Regulated deficit irrigation and density of Erythroneura spp. (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) on grape

This study looked at regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) on leafhoppers in the genus Erythroneura (Erythroneura elegantula Osborn, or western grape leafhopper, and Erythroneura variabilis Beamer) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), which are serious pests of cultivated grape (Vitis vinifera L.) in California. RDI is an irrigation strategy that reduces irrigation during a critical point in the phenology of a cultivated perennial crop, to improve vegetative balance and crop quality. Erythroneura spp. are known to respond negatively to vine water stress, and the second generation ofleafhoppers begins during a potential RDI initiation period, between berry set and veraison (beginning of fruit maturation). In experiments at commercial wine grape vineyards, I imposed deficits of between 25 and 50% of crop full evapotranspiration (ET(c)) between berry set and veraison, with control treatments based on the growers' standard irrigations (typically between 0.8 and 1.0 ET(c)), and then we counted leafhopper nymphs weekly, and leafhopper eggs after the second generation. Results show a consistent reduction of second generation nymphal density with this type of RDI, with average density approximately 50% lower under deficit treatments in all three studies. Deficit irrigation reduced second generation egg density by 54% at one site and by 29.9% at another. These results confirm previous studies regarding the sensitivity of Erythroneura spp. to grapevine water stress, and, in addition, they show that a season-wide irrigation deficit is not necessary for reduction in leafhopper density. Results suggest that lower oviposition at least partly explains the lower nymphal density in the deficit treatments.     

Habitat diversification tactic for improving biological control: parasitism of the western grape leafhopper

In a previous study we demonstrated greater abundance of the parasitoid Anagrus epos (Girault) in grape vineyards located downwind of prune trees that function as overwintering habitats. This study examines whether these higher A. epos numbers translated into higher egg parasitism rates of the grape leafhopper, Erythroneura elegantula (Osborn). Paired commercial wine-grape vineyard plots, one with and one without adjacent prune trees, were studied within a complete block design in northern and central California. A. epos was the key mortality factor affecting E. elegantula eggs. Point estimates of A. epos parasitism rates were significantly greater in vineyards associated with prune trees during the first E. elegantula generation in both 1991 and 1992. No consistent differences in parasitism rates were observed during the second or third generations. The results indicated that prune trees enhance early season parasitism rates. Cumulative estimates of egg parasitism across E. elegantula generations demonstrated that enhanced early-season parasitism resulted in a net season-long increase in the degree of mortality imposed by A. epos on E. elegantula eggs. Two factors were found to influence parasitism rates: the abundance of early-season A. epos adults moving into vineyards and the density of E. elegantula eggs in vineyards. Our results indicate that diversification of vineyards using prune trees supports overwintering populations of a specialist parasitoid and thereby alters host-parasitoid interactions to favor enhanced parasitism in vineyards.     

Life cycle details of Solenopotes capillatus (Anoplura: Linognathidae)

The duration of immature life stages and the preoviposition period of Solenopotes capillatus Enderlein (Anoplura: Linognathidae) were determined by daily observation in vivo of individual specimens. The duration of the egg and nymphal stages was obtained by daily observation of eggs deposited by females transferred to normal predilection sites of uninfested cattle. The preoviposition period was determined by transferring third instars to uninfested cattle and then recording the period from adult eclosion to first oviposition. The egg stage required 11-13 d. Both first and second instars required 3-4 d, and third instars, based on observations of females, required 5-6 d. The preoviposition period was 2 d. Between 27 and 29 d was required for completion of the cycle (egg to egg). The size (length) of unmounted specimens, in millimeters, was egg 0.70; first instar 0.69; second instar, 0.82; third instar, 1.06; adult female, 1.50; and adult male, 1.08.     

Biology of Anagrus atomus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), an egg parasitoid of the grape leafhopper Arboridia kermanshah (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)

Biology, morphology and oviposition behavior of Anagrus atomus (Linnaeus), an egg parasitoid of the grape leafhopper Arboridia kermanshah Dlabola in Isfahan, Iran, were investigated. Adults were smaller than those so far reported from other regions. Females continuously drummed on plant surfaces with their antennae to search for host eggs. Parasitoid eggs hatched 2–3 days after oviposition, and A. atomus had two larval instars. First instar larvae were sacciform and immobile. Second instar larvae appeared 4 days after oviposition and were very active, and doubled their body length. The prepupal and pupal stages lasted for 1 and 5–6 days, respectively. Adult emergence began 16 days after oviposition, and peaked on day 17.     

Autumnal emergence of Anagrus wasps,egg parasitoids of Empoasca vitis,from grapevine leaves and their migration towards brambles

• 1 The Anagrus‘atomus’ parasitoid group (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), associated with Empoasca vitis (Göthe) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), overwinters on vegetation surrounding vineyards. The emergence of parasitoid adults from grapevine leaves in autumn was studied in north‐eastern Italy, both in relation to the E. vitis egg‐laying period and to the presence of leafhoppers overwintering as eggs on Rubus bushes.
• 2 Autumnal peaks of Anagrus captured using yellow sticky traps were observed first on grapevines and then on brambles. Parasitoid captures in vineyards were observed for more than 1 month after the last first‐instar nymphs of the grape leafhoppers were noticed. Two species belonging to the A. ‘atomus’ group, Anagrus atomus and Anagrus ustulatus, were captured both on grapevines and brambles.
• 3 Parasitoids of the A.‘atomus’ group can emerge from third‐generation grape leafhopper eggs in accordance with two different development time patterns (i.e. normal or delayed). Individuals with delayed emergence required up to 2.2‐fold more time to develop from an egg to adult than individuals with normal emergence. This meant that some parasitoid adults emerged in autumn from eggs of grape leafhopper laid in August.
• 4 A delayed emergence as a result of a slower development ensures that the A.‘atomus’ parasitoid group is synchronized with the egg‐laying of leafhoppers that overwinter as eggs on Rubus spp.
• 5 Consequently, leafhoppers overwintering as eggs on brambles play a key role in the ecology of the relationship between grape leafhoppers and the A.‘atomus’ parasitoid group.

     

Effects of clutch size and egg-laying order on the breeding success in the Little Tern Sterna albifrons on the Nakdong Estuary, Republic of Korea

Survivorship of Little Tern Sterna albifrons eggs and chicks was followed on an islet in the Nakdong Estuary, Republic of Korea, in 1995 and 1996. Mean egg size and incubation period were significantly different between the 2 years. The maximum clutch size was three eggs, and the second egg in the clutch often hatched earlier than the first, while most of the third eggs hatched last. In 1996, when the fate of 249 eggs from 106 nests was followed for 40 days, hatching success, fledging success and breeding success were 77%, 40% and 31%, respectively. High mortality occurred in the early chick stage, mostly because of rain and predation by Weasels Mustela sibirica. The breeding success per egg was 14% in one-egg clutches, 28% in two-egg clutches and 34% in three-egg clutches. This difference was mainly attributed to the lower hatching success in the smaller clutches. In three-egg clutches, the third egg showed significantly lower breeding success than siblings. The main foods of the Little Tern were Tridentiger obscurus, Engraulis japonicus, Hyporhamphus intermedius, Acanthogobius flavimanus (all fish), Palaemon sp. and Crangon affinis (shrimps). The feeding frequency was, apparently, not affected by time of day and age of chicks but was probably influenced by weather conditions. Newly hatched chicks failed to eat 25% of the prey brought to them, although this decreased with the age of the chicks.     

Study of soybean leafhoppers fauna and an investigation on biology of dominant species Empoasca decipienspaoli in Karaj area

The fauna of soybean leafhoppers and the biology of dominant species were investigated in Karaj during 1992-1994. For identification of species the male genitalia and other taxonomic characters were used. In order to find the duration and number of nymph stages, leaf cages were used on the plants. A thermograph was used to study the effect of temperature on nymphal stages in greenhouse. To study biology of E. decipiens in field four cages prepared and the trials has done inside them, and weekly all its life cycle observed. The following six species from four genera were identified: Empoasca decipiens Paoli, Macrosteles quadripunctulatus (KIrschbaum), M. laevis (Rib). Psammotettix alienus (Dahlbom), P. Striatus (Linne), Neoaliturus tenellus (Baker). Our investigations showed that Empoasca decipiens was the dominant species with the highest abundance. This specie is one of the important pests in many parts of Iran where oilseed crops are planted. The results showed that the soybean leafhopper over winters as adult under the debris of host plants and weeds. The first generation completes their life cycle on weeds before planting soybean. The second, third, and fourth generation lived on soybean. The time taken for the first, second, third, fourth and fifth nymphal stages were 6-7, 5-6, 2-4, 4-6 and 6-8 days, respectively. Adult longevity was 17-19 days, so that duration of first generation on weeds was 54-66 days. Our experiments showed that, at 18 degrees C condition, the first stages have been the maximum nymph period and at 23 degrees C condition, have been the lowest period.     

Egg incubation temperature differently affects female and male hatching dynamics and larval fitness in a leafhopper

Temperature effects on ectotherms are widely studied particularly in insects. However, the life-history effects of temperature experienced during a window of embryonic development, that is egg stage, have rarely been considered. We simulated fluctuating temperatures and examined how this affects the operational sex ratio (OSR) of hatching as well as nymph and adult fitness in a leafhopper, Scaphoideus titanus. Specifically, after a warm or cold incubation we compared males and females hatching dynamics with their consequences on the sex ratio in the course of time, body size, weight, and developmental rate of the two populations, all reared on the same posthatching temperature. Males and females eggs respond differently, with females more sensitive to variation in incubation temperature. The different responses of both sexes have consequences on the sex ratio dynamic of hatchings with a weaker protandry after warm incubation. Temperatures experienced by eggs have more complex consequences on posthatching development. Later nymphal instars that hatched from eggs exposed to warm temperature were larger and bigger but developmental rate of the two populations was not affected. Our study demonstrates how incubation temperature could affect operational sex ratio and posthatching development in an insect and how this may be critical for population growth.     

Deficit irrigation promotes arbuscular colonization of fine roots by mycorrhizal fungi in grapevines (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vitis vinifera</Emphasis> L.) in an arid climate

Regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) is a common practice applied in irrigated vineyards to control canopy growth and improve fruit quality, but little is known of how imposed water deficits may alter root growth and colonization by beneficial arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Thus, root growth and mycorrhizal colonization were determined throughout the growing season for 3 years in own-rooted, field-grown, ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grapevines exposed to three RDI treatments. Vines under standard RDI were irrigated at 60 to 70% of full-vine evapotranspiration (FVET) from 2 weeks after fruit set until harvest, a standard commercial practice. Early deficit vines were exposed to a more extreme deficit (30% FVET) during the period from 2 weeks after fruit set until the commencement of ripening (veraison), and thereafter reverted to standard RDI. Late deficit vines were under standard RDI until veraison, then exposed to a more extreme deficit (30% FVET) between veraison and harvest. The production of fine roots was reduced in both the early and late deficit treatments, but the reduction was more consistent in the early deficit vines because the additional deficit was imposed when roots were more rapidly growing. The frequency of arbuscules in fine roots was greater in both of the additional deficit treatments than in the standard RDI, a response that appeared chronic, as the higher frequency of arbuscules was observed throughout the season despite the additional deficits being applied at discrete times. It appears that grapevines compensated for a lower density of fine roots by stimulating arbuscular colonization. Irrigation did not affect yield or quality of grapes, but reduced whole-vine photosynthesis during the additional deficit periods. It appears that high-quality grapes can be produced in this region with less water than that applied under the current RDI practice because the root system of the vine may be more efficient due to greater arbuscular colonization by AMF. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the United States Department of Agriculture or the Agricultural Research Service of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable.     

Phenological dynamics of Dasineura mali (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and its parasitoid Platygaster demades (Hymenoptera: Platygasteridae) in apple orchards

The midge Dasineura mali Kieffer (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) is an important pest of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) and a potential fresh fruit contaminant, causing quarantine concerns. The phenological dynamics of D. mali and its egg parasitoid Platygaster demades Walker (Hymenoptera: Platygasteridae) were studied in the field in Palmerston North, New Zealand, for 2 yr. Both shoot infestation rate by D. mali and D. mali density per shoot sharply increased in the second generation, reaching approximately 65% and 100-200 eggs, respectively. However, although the infestation rate in the third generation remained as high as in the second generation, the pest density per shoot significantly decreased to 40-60 eggs in the third generation. In the fourth generation, both infestation rate and pest density per shoot decreased to approximately 30% and 10 eggs. Due to the simultaneous decline of the apple shoot number and D. mali density in the third and fourth D. mali generations, the absolute number of D. mali in the orchard also has declined proportionally during the same period. The parasitism and superparasitism rates significantly increased as the season progressed, from 45 to 55 and 37% in the first generation to 87 and 82% in the fourth generation, respectively. Our results suggest that P. demades contributes to the continuous decline of D. mali numbers in the field; it is a good searcher, particularly when its hosts become increasingly scarcer over the season, and it avoids overshooting the host population later in the season by increasing superparasitism. The frequency of P. demades aestivation increases from late spring to midsummer and then decreases during the late summer and early autumn. Although the emergence of P. demades was approximately 2 to 3 wk behind that of D. mali in each generation, the increasing parasitism rates from the first to the fourth generations indicate that P. demades is synchronized with D. mali in the field.     

The population characteristics of the brown plant hopper, Nilaparvata lugens, in the Philippines

Abstract. 1. Population characteristics of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), were investigated over eight growing seasons on rainfed rice in the Philippines.
2. Three nymphal generation peaks were observed in most seasons. The third peak was not always the largest and peaks varied considerably in size from season to season.
3. Generation peaks were less distinct at a second sampling site within an irrigation system, possibly associated with increased asynchrony of planting and the consequent increased immigration potential.
4. Mortality was highest for eggs and first instar nymphs. Egg to adult survivorship was estimated as 1–12%.     

On the biology and thermal developmental requirements of the cotton mealybug,Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Egypt

This study evaluated the thermal requirements for development of the cotton mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis depending on different biological parameters on Okra leaves Abelmoschus esculentusat under two constant temperatures (20 and 30 °C) at (RH 65%, 12:12 h. light/dark). The effect of temperature on eggs was ineffective since it hatched shortly to first nymphal instars after deposition. While the tested temperature caused significant effects on nymphal durations, pupation rate (pre-male stage), females emergence %, pre-oviposition, longevity, post-oviposition periods and fecundity in females (egg deposition, ovisacs numbers and hatchability %). The thermal constant and developmental zero were calculated to be 7.29 °C and 79.9 degree-days (DDs) for eggs, 11.67 °C and 272.9 DDs for nymphal stages, 11.06 °C and 46.4 DDs for males and then 3.31 °C and 554.1 DDs for females, respectively. The duration of the life cycle was 65.6 ± 10.36 days at 20 °C; this was shortened to 35.51 ± 1.12 days at 30 °C. The thermal requirements to complete the insect development for one generation was 8.2 °C for the developmental zero and 774.1 DDs for the thermal constant. Based on the thermal requirements values, the average life cycle duration from January to December 2016 was 61.78 days and the number of annual generations was 7.143 when the average annual temperature was 23.29 °C.     

南昌地区灰飞虱的生活史、繁殖和越冬生物学特性

为了探明灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén)在南昌地区的生物学特性, 本研究在实验室和自然条件下系统调查了该虫的年生活史, 温度对其生长发育、 繁殖、 性比及翅型分化的影响, 及其越冬生物学。结果表明, 灰飞虱在南昌一年发生4~7代。在18~32℃, 卵的发育历期随温度升高逐渐缩短。若虫的发育历期在18~28℃随温度升高逐渐缩短, 但若虫的发育历期在30和32℃时显著长于28℃的发育历期（P=0.000﹤0.05）。越冬个体的若虫期为143~187 d。卵和若虫的发育起点温度分别为10.17℃和7.51℃。在室外, 7月中旬高温下孵化的第4代若虫的发育历期也明显延长, 显示了高温诱导的夏季休眠现象。在18~28℃, 产卵前期随温度升高而逐渐缩短, 当温度上升到30℃时, 其产卵前期比26和28℃下有所延长。产卵期在22℃最长, 30℃下最短。成虫在20~24℃下的寿命最长。在28℃下, 平均每雌产若虫量最大。不论在室内还是在室外, 雌雄比均接近1∶1。在18~32℃, 羽化的成虫均以长翅型占绝对优势。在自然条件下, 越冬代和第6代羽化的成虫以短翅型占优势, 其他各代仍以长翅型占优势。在自然条件下, 9月中旬孵化的若虫就有少量个体滞育越冬, 10月中旬后孵化的若虫全部进入越冬。越冬若虫的龄期为1-5龄。本研究为该虫发生的预测及有效防控提供基础资料。     

Hatching from cysts and egg sacs of Heterodera cruciferae and effects of temperature on hatching and development on oilseed rape

Juveniles hatched readily from field cysts and very readily from eggs in egg sacs of Heterodera cruciferae, when exposed to oilseed rape root diffusate. They hatched very poorly, however, from white or brown females from which the above egg sacs had been removed. Some hatching occurred at 8 ^oC but much more occurred at 12 , 16, 20 and 24 ^oC, with most at 16 ^oC. Development of juveniles in roots of oilseed rape occurred throughout the range 8–24 ^oC, and proceeded faster the higher the temperature. The basal development temperature was taken as 5 ^oC and the number of day degrees above this temperature required to reach each stage of development was calculated. From invasion of roots to the hatching of F₁ juveniles required an average of 680 day degrees, but only 210 day degrees were required for the first appearance of egg sacs on adult females. On this basis, two consecutive generations of H, cruciferae would be possible on autumn-sown oilseed rape in southern England, but the second would mature fully only after the crop was harvested. In Scotland, two consecutive generations could also occur but the second would be much less mature by harvest: only about 850 day degrees are available compared to almost 1100 in southern England. In practice, however, overlapping generations probably occur due to flushes of hatching of juveniles (i) at sowing, (ii) when soils warm up after winter and (iii) when the first generation completes its development. The proportion of eggs found in egg sacs was never more than 37% and some field cysts contained about 220 eggs; their egg sacs may, therefore, have contained as many as 150 eggs. Any study of population dynamics or damage assessment will require a quantification of the contribution of eggs in egg sacs to population density. Oilseed rape is direct drilled and may, therefore, be more sensitive to a given population density of the nematode than host crops which are transplanted.     

Population Dynamics of Meloidogyne chitwoodi on Russet Burbank Potatoes in Relation to Degree-day Accumulation

Population dynamics of Meloidogyne chitwoodi were studied for 2 years in a commercial potato field and microplots. Annual second-stage juvenile (J2) densities peaked at harvest in mid-fall, declined through the winter, and were lowest in early summer. In the field and in one microplot study, population increase displayed trimodal patterns during the 1984 and 1985 seasons. Overwintering nematodes produced egg masses on roots by 600-800 degree-days base 5 C (DD₅) after planting. Second-generation and third-generation eggs hatched by 950-1,100 DD₅ and 1,500-1,600 DD₅, respectively, and J2 densities rapidly increased in the soil. A fourth generation was observed at 2,150 DD₅ in 1985 microplot studies. Tubers were initiated by 450-500 DD₅, but J2 were not observed in the tubers until after the second generation hatched at 988-1,166 DD₅. A second period of tuber invasion was observed when third generation J2 hatched. The regional variation in M. chitwoodi damage on potato may be explained by degree-day accumulation in different potato production regions of the western United States.     

梨小食心虫蛹重对成虫繁殖力和寿命及下一代幼虫发育的影响

【目的】本文旨在明确营养状况不同造成的梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)雌、雄蛹重量差异对其羽化的成虫产卵量、产卵期、寿命及下一代(F1)幼虫发育的影响。【方法】室内条件下,通过不同的饲养方法,获得个体重量不同的梨小食心虫雌、雄蛹,待其羽化交配后,记录其产卵量、产卵时间和成虫寿命;卵孵化前后,分别测量卵和初孵幼虫大小,计算卵孵化率,统计幼虫发育历期。【结果】雌蛹重量对梨小食心虫的成虫产卵量影响显著,其重量与产卵量呈正相关(y=15.505x-59.292);同一条件下,雌蛹与雄蛹重量也呈正相关(y=0.823x-0.538)。同时,雌蛹重量对成虫产卵期影响也较大,蛹重大的个体羽化的雌虫比蛹重小的个体羽化的雌虫产卵高峰期提前1 d;较重、中等和较轻蛹羽化出的雌虫个体每天产卵量高于10粒/雌的时间分别为9~10,7和5~6 d;产卵量高于5粒/雌的时间分别为12~13,9和6~7 d。而雄蛹重量对产卵量、雄成虫寿命影响没有明显影响。较轻的蛹羽化的雌成虫寿命比较重蛹羽化的雌成虫短2~3 d;而雄蛹重量对其羽化的雄成虫寿命影响没有明显规律。雌、雄蛹重量对其羽化成虫的卵孵化率、卵和初孵幼虫的大小影响均不显著,对F_1幼虫发育历期影响也不显著。【结论】梨小食心虫雌蛹重对羽化成虫的产卵量和产卵期等影响显著,田间防治时应注意在不同条件下完成发育的个体,尤其是雌虫,由于营养差异引起的个体大小对随后种群增长的影响。     

Comparison Between the Control Efficacy of Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and Two Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal Strains Against Grapevine Moth ( Lobesia botrana Den. & Schiff.), Depending on Their Release Density

In the first generation of the grape moth Lobesia botrana, Trichogramma evanescens spread to a greater extent than Trichogramma cacoeciae and parasitized most of the grape moth eggs. Reduction of damage to grapes was improved by doubling the number of T. evanescens release points in the first and second generations. In the second generation of the grape moth, T. cacoeciae was more efficient than T. evanescens . The highest proportion of individuals belonging to the reared and natural T. cacoeciae strains were found in the plot in which they were initially released. The total number of individuals emerging from parasitized eggs eggs was the same for each strain, which would suggest that neither predominated. Whichever T. cacoeciae strain considered, a density of 800 release points ha -1 did not induce greater parasitization than a density of 400 release points ha -1 .     

玉米螟卵期寄生性天敌调查

在玉米螟卵期的寄生性天敌中,玉米螟赤眼蜂占93．51％,其它寄生蜂仅占6．49%．玉米螟赤眼蜂是卵期的优势蜂种。年度之间玉米螟卵的被寄生草差异较大。逐步回归分析表明,第2代玉米螟卵的被寄生率与第1代玉米螟卵发生量(X1),6月份温雨系数(X2),第2代玉米螟卵发生量(X2),7月上旬雨量(X4)和7月中旬雨量(X3)有极显相关(X1、X4为主要影响因于)。第3代玉米螟卵的被寄生率与7月上旬雨量(X2)、7月下旬雨日(X2)、8月上旬气温(X3),8月上旬雨量(X4)和8月下旬雨量(X5)有极显相关。由此可见,第1代卵发生量大,上代次卵发生期多雨,当代次卵发生期前少雨,当代次卵发生期多雨,有利于赤眼蜂寄生,玉米螟卵被寄生率提高。     

条赤须盲蝽形态特征与生物学特性

【目的】明确条赤须盲蝽Trigonotylus coelestialium各虫态的形态特征及其发育历期和成虫繁殖力等生物学特性,为条赤须盲蝽的预测预报及科学防治提供理论依据。【方法】在2021年9-10月郑州室内自然变温(22.0~28.1℃)和25℃恒温条件下,以玉米灌浆期籽粒为食料进行饲养,并观察、记录条赤须盲蝽个体各发育阶段的形态特征,测定其各虫态的发育历期、存活率、成虫寿命及雌成虫产卵量。【结果】条赤须盲蝽卵块产于玉米籽粒基部内颖内侧,卵粒长圆筒形,向一侧略弯。从1龄若虫开始触角呈现红色,随龄期增加红色逐渐明显,至5龄若虫时触角第1节出现3条清晰可见的红色纵纹。翅芽从3龄若虫开始明显可见。雌成虫产卵器长瓣状,平放于生殖节中部的沟槽内。室内自然变温下,条赤须盲蝽卵历期为6.27 d,卵孵化率为89.90%;1-5龄若虫历期分别为2.80, 2.33, 2.70, 2.77和3.90 d,若虫总历期为14.50 d,若虫总存活率为85.97%;雌成虫产卵前期为4.43 d,产卵持续期为13.93 d,单雌产卵19.47块,产卵量为82.55粒。25℃恒温下,条赤须盲蝽卵历期为7.73 d,卵孵化率为81.13%;1-5龄若虫历期分别为2.17, 1.90, 1.77, 1.90和2.93 d;若虫总历期为10.67 d,若虫总存活率为7184%;雌成虫产卵前期为4.17 d,产卵持续期为11.27 d,单雌产卵21.17块,产卵量为72.22粒。【结论】条赤须盲蝽的5龄若虫和成虫的触角第1节的形态特征可用于区分其与该属其他昆虫;其翅芽的发育特征可判别若虫龄期;变温能延长其若虫历期和成虫寿命,同时有利于提高雌成虫产卵量和卵孵化率。     

颗粒体病毒在小菜蛾种群中的垂直传播方式的初步观察

在室内观察了小菜蛾颗粒体病毒PlutellaxylostellaGranulosisVirus(RxGV)在小菜蛾种群水平上可能的垂直传播途径。结果表明 :(1 )上代小菜蛾Plutellaxylostella(L .)幼虫期饲毒不能将小菜蛾颗粒体病垂直传递到下代 ;(2 )取食病毒的雌蛾产的卵所孵化的幼虫中 ,没病毒感染出现 ,说明病毒不能经小菜蛾成虫体内传播到下一代。 (3 )用小菜蛾颗粒体病毒处理卵卡时 ,其初孵幼虫有少量被病毒感染死亡 ,浓度高时感染率也较高 ,但感染率均在 1 0 %以下 ,说明小菜蛾颗粒体病毒能经卵表垂直传递给下代 ,但传递效率不高。但当用病毒处理叶片上的卵时 ,初孵幼虫死亡率高达 77 73 % ,而且孵化出的幼虫大多数染病且死于 3龄以前 ,因此田间病毒的施用时间可提早到卵高峰期。