate, intraocular pressure (left and right), oral temperature; serum components--albumin, albumin/globulin ratio, total bilirubin, calcium, carbon dioxide, chlorides, bilirubin, cholesterol, globulin, glucose, potassium, sodium, sodium/potassium ratio, transaminase, triglycerides, total protein, urea nitrogen; and urine components--calcium, calcium/magnesium ratio, creatinine, magnesium, pH, potassium, sodium, sodium/potassium ratio, urea clearance, urea nitrogen, volume and zinc. Although all subjects appeared clinically healthy in 1969 and in 1979, certain inter-study differences were observed in a number of rhythm parameters of different variables. Statistically significant increases in mesor for the group as a whole were observed for serum Ca, cholesterol, Cl, CO2, K, Na, and while statistically significant mesor decreases for a group as a whole were noted in serum glucose and transaminase. Statistically significant increases in amplitude for the group as a whole were observed in serum chloride and urinary Na/K ratio, while statistically significant decreases were observed in amplitude for blood pressure, heart rate, serum albumin, A/G ratio, globulin, glucose, protein, sodium and transaminase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Photoperiod variations of various blood biochemistry constants in the rabbit]

Biochemical blood parameters generally show fluctuations during the day. The aim of this study is to determine the variations of the following parameters: hemoglobin, glucose, triglycerides, ASAT, ALAT, urea and creatinine in New Zealand white (NZW) rabbits, kept under five different circadian rhythms (12/12, 14/10, 10/14, 16/8, 8/16, light/dark). These parameters were analyzed by using a reflection photometer (Reflotron). Most results are found within the physiological range for this species but there are significant differences among cycles. These findings could be explained by the dependence of the biochemical blood parameters on the light/dark cycle. It can be concluded that the most useful cycle to find fewer variations of the biochemical blood parameters in NZW rabbit is 12/12 light/dark cycle.     

Lactate concentration differences in plasma, whole blood, capillary finger blood and erythrocytes during submaximal graded exercise in humans

The aim of the study was to investigate the distribution of lactate in plasma, whole blood, erythrocytes, and capillary finger blood, before and during submaximal exercise. Ten healthy male subjects performed submaximal graded cycle ergometer exercise for 20-25 min. Venous blood samples and capillary finger blood samples were taken before exercise and every 5th min during exercise for lactate determination. The plasma lactate concentration was significantly higher (P less than 0.001, approximately 50%) than in the erythrocytes. This difference was not altered by the venous blood lactate concentration or exercise intensity. A significant difference (P less than 0.01) in lactate concentration was also found between capillary whole blood and venous whole blood. It was concluded that direct comparisons between lactate in capillary finger blood, venous whole blood and plasma could not be made.     

Beta 2-microglobulinaemia: a sensitive index of diminishing renal function in diabetics.

A sensitive single measure of diminishing renal function is of importance in attempts to modify the progression of diabetic nephropathy. In 12 insulin-dependent diabetics with proteinuria plasma concentrations of beta 2-microglobulin were found to correlate more closely than plasma creatinine concentrations or creatinine clearance with glomerular function as measured by clearance of 52Cr-EDTA. The plasma beta 2-microglobulin concentration was raised in all patients with diminished glomerular filtration rate (below 80 ml/min/1.73 m2). By contrast, in two of these patients plasma creatinine concentration was normal. Plasma beta 2-microglobulin concentrations were stable throughout the day and not affected by food intake, unlike plasma creatinine concentrations, which rose in the afternoon and evening and after a meat meal. Plasma beta 2-microglobulin concentrations were the same in venous and capillary blood, the capillary blood being readily self-collected. Concentrations of beta 2-microglobulin were stable for up to 24 hours when whole blood was stored at 4 degrees C; adding aprotinin inhibited loss of beta 2-microglobulin for up to seven days. The results of this study suggest, therefore, that measuring beta 2-microglobulin concentrations is a simple and accurate method of detecting minor degrees of renal impairment and monitoring the effects of treatment.