一个水稻畸形颖壳突变体ah的鉴定及其突变性状的遗传分析

水稻畸形颖壳突变体ah是双胚苗品系W2555中自然突变产生的。该突变体的内外稃畸形,退化;雄蕊雌蕊化,雌蕊败育;浆片同源转化为类内外稃的结构,推测该突变体可能影响B功能基因的正常发育。与野生型相比,突变体的小穗分支稀疏,每级枝梗上颖花数目减少,一般为4～6朵;小穗顶端的颖花经常不能成熟,表现为颖花始终泛白,不能转绿,因此该突变也影响花序分生组织的发育。进一步的研究证明,该突变体的发育受外界环境的影响。突变性状的遗传分析表明,该突变体由单隐性基因控制。     

水稻叶状颖壳突变体Oslh的遗传分析和OsLH基因的定位

通过γ射线诱变,从粳稻品种9522的M2代中筛选出一株具有叶状颖壳的突变体,定名Oslh(1h=leafy hull).Oslh突变体的开花时间要比野生型晚15 d左右,内外稃和浆片发育成了叶片状器官.Oslh突变体与粳稻品种9522回交结果表明Oslh突变性状可能由单核基因隐性突变造成.以Oslh突变体与籼稻品种广陆矮4号杂交的F2代群体为基因定位群体,利用SSR和InDel分子标记将Oslh突变位点定位在3号染色体上的SSR标记RM5475和InDel标记GY305之间,遗传距离分别为2.5 cM和1.9 cM.这些结果为克隆OsLH基因和研究花器官发育的调控机理奠定了基础.     

水稻无内稃突变体的遗传分析和基因定位

花器官发育异常的突变体是研究植物花发育分子遗传机制的良好实验材料,以水稻无内稃突变体为父本,生47、N625和CDR22为母本配制杂交组合进行性状遗传分析,根据F2代表型及X^2测验结果表明,突变性状是由单隐性基因控制的,选用突变体为父本,生47为母本杂交的F2群体作定位群体,利用SSLP标记的和RFLP标记将与突变性状相关的基因定位在第6染色体短臂上RFLP标记C498和RZ450之间,暂定名为npa-1。为进一步的基因克隆及功能研究奠定了基础。     

小麦穗部发育多效基因的遗传分析与基因定位

在小麦育种材料中首次发现一种穗部发育萎缩且花器官明显退化,但茎、叶等其他器官发育正常的突变体sda1(spike development atrophy 1)。用显微镜观察突变体sda1的花器官,用碘-碘化钾鉴定其小孢子育性;以‘陕麦94’为父本,突变材料sda1为母本构建F2群体,调查各主要农艺性状,灌浆期测定穗部及穗下茎可溶性糖含量、旗叶光合性能(净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率),对该突变体进行遗传分析;利用SSR微卫星标记,通过混合分离分析(BSA)和群体连锁分析进行基因定位,进一步探索该基因功能。结果表明:(1)小麦突变体sda1雄蕊发育畸形,雌蕊发育萎缩,小孢子几乎全部丧失育性。(2)对突变体sda1原株系中表型正常植株的后代分离统计分析结果证明,该突变性状由1对隐性核基因控制,并命名该基因为SDA1。(3)在F2群体中,突变株抽穗期较正常株延迟4d;穗部及穗下茎可溶性糖含量分别显著高于正常株30.6%和11.0%,但突变株与正常株的抽穗持续时间(均为8d)和光合性能无显著差异。(4)经基因定位分析初步确定SDA1位于小麦6B染色体WMC398和BARC136标记之间,与两标记的遗传距离分别为2.2cM和2.1cM。推测认为,SDA1是一个控制抽穗期与器官发育的多效基因,且该基因突变影响植株的糖分转化与利用。     

水稻花器官突变体apl (abnormal palea and lodicules) 的表型分析与基因初定位

水稻(Oryza sativa)是重要的粮食作物, 其花器官的正常起始及形态建成直接影响水稻的产量。为了深入分析水稻小花发育的调控机理, 从已构建的水稻EMS诱变突变体库中筛选获得了一个花器官异常发育的突变体apl (abnormal palea and lodicules)。与野生型相比, apl突变体小花的内稃膨大, 浆片伸长或转换成稃状结构, 雄蕊数目减少, 表明APL基因可能参与调控水稻内稃、浆片和雄蕊等多轮花器官属性的建成。遗传学分析表明, 该突变体性状受1个隐性单基因控制。通过图位克隆, 将APL基因初步定位于1号染色体上。该工作为深入研究APL基因在水稻花器官形态建成中的作用机制奠定了基础。     

水稻花器官突变体apl（abnormal palea and Iodicules）的表型分析与基因初定位

水稻（Oryzasafiva）是重要的粮食作物,其花器官的正常起始及形态建成直接影响水稻的产量。为了深入分析水稻小花发育的调控机理,从已构建的水稻EMS诱变突变体库中筛选获得了一个花器官异常发育的突变体apl（abnormal palea and Iodicules）。与野生型相比,apl变体小花的内稃膨大,浆片伸长或转换成稃状结构,雄蕊数目减少,表明APL基因可能参与调控水稻内稃、浆片和雄蕊等多轮花器官属性的建成。遗传学分析表明,该突变体性状受1个隐性单基因控制。通过图位克隆,将APL基因初步定位于1号染色体上。该工作为深入研究APL基因在水稻花器官形态建成中的作用机制奠定了基础。     

水稻早熟多子房突变体fon5的遗传分析和基因定位

摘要: 在水稻中花11的后代中筛选到1例花器官数目突变体, 突变体主要表现为多雄蕊、多子房和早开花。遗传分析表明, 该突变表型受1对隐性核基因控制。因为对花器官数目突变体曾有报道, 如fon1、fon2、fon3 和fon4, 所以该突变体暂定名为fon5。利用fon5与籼稻品种华粳籼74构建的F2群体对fon5进行基因定位, 发现其与第6染色体上的标记RM400和RM412连锁, 遗传距离分别为10.5 cM 和1.6 cM。通过在两标记间发展6个新的Indel标记, 将该基因定位于116 kb区间     

水稻早熟多子房突变体加以5的遗传分析和基因定位

在水稻中花11的后代中筛选到1例花器官数目突变体,突变体主要表现为多雄蕊、多子房和早开花。遗传分析表明,该突变表型受1对隐性核基因控制。因为对花器官数目突变体曾有报道,如fon1、fon2、fon3和fon4,所以该突变体暂定名为fort5。利用fort5与籼稻品种华粳籼74构建的F2群体对fort5进行基因定位,发现其与第6染色体上的标记RM400和RM412连锁,遗传距离分别为10．5cM和1．6cM。通过在两标记间发展6个新的Indel标记,将该基因定位于116kb区间。     

水稻内颖畸形或缺失基因OsAPP1的图位克隆及表达分析

在育种基地材料中发现一株内颖畸形或缺失(abnormal or absent palea)突变体,将其命名为app1。该突变体在营养生长时期发育正常,但抽穗后突变体表现出内颖畸形(比外稃短导致颖壳不闭合,或者出现两个内稃)或缺失,其花粉育性为55.52%,结实率为6.48%,千粒重为10.811 g,种子发芽率为55.21%。以突变体app1与日本晴杂交构建了F1和F2群体,F1颖壳表型正常,F2群体出现内颖畸形和正常表型分离,内颖正常和突变表型分离比例为3∶1,表明app1内颖突变表型由单隐性核基因控制。以F2为分离群体,将app1精细定位于第3染色体上,位于分子标记ID4231和ID4246之间,遗传距离1.3 cM,对应物理距离为13.2 kb。该区段内完全包含1个开放阅读框,包含两个部分开放阅读框,经过测序分析发现候选基因LOC_Os03g11614启动子区发生点突变和245 bp缺失,qRT-PCR分析证实LOC_Os03g11614为OsAPP1基因。已有报道LOC_Os03g11614编码OsMADS1,是调控水稻花器官发育的重要明星基因,其不同位置的突变可以导致叶状颖壳和不育、以及控制籽粒大小。与3000份水稻种子资源SNP/Indel变异类型对比分析发现,突变体app1启动子的突变完全不同于现已OsMADS1研究报道突变类型,且与数据库中的自然突变类型多数不同。因此,本研究发现的app1突变体,是以往报道中从未出现的OsMADS1启动子发生突变的新型突变,且该类突变导致了其降低表达量,并产生了不同于前人研究的新表型,这为深入研究OsMADS1基因在水稻花器官发育中的功能提供了新的种质资源和思路。     

一个新的水稻叶绿素缺失黄叶突变体的特征及基因分子定位

从粳稻"嘉花1号"60Coγ射线辐照的后代中筛选到一个叶绿素缺失黄叶突变体(yl11),与野生型"嘉花1号"相比该突变体表现为全生育期植株叶片呈黄色,叶绿素含量以及净光合速率明显下降,叶绿体发育不完善,并且伴随着株高等主要农艺性状的变化。遗传分析表明,该突变性状受一对隐性核基因(yl11)控制。该突变体与籼稻"培矮64S"杂交生产的F2、F3群体中的分离出突变体型920个单株作为定位群体,利用SSR和InDel分子标记将yl11基因定位在水稻第11染色体长臂上的MM2199和ID21039分子标记之间,其物理距离约为110kb,目前该区域内没有发现与水稻叶绿素合成/叶绿体发育相关已知功能基因。研究结果为今后对该基因的克隆和功能分析奠定了基础。     

RETARDED PALEA1 controls palea development and floral zygomorphy in rice

Poaceae, one of the largest flowering plant families in angiosperms, evolved distinct inflorescence and flower morphology diverging from eudicots and other monocots. However, the mechanism underlying the specification of flower morphology in grasses remains unclear. Here we show that floral zygomorphy along the lemma-palea axis in rice (Oryza sativa) is partially or indirectly determined by the CYCLOIDEA (CYC)-like homolog RETARDED PALEA1 (REP1), which regulates palea identity and development. The REP1 gene is only expressed in palea primordium during early flower development, but during later floral stages is radially dispersed in stamens and the vascular bundles of the lemma and palea. The development of palea is significantly retarded in the rep1 mutant and its palea has five vascular bundles, which is similar to the vascular pattern of the wild-type lemma. Furthermore, ectopic expression of REP1 caused the asymmetrical overdifferentiation of the palea cells, altering their floral asymmetry. This work therefore extends the function of the TCP gene family members in defining the diversification of floral morphology in grasses and suggests that a common conserved mechanism controlling floral zygomorphy by CYC-like genes exists in both eudicots and the grasses.     

Molecular mapping of split rice spikelet mutantsrs-1 and analysis of its homeotic function in rice

srs-1, a new floral organ identity gene in rice, was mapped using RAPD and RFLP markers. Firstly, the cross was made between "ZhaiYeQing 8" (ZYQ8, indica) and split rice spikelet (SRS, japonica) mutant. The ratio of wild-type individuals and mutant plants in F2 population is 3:1, which indicates that the mutant characteristics are controlled by single recessive gene, srs-1. Consequently, BSA method was adopted and 520 random 10-mer primers were used to screen polymorphic bands between two bulks. Six primers could amplify polymorphic bands, of which S465 generates the most stable RAPD patterns. Then, S465 that cosegregates in F2 population has been converted into an RFLP marker successfully. Furthermore, srs-1 gene was mapped on chromosome 3 using DH mapping population. The effect of srs-1 gene results in the mutant of split rice spikelet. The mutant has longer and softer palea/lemma than those of wild-type, and two small palea/lemma-like organs between palea and lemma. In addition, there is a flower wit     

Molecular mapping of split rice spikelet mutant srs-1 and analysis of its homeotic function in rice

srs-1, a new floral organ identity gene in rice, was mapped using RAPD and RFLP markers. Firstly, the cross was made between "ZhaiYeQing 8" (ZYQ8, indica) and split rice spikelet (SRS, japonica) mutant. The ratio of wild-type individuals and mutant plants in F2 population is 3:1, which indicates that the mutant characteristics are controlled by single recessive gene, srs-1. Consequently, BSA method was adopted and 520 random 10-mer primers were used to screen polymorphic bands between two bulks. Six primers could amplify polymorphic bands, of which S465 generates the most stable RAPD patterns. Then, S465 that cosegregates in F2 population has been converted into an RFLP marker successfully. Furthermore, srs-1 gene was mapped on chromosome 3 using DH mapping population. The effect of srs-1 gene results in the mutant of split rice spikelet. The mutant has longer and softer palea/lemma than those of wild-type, and two small palea/lemma-like organs between palea and lemma. In addition, there is a flower with three stamens and carpel in the axil of lemma. Thus, there are nine stamens and two carpels in the spikelet of mutant. srs-1 gene may belong to homeotic gene of class A according to the mutant characteristics and ABC model.     

Crinkly4 receptor-like kinase is required to maintain the interlocking of the palea and lemma, and fertility in rice, by promoting epidermal cell differentiation

The palea and lemma are unique organs in grass plants that form a protective barrier around the floral organs and developing kernel. The interlocking of the palea and lemma is critical for maintaining fertility and seed yield in rice; however, the molecules that control the interlocking structure remain largely unknown. Here, we showed that when OsCR4 mRNA expression was knocked down in rice by RNA interference, the palea and lemma separated at later spikelet stages and gradually turned brown after heading, resulting in the severe interruption of pistil pollination and damage to the development of embryo and endosperm, with defects in aleurone. The irregular architecture of the palea and lemma was caused by tumour-like cell growth in the outer epidermis and wart-like cell masses in the inner epidermis. These abnormal cells showed discontinuous cuticles and uneven cell walls, leading to organ self-fusion that distorted the interlocking structures. Additionally, the faster leakage of chlorophyll, reduced silica content and elevated accumulation of anthocyanin in the palea and lemma indicated a lesion in the protective barrier, which also impaired seed quality. OsCR4 is an active receptor-like kinase associated with the membrane fraction. An analysis of promoter::GUS reporter plants showed that OsCR4 is specifically expressed in the epidermal cells of paleas and lemmas. Together, these results suggest that OsCR4 plays an essential role in maintaining the interlocking of the palea and lemma by promoting epidermal cell differentiation.     

Characterization of the Rice Floral Organ Number Mutant fon3

A spontaneous rice mutant named floral organ number 3 (fon3) had major mutations in floral organ numbers. Genetic analysis indicated thatfon3 acted as a single recessive gene. Microscopic observation showed that the number of floral organs infon3 increased centripetally. For example, the number of pistils was the more frequently increased than organs in the outer whorls. Homeotic conversion of lodicules and glumes into palea/lemma-like organs was observed in some flowers. Scanning electron microscopy observation showed that the size of flower meristems was maintained the same or similar until the lemma primordium started to differentiate, at which time the floral meristem became enlarged, suggesting abnormal development of the inner whorls of rice florets. The relationship offon3 with other similar rice mutants is discussed.