ERβ相互作用蛋白PSMC5的分离及其在ERβ信号途径中的作用

雌激素受体β（ERβ）在乳腺癌发生发展中起着重要的作用,寻找与ERβ相互作用的共调节因子对阐明ER信号通路具有重要价值.应用酵母双杂交技术,以ERβ的AF2结构域为诱饵蛋白从人乳腺文库中筛选出了与之相互作用的蛋白26S蛋白酶的亚单位ATPase 5（PSMC5）.GST沉淀实验表明,PSMC5在体外特异地与ERβ相结合.转录活性实验表明,PSMC5以激素依赖的方式降低ERβ转录活性.上述结果提示,PSMC5可能通过影响ERβ信号途径在乳腺癌发生发展中起着重要的作用.     

Enhanced estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) selectivity of fluorinated carborane-containing ER modulators

We previously showed that fluorination of the carborane-containing selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) BE360 altered the agonist/antagonist activity balance and the estrogen receptor (ER) α/β subtype selectivity. Here, we designed and synthesized a series of fluorinated carboranyl phenols as candidate ERβ-selective ligands. Introduction of a fluorine atom onto the carborane cage commonly reduced the binding affinity for ERα, to an extent that depended on the other substituents present. The B-fluorinated m-carboranyl phenol 4a showed fourfold more potent ERβ-binding affinity than the parent non-fluorinated compound 7. 1-Iodo-9-fluoro-m-carboranyl phenol 4f showed high ERβ-binding affinity with an ERβ/ERα selectivity ratio of 8.2. Among the compounds tested, 6 showed the highest ERβ selectivity (10.1-fold) and the highest ER-agonistic activity (EC₅₀: 5.1 × 10^?10 M) in MCF-7 cell proliferation assay.     

ERβ--一种新型的雌激素受体

介绍了一种新型的雌激素受体ＥＲβ,对其基因及蛋白结构、分布、作用机制方面的研究进展作了综述,并将其与的雌激素受体ＥＲα作了比较。     

比格犬卵巢子宫内雌激素受体ERα、ERβ的免疫组织化学定位

目的研究雌激素受体α,β在比格犬卵巢及子宫内的定位。方法采用免疫组化SP法DAB显色结合BCIP/NBT及AEC显色检测ERα、ERβ在比格犬子宫及卵巢内的表达。结果比格犬ERα主要表达于卵泡颗粒细胞、卵巢间质腺腺上皮细胞及子宫内膜腺体腺上皮细胞胞核内,胞质内仅有少量表达,而在卵泡膜内膜的间质细胞,腺体周围的基质细胞及小动脉血管内皮细胞和平滑肌细胞、小静脉内皮细胞的胞核内有少量表达。而ERβ则以相同的组织特异性主要表达于上述组织细胞的胞质内,在胞核内有微弱表达。ERα表达于膜黄体细胞的胞核内,而在黄体颗粒细胞胞核与胞质内均有表达。而ERβ则仍特异表达于不同生理阶段黄体细胞的胞质内。BCIP/NBT与AEC双染未见ERα、ERβ在子宫内有明显的共表达现象。结论比格犬ERα、ERβ在子宫与卵巢组织内定位不同,ERα主要定位于胞核,在胞质内有微弱表达,而ERβ主要定位于胞质,在胞核内有零星表达。     

ERβ对子宫内膜异位症小鼠模型的影响

目的通过建立子宫内膜异位症小鼠模型探讨雌激素β受体对子宫内膜异位症的影响。方法利用雌激素β基因敲除小鼠建立自体子宫内膜异位模型;应用人不同的组织在SCID小鼠建立子宫内膜异位症模型后,注射雌激素β受体激动剂WAY-200070,观察其对异位病灶生长的影响。结果比较30只雌激素β受体基因敲除小鼠及22只同源未敲除小鼠异位病灶生长及组织细胞形态无明显差异（P〉0.05）;雌激素β受体激动剂WAY-200070对不同类型的SCID小鼠内异症病灶生长影响无明显差异（P〉0.1）。结论雌激素β受体对子宫内膜异位病灶的形成影响作用微弱。     

Induction of ErbB-3 Expression by α6β4 Integrin Contributes to Tamoxifen Resistance in ERβ1-Negative Breast Carcinomas

Background

Tamoxifen is still the most widely used drug in hormone therapy for the treatment of breast cancer. Its benefits in adjuvant treatment are well documented in controlled and randomized clinical studies, which have demonstrated an increase in disease-free intervals of patients with positive hormonal receptors. However, the mechanisms involved in endocrine resistance are not clear. Laboratory and clinical data now indicate that bi-directional molecular cross-talk between nuclear or membrane ER and growth factor receptor pathways may be involved in endocrine resistance. We recently found a functional interaction between α6β4 integrin and ErbB-3 receptor to maintain the PI3K/Akt survival pathway of mammary tumour cells. We sought to improve understanding of this process in order to provide the involvement of both receptors insight into mechanism of Tamoxifen resistance.

Methods and Findings

Using human breast cancer cell lines displaying different levels of α6β4 and ErbB-3 receptors and a series of 232 breast cancer biopsies from patients submitted to adjuvant Tamoxifen monotherapy for five years, we evaluated the functional interaction between both receptors in relationship to Tamoxifen responsiveness. In mammary carcinoma cells, we evidenced that the α6β4 integrin strongly influence Akt phosphorylation through ErbB-3 protein regulation. Moreover, the ErbB-3 inactivation inhibits Akt phosphorylation, induces apoptosis and inhibits in vitro invasion favouring Tamoxifen responsiveness. The analysis of human tumors revealed a significant relationship between α6β4 and ErbB-3 in P-Akt-positive and ERβ1-negative breast cancers derived from patients with lower disease free survival.

Conclusions

We provided evidence that a strong relationship occurs between α6β4 and ErbB-3 positivity in ERβ1-negative breast cancers. We also found that the association between ErbB-3 and P-Akt positivity mainly occurs in ERβ1-negative breast cancer derived from patients with lower DFS indicating that both receptors are clinically relevant in predicting the response to Tamoxifen.     

Cellular localization of estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα) and -beta (ERβ) mRNA in the boar testis

Boar testes synthesize high amounts of estrogens which are known to stimulate several male sexual functions in a variety of extragonadal target tissues. Possible effects within the testis depend on the existence of the estrogen receptor subtypes α and β (ERα, ERβ). The precise cellular localization of these subtypes within the testis was, so far, based mainly on protein expression studies using different antibodies in several species including boars shows contradictory results. Therefore, we investigated the ERα and ERβ gene expression using RT-PCR of testis homogenates and RT-PCR after UV-single cell microdissection combined with in-situ hybridization of four fertile boars with an average age of 32 weeks. Both ERα and ERβ mRNA were found in testis homogenates. Using in-situ hybridization and UV-single cell microdissection ERα mRNA was present in type A and type B spermatogonia up to mid-pachytene primary spermatocytes in stage V–VIII and stage I of the seminiferous epithelial cycle, but not in other cells. ERβ mRNA was found only in Sertoli cells. Interstitial Leydig cells revealed neither ERα nor ERβ mRNA. The data suggest a direct impact of estrogen in the boar on Sertoli cell function via ERβ and germ cell formation via ERα.     

β-AR blockers suppresses ER stress in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure

BACKGROUND: Long-term β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) blockade reduces mortality in patients with heart failure. Chronic sympathetic hyperactivity in heart failure causes sustained β-AR activation, and this can deplete Ca(2+) in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) leading to ER stress and subsequent apoptosis. We tested the effect of β-AR blockers on ER stress pathway in experimental model of heart failure. METHODS AND DISCUSSIONS: ER chaperones were markedly increased in failing hearts of patients with end-stage heart failure. In Sprague-Dawley rats, cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure was induced by abdominal aortic constriction or isoproterenol subcutaneous injection. Oral β-AR blockers treatment was performed in therapy groups. Cardiac remodeling and left ventricular function were analyzed in rats failing hearts. After 4 or 8 weeks of banding, rats developed cardiac hypertrophy and failure. Cardiac expression of ER chaperones was significantly increased. Similar to the findings above, sustained isoproterenol infusion for 2 weeks induced cardiac hypertrophy and failure with increased ER chaperones and apoptosis in hearts. β-AR blockers treatment markedly attenuated these pathological changes and reduced ER stress and apoptosis in failing hearts. On the other hand, β-AR agonist isoproterenol induced ER stress and apoptosis in cultured cardiomyocytes. β-AR blockers largely prevented ER stress and protected myocytes against apoptosis. And β-AR blockade significantly suppressed the overactivation of CaMKII in isoproterenol-stimulated cardiomyocytes and failing hearts in rats. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated that ER stress occurred in failing hearts and this could be reversed by β-AR blockade. Alleviation of ER stress may be an important mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of β-AR blockers on heart failure.     

Chronic Akt activation attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced cardiac dysfunction via Akt/GSK3β-dependent inhibition of apoptosis and ER stress

Sepsis is characterized by systematic inflammation and contributes to cardiac dysfunction. This study was designed to examine the effect of protein kinase B (Akt) activation on lipopolysaccharide-induced cardiac anomalies and underlying mechanism(s) involved. Mechanical and intracellular Ca^2 + properties were examined in myocardium from wild-type and transgenic mice with cardiac-specific chronic Akt overexpression following LPS (4 mg/kg, i.p.) challenge. Akt signaling cascade (Akt, phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome ten, glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta), stress signal (extracellular-signal-regulated kinases, c-Jun N-terminal kinases, p38), apoptotic markers (Bcl-2 associated X protein, caspase-3/-9), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers (glucose-regulated protein 78, growth arrest and DNA damage induced gene-153, eukaryotic initiation factor 2α), inflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6) and autophagic markers (Beclin-1, light chain 3B, autophagy-related gene 7 and sequestosome 1) were evaluated. Our results revealed that LPS induced marked decrease in ejection fraction, fractional shortening, cardiomyocyte contractile capacity with dampened intracellular Ca^2 + release and clearance, elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and decreased glutathione and glutathione disulfide (GSH/GSSG) ratio, increased ERK, JNK, p38, GRP78, Gadd153, eIF2α, BAX, caspase-3 and -9, downregulated B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), the effects of which were significantly attenuated or obliterated by Akt activation. Akt activation itself did not affect cardiac contractile and intracellular Ca^2 + properties, ROS production, oxidative stress, apoptosis and ER stress. In addition, LPS upregulated levels of Beclin-1, LC3B and Atg7, while suppressing p62 accumulation. Akt activation did not affect Beclin-1, LC3B, Atg7 and p62 in the presence or absence of LPS. Akt overexpression promoted phosphorylation of Akt and GSK3β. In vitro study using the GSK3β inhibitor SB216763 mimicked the response elicited by chronic Akt activation. Taken together, these data showed that Akt activation ameliorated LPS-induced cardiac contractile and intracellular Ca^2 + anomalies through inhibition of apoptosis and ER stress, possibly involving an Akt/GSK3β-dependent mechanism.     

Both estrogen receptor subtypes, ERα and ERβ, prevent aldosterone-induced oxidative stress in VSMC via increased NADPH bioavailability

Activation of vascular mineralocorticoid (MR) or estrogen receptors (ER) exerts opposing effects on vascular remodeling. As we have previously shown, activation of either estrogen receptor subtype, ERα or ERβ, is fully sufficient to attenuate vascular remodeling in aldosterone salt-treated rats. To further elucidate the underlying mechanism(s) we tested the hypothesis that ER and MR activation might differentially modulate vascular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. In support of this concept, aldosterone increased ROS generation in vascular smooth muscle cells as determined by quantitative dihydroethidium fluorescence microscopy. Co-treatment with the selective ERα agonist 16α-LE2, the selective ERβ agonist 8β-VE2 or the non-selective ER agonist 17β-estradiol (E2) significantly reduced aldosterone-induced ROS generation. The pure ER antagonist ICI 182,780 completely blocked these salutary effects of E2, 16α-LE2 and 8β-VE2. Activation of ERα or ERβ fully blocked the reduction of intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) levels observed in aldosterone treated vascular smooth muscle cells. Intracellular NADPH levels were closely associated with expression and activity of the NADPH generating enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. In conclusion, estrogens attenuate the detrimental vascular effects of excessive MR activation at least in part by preventing the depletion of intracellular NADPH levels.     

培养的血管平滑肌细胞ERα和ERβ的表达与细胞表型转变及增殖时相有关

目的探讨雌激素对血管平滑肌细胞（VSMC）增殖的双重效应机制。方法采用Westernblot、电镜形态定量及细胞计数的方法,动态检测原代培养大鼠VSMC在有或无10^-8mol/L17β-雌二醇（E2）存在下,雌激素受体（ER）α和β表达变化与细胞表型转变及增殖时相的关系。结果无E2存在时,VSMC在从收缩型向合成型转变（原代培养第0到5天）及活跃增殖（第5到12天）过程中,ERβ表达无明显变化,但ERα表达明显上升,导致ERα/ERβ比值升高。这种变化并不随VSMC表型的恢复及增殖停止而逆转。有E2存在时,ERα/ERβ比值在第5天时低于对照组,而第9天后各时点均高于对照组;这种影响与E2对不同状态VSMC的不同作用基本对应,即延长原代收缩型SMC的增殖潜伏期,但促进已发生表型转变的VSMC增殖。结论雌激素对不同表型VSMC的双重效应与表型转变前后ERα/ERβ比值变化有关。     

甲状腺肿瘤组织VEGF-C和ERβ的表达与LVD的相关性分析

目的:探讨甲状腺肿瘤和癌旁正常甲状腺组织中VEGF-C和ERβ的表达与组织平均淋巴管密度的相关性.方法:采用SP免疫组织化学染色检测116例甲状腺癌、56例甲状腺腺瘤和20例正常甲状腺组织中VEGF-C和ERβ及D2-40的表达;以D2-40阳性结果计算组织平均淋巴管密度(LVD).观察不同甲状腺组织中VEGF-C和ERβ的表达水平并分析其与LVD的相关性.结果:甲状腺癌组织中VEGF-C的高表达阳性率显著高于正常甲状腺和甲状腺腺瘤(P＜0.05),ERβ的高表达阳性率显著低于正常甲状腺和甲状腺腺瘤(P＜0.05);两者表达呈轻度负相关(r=-0.312,P＜0.01);甲状腺癌VEGF-C表达与淋巴结转移和TNM分期有关(P＜0.01).用D2-40标记的LVD值在甲状腺癌、甲状腺腺瘤和正常甲状腺组织之间有显著性差异(P＜0.001).甲状腺癌中淋巴结转移组LVD显著高于无淋巴结转移组(P＜0.0001).VEGF-C表达与D2-40呈正相关(r=0.515,P＜0.01).结论:ERβ表达下调可能通过促进VEGF-C的表达,进而影响淋巴管增生,促进肿瘤淋巴道转移.     

TFF2、ERa和ERβ在子宫内膜癌中的表达及其临床意义

目的:研究三叶因子2(Trefoil factors2,TFF2)及雌激素受体ERa,ERβ在子宫内膜癌、子宫内膜不不典型增生及正常子宫内膜组织中的表达并探讨其临床意义。方法:应用免疫组化法对14例正常子宫内膜组织、22例子宫内膜不典型增生及82例子宫内膜癌病例中TFF2,ERa和ERβ的蛋白表达进行检测,观察在不同子宫内膜组织中TFF2,ERa和ERβ蛋白的表达情况。结果:TFF2在正常子宫内膜中的阳性表达率为85.7%(12/14),在不典型增生组织中的阳性表达率72.7%(16/22),在子宫内膜癌中的阳性表达率为57.3%(47/82),TFF2蛋白表达强度在正常、不典型增生和内膜癌组间比较有统计学差异(P<0.05)。TFF2蛋白表达与肿瘤的分化程度,肿瘤的分期和淋巴结转移有关(P<0.05),与浸润程度无关。ERa在正常子宫内膜中的阳性表达率为92.8%(13/14),在不典型增生组织中的阳性表达率为86.4%(19/22),在子宫内膜癌中的阳性表达率为53.7%(44/82),ERa蛋白表达强度在正常,不典型增生和内膜癌组间比较有统计学差异(P<0.05),ERa蛋白表达与肿瘤的分化程度和浸润程度有关(P<0.05),与肿瘤的分期和淋巴结转移无关。ERβ在14例正常子宫内膜组织中ERβ蛋白阳性表达率为78.6%(11/14),在子宫内膜不典型增生中的蛋白阳性表达率为72.7%(16/22),在82例子宫内膜癌组织中ERβ蛋白阳性表达率为48.8%(40/82),ERβ蛋白表达强度在正常、不典型增生和内膜癌组间比较有统计学差异(P<0.05),ERβ蛋白的表达与肿瘤的分化程度、浸润程度有关,与肿瘤的分期和淋巴结转移无关。结论:TFF2、ERa和ERβ在正常子宫内膜、子宫内膜不典型增生、子宫内膜癌中的表达逐渐降低,为进一步研究在子宫内膜癌诊治中的作用提供依据。