DNA条形码：物种分类和鉴定技术

当前,一项称为“生命的条形码”计划正在欧美等国展开,其目的是实现对地球上现存的约1000万物种进行快速和准确的鉴定。DNA条形码是一种利用短的DNA序列对物种进行鉴定的技术。对DNA条形码的概念和原理进行了介绍,举例说明了其在物种分类、遗传多样性及物种鉴定研究中广泛的利用价值,阐述了当前该领域的研究现状,对未来的发展方向进行了展望。     

DNA条形码及其在生物多样性研究中的应用

DNA条形码是利用生物体内标准的、有足够变异的、易扩增且相对较短的DNA片段对物种进行快速准确鉴定的技术。自2003年DNA条形码相关概念提出以来广受关注,国内外相继开展了DNA条形码及信息系统建设研究,为DNA条形码技术的发展提供了坚实的研究基础和生物信息学分析平台。DNA条形码技术弥补了传统分类学的不足,为生物多样性研究提供了新的思路和方法。本文介绍了DNA条形码的产生与发展过程,国内外DNA条形码技术与信息系统建设研究进展,重点阐述了DNA条形码技术在物种鉴定、濒危物种保护、隐存种发现、生物多样性评估等研究领域中的应用。最后结合DNA条形码技术目前存在的问题,对其在相关研究领域的应用前景进行了展望。     

DNA条形码技术的研究进展及其应用

DNA条形码技术(DNA Barcod ing)是通过对一个标准目的基因的DNA序列进行分析从而进行物种鉴定的技术。这个概念的原理与零售业中对商品进行辨认的商品条形码是一样的。简单地说,DNA条形码技术的关键就是对一个或一些相关基因进行大范围的扫描,进而来鉴定某个未知的物种或者发现新种[1—3]。自从提出DNA条形码的概念以来,这种新兴分类学技术已经引起了越来越多的生物学家的关注。DNA条形码技术是分类学中辅助物种鉴定的新技术,它代表了生物分类学研究的一个新方向[4],因此它在生态、环境、食品等诸多领域都将会有广泛的应用[5]。本文概括综述了DNA条形码技术的发展历史、原理与操作,分析了其在生物分类中的应用及应用上的优势与限制,对DNA条形码技术在鱼类学研究的意义与可行性进行了探讨。1 DNA条形码技术的发展历史2003年,Herbert研究发现利用线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶亚基Ⅰ(M itochondrial cytochrom ecoxidase subun itⅠ,COⅠ)基因一段长度为648bp的片段,能够在DNA水平上成功的区分物种,并且认为利用COⅠ基因从分子演化的角度,将提供一种快速、简便、可信的分...     

DNA条形码在膜翅目昆虫中的应用分析

DNA条形码的提出,实现了分类学的一次质的飞跃,简便、快捷以及精确的优点使其被广泛应用在物种的分类工作中。膜翅目为昆虫纲的第3大目,其物种具有高度的多样性,种类鉴定工作复杂艰巨。DNA条形码在膜翅目中得到广泛应用。本文针对DNA条形码在膜翅目昆虫的物种分类鉴定、物种发现和隐存种、食物网与生物多样性等方面研究情况予以综述。     

DNA条形码研究进展

DNA条形码是应用有足够变异的标准化短基因片段对物种进行快速、准确鉴定的新的生物身份识别系统.2003年,加拿大Guelph大学Hebert等首次正式提出了DNA条形码概念,2004年成立了生物条形码联盟,目前有来自50个国家的两百多个组织成为其成员,2007年5月加拿大Guelph大学组建了世界上第一个DNA barcoding鉴定中心,2009年1月正式启动"国际生命条形码计划",中国科学院代表中国与加拿大、美国和欧盟共同为iBOL 4个中心节点.线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶基因COⅠ具有引物通用性高和进化速率快等优点,是理想的动物DNA条形码,不过,COⅠ在植物中应用效果较差,因此,核糖体ITS序列和质体rbcL、matK和trnH-psbA等序列也相继被引入植物的DNA条形码研究.虽然DNA条形码研究还处于起步阶段,面临巨大挑战,但是,越来越多的研究表明DNA条形码可以广泛应用于生物的分类和鉴定,是一种简便、高效、准确的物种鉴定技术,已经在动物、植物和微生物等研究中取得了显著成果,是生命科学领域发展最快的学科前沿之一.本文从DNA条形码的开发、应用、国内相关文献研究现状、DNA条形码面临的挑战以及发展前景等进行了综合分析,以期推动我国DNA条形码和分类学研究的发展.     

植物DNA条形码研究进展

DNA条形码(DNA barcoding)已成为近5年来国际上生物多样性研究的热点,即通过使用短的标准DNA片段,对物种进行快速、准确的识别和鉴定.该技术在动物研究中已得到广泛的应用,所采用的标准片段是线粒体COI基因中约650 bp长的一段.然而在植物中DNA条形码的研究进展相对缓慢,目前尚处于对所提议的各片段比较和评价阶段,还未获得一致的标准片段.由于植物中线粒体基因组进化速率较慢,因此条形码片段主要在叶绿体基因组上进行选择,被提议的编码基因片段主要有rpoB,rpoCI,matK,rbcL,UPA,非编码区片段有tmH-psbA,atpF-atpH,psbK-psbI,此外还有核基因ITS.已有的研究表明以上任何一个单片段都不足以区分所有植物物种,因而不同的研究组相继提出了不同的片段组合方案,目前被广泛讨论的组合主要有5种.本文综述了DNA条形码序列的优点、标准、工作流程、分析方法和存在的争议,重点论述了植物条形码研究中被提议的各序列片段和组合的研究现状.     

DNA条形码技术在常见水生动物分类中的应用

DNA条形码(DNA barcoding)技术是逐渐发展起来的新兴分子技术,它通过利用生物体内一段特异的DNA序列快速而精确进行物种识别。DNA条形码技术不仅可以用于物种的鉴定和分类,同时也帮助生物学家深入了解物种之间的亲缘关系以及生态系统内的相互作用,提供了一种迅速而有效的分类学方法来细化分类学上现存的标准,因而成为分类学领域的前沿技术。本文概述了DNA条形码技术在部分水生物种中的广泛应用以及对未来的展望。     

药用植物DNA条形码鉴定研究进展

DNA条形码是利用相对较短的标准DNA片段对物种进行快速准确鉴定的一门技术。DNA条形码技术可以从分子水平弥补传统鉴定方法的一些不足。该技术具有良好的通用性,使得物种鉴定过程更加快速,已经广泛应用于动物物种的鉴定研究中。近年来,随着药用植物DNA条形码鉴定研究的快速发展,逐渐形成了药用植物和植物源中药材鉴定的完善体系。本文综述了DNA条形码技术鉴定药用植物的原理,介绍了中草药传统鉴定方法及其缺陷、使用DNA条形码技术鉴定植物源药材的意义以及DNA条形码在药用植物鉴定中的应用,对其应用前景进行了展望。     

植物DNA条形码技术的发展及应用

在对DNA条形码技术的发展过程进行归纳分析的基础上,对植物DNA条形码技术的研究进展、工作流程及分析方法、影响其鉴定准确性的因素及其在植物分类学研究中的应用现状及存在的争议进行了综合分析和阐述,并展望了植物DNA条形码技术的发展趋势及应用前景。通过具体实例说明将植物DNA条形码技术与传统植物学知识相结合可作为民族植物学的研究手段之一。认为:目前常用的植物DNA条形码主要有单一片段和多片段组合2种方式,这2种方式各有优缺点;常用的DNA序列有matK、trnH-psbA、rbcL和ITS等,但均有一定的局限性;针对不同的使用目的,应选择不同的植物DNA条形码标准;影响植物DNA条形码鉴定准确性的因素包括物种的类型和数量、系统树构建方法、杂交/基因渗入、物种起源时间的差异、分子进化速率差异等;当前植物DNA条形码研究工作的重点是选择合适的DNA片段并对其进行评价。     

甘肃省鱼类资源现状及DNA条形码在鱼类物种鉴定中的应用

为了摸清甘肃省土著鱼类资源与分布现状, 探索DNA条形码在鱼类辅助物种鉴定中的适用性, 2012年6-9月对甘肃境内黄河水系、嘉陵江水系和河西内陆河水系进行了较全面的鱼类调查。共采集鱼类标本3,087尾, 隶属于5目10科38属64种, 以鲤科种类最多, 为30种, 占总种数的46.88%。物种多样性分析表明, 在黄河水系的夏河和庄浪河多样性指数是所有调查点中最低的, 分别为1.38和1.09。嘉陵江水系各河段的多样性指数较高(H = 2.15-3.27), 其次为河西内陆河水系(H = 2.01-2.83)。在河西内陆河水系中, 疏勒河的均匀度指数最高, 为1.10, 黑河最低(0.68)。庄浪河的优势度指数最高, 为0.34, 而嘉陵江干流两当段的优势度指数在所有调查点中最低, 为0.04。利用DNA条形码分析了49种662尾标本的COI基因部分序列, 大部分种类在neighbor-joining系统树中形成各自的单系, 种内平均遗传距离0.88%, 种间平均遗传距离为9.99%, 在种内和种间COI序列遗传距离之间形成明显的条形码间隙, 斯氏高原鳅(Triplophysa stoliczkae)与达里湖高原鳅(T. dalaica), 甘肃高原鳅(T. robusta)与似鲇高原鳅(T. siluroides), 嘉陵裸裂尻鱼(Schizopygopsis kialingensis)与黄河裸裂尻鱼(S. pylzovi)之间的遗传距离低于2%, 甘肃高原鳅与似鲇高原鳅不能通过COI基因片段区分开, 其他两对物种可以采用核苷酸诊断法来进一步区分。斯氏高原鳅和拉氏鱼岁(Phoxinus lagowskii)种内遗传分歧较大, 揭示种内可能存在隐存种。结果表明, 对某些近缘种和不同地理种群差异较大的物种, 要将分子、形态和地理分布特点结合起来才能准确鉴定。     

Identification of aphids of Aphis frangulae‐group living on Lamiaceae species through DNA barcode

The genus Aphis frangulae‐group living on Lamiaceae includes several postulate species, which are morphologically indistinguishable. As a consequence, identification is possible only on the basis of the host plant or life cycle. This study tested the utility of a fragment (614 bp) of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (COI) with the aim of identifying the species and/or to confirm the previous classification based on host plant and data reported in the literature. Although the general nucleotide variability found was rather low, the analysis enabled the separation and identification of all the specimens collected. In some cases, the lack of nucleotide variability among postulated taxa indicates the limits of identification based on biological traits. Consequently, based on the molecular analysis, the postulate species A. symphyti, A. stachydis and A. lamiorum should be regarded as synonymous of A. frangulae.     

真菌DNA条形码研究进展

DNA条形码（DNA barcode）是通过一段短的标准DNA片段实现物种的快速、准确和标准化鉴定。线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶亚基I（COI）基因作为动物的DNA条形码已广泛应用于物种鉴定中,在植物上已选定叶绿体rbcL和matK基因作为基本的DNA条形码。目前世界各国真菌学家正对不同的真菌类群进行不同基因片段的筛选与评价,并在第四届国际生命条形码大会上正式推荐了ITS作为真菌的首选DNA条形码。对国内外真菌DNA条形码的研究进展进行总结与分析,并展望真菌DNA条形码的应用前景。     

Species identification of the medicinal plant Tulipa edulis (Liliaceae) by DNA barcode marker

Tulipa edulis (Liliaceae) is the botanical origin of the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) “Guangcigu”. Due to overexploitation that induced a decline in natural sources, many dried bulbs from other species of Tulipa have been used, adulterating the medicine in recent years. This practice may cause a series of inconsistent therapeutic effects and quality control problems in the herbal medicine industry. Hence, three DNA regions (matK, psbA-trnH and rbcL) were evaluated as barcodes for identifying T. edulis and its adulterants. All candidate DNA barcodes were successfully amplified from leaf samples. Based on the sequence divergences, rbcL and psbA-trnH can assign T. edulis and its adulterants to the correct genus, while matK can accurately differentiate T. edulis and its adulterants. Thus, at the DNA level, the matK intergenic region is a more suitable, accurate and applicable identification of T. edulis and its adulterants than rbcL and psbA-trnH.     

入侵种的DNA条形码鉴定

生物安全研究的范畴涉及任何由生物威胁所造成的风险。随着害虫优先考虑级别的不断变化,以及国家和部门间相互协作的不断加强,对DNA分子鉴定技术的标准化提出了更迫切的要求,而DNA条形码的出现为此类问题的解决提供了很好的机遇。我们以前人对毒蛾和果蝇的研究为例,比较了DNA条形码技术与PCR-RFLP等传统方法的鉴定效果,在此基础上提出了建立一个可对不同入侵种进行快速和准确鉴定的条形码技术平台的构想。     

DNA barcoding discriminates the noxious invasive plant species, floating pennywort (Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L.f.), from non-invasive relatives

Floating pennywort (Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L.f.), a member of the plant family Araliaceae originating from North America, is an example of an invasive aquatic species posing serious problems to the management of waterways outside of its original distribution area in Australia and Western Europe. As a consequence, its import was banned in the Netherlands. It can be difficult to distinguish H. ranunculoides from other species of the genus on a morphological basis. In this regard, DNA barcoding may become a good alternative once this could be performed on a routine basis. In this study, we show that it is possible to distinguish H. ranunculoides from a series of closely related congeners by using a single plastid DNA sequence, trnH-psbA.     

The campaign to DNA barcode all fishes, FISH-BOL

FISH-BOL, the Fish Barcode of Life campaign, is an international research collaboration that is assembling a standardized reference DNA sequence library for all fishes. Analysis is targeting a 648 base pair region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene. More than 5000 species have already been DNA barcoded, with an average of five specimens per species, typically vouchers with authoritative identifications. The barcode sequence from any fish, fillet, fin, egg or larva can be matched against these reference sequences using BOLD; the Barcode of Life Data System ( http://www.barcodinglife.org ). The benefits of barcoding fishes include facilitating species identification, highlighting cases of range expansion for known species, flagging previously overlooked species and enabling identifications where traditional methods cannot be applied. Results thus far indicate that barcodes separate c. 98 and 93% of already described marine and freshwater fish species, respectively. Several specimens with divergent barcode sequences have been confirmed by integrative taxonomic analysis as new species. Past concerns in relation to the use of fish barcoding for species discrimination are discussed. These include hybridization, recent radiations, regional differentiation in barcode sequences and nuclear copies of the barcode region. However, current results indicate these issues are of little concern for the great majority of specimens.     

基于DNA条形码鉴定植物药常山及其混伪品

虎耳草科（Saxifragaceae）常山属（Dichroa）植物常山（Dichroa febrifuga Lour.）是我国著名的抗疟药物。但目前全国各地使用较为混乱,代用品、混淆品多,鉴定困难。本研究收集常山及其混伪品6种,共64份样品,利用DNA条形码和二维DNA条形码技术进行物种鉴定研究。研究结果表明,DNA条形码技术可准确鉴定常山及其混伪品,20%的常山样品存在混伪现象,混伪品主要为阔叶十大功劳（Mahonia bealei（Fort.） Carr.）。常山ITS2序列长度为230 bp,种内K2P遗传距离为0~0.0253,常山及其混伪品种间K2P遗传距离为0.152~0.748。基于ITS2序列构建的NJ树显示,常山及其混伪品能够明显区分,可为临床安全用药提供科学依据。成功构建常山的二维DNA条形码鉴定体系,实现“互联网+”的跨平台信息交换,可为二维DNA条形码技术在流通监管领域的实践应用提供理论基础。     

Testing candidate plant barcode regions in the Myristicaceae

The concept and practice of DNA barcoding have been designed as a system to facilitate species identification and recognition. The primary challenge for barcoding plants has been to identify a suitable region on which to focus the effort. The slow relative nucleotide substitution rates of plant mitochondria and the technical issues with the use of nuclear regions have focused attention on several proposed regions in the plastid genome. One of the challenges for barcoding is to discriminate closely related or recently evolved species. The Myristicaceae, or nutmeg family, is an older group within the angiosperms that contains some recently evolved species providing a challenging test for barcoding plants. The goal of this study is to determine the relative utility of six coding (Universal Plastid Amplicon - UPA, rpoB, rpoc1, accD, rbcL, matK) and one noncoding (trnH-psbA) chloroplast loci for barcoding in the genus Compsoneura using both single region and multiregion approaches. Five of the regions we tested were predominantly invariant across species (UPA, rpoB, rpoC1, accD, rbcL). Two of the regions (matK and trnH-psbA) had significant variation and show promise for barcoding in nutmegs. We demonstrate that a two-gene approach utilizing a moderately variable region (matK) and a more variable region (trnH-psbA) provides resolution among all the Compsonuera species we sampled including the recently evolved C. sprucei and C. mexicana. Our classification analyses based on nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordination, suggest that the use of two regions results in a decreased range of intraspecific variation relative to the distribution of interspecific divergence with 95% of the samples correctly identified in a sequence identification analysis.     

DNA barcoding of Pedicularis L.(Orobanchaceae): Evaluating four universal barcode loci in a large and hemiparasitic genus

One application ofDNA barcoding is species identification based on sequences of a short and standardized DNA region.In plants,various DNA regions,alone or in combination,have been proposed and investigated,but consensus on a universal plant barcode remains elusive.In this study,we tested the utility of four candidate barcoding regions (rbcL,matK,trnH-psbA,and internal transcribed spacer (ITS)) as DNA barcodes for discriminating species in a large and hemiparasitic genus Pedicularis (Orobanchaceae).Amplification and sequencing was successful using single primer pairs for rbcL,trnH-psbA,and ITS,whereas two primer pairs were required for matK.Patterns of sequence divergence commonly showed a “barcoding gap”,that is,a bimodal frequency distribution of pairwise distances representing genetic diversity within and between species,respectively Considering primer universality,ease of amplification and sequencing,and performance in discriminating species,we found the most effective single-region barcode for Pedicularis to be ITS,and the most effective two-region barcode to be rbcL +ITS.Both discriminated at least 78％ of the 88 species and correctly identified at least 89％ of the sequences in our sample,and were effective in placing unidentified samples in known species groups.Our results suggest that DNA barcoding has the potential to aid taxonomic research in Pedicularis,a species-rich cosmopolitan clade much in need of revision,as well as ecological studies in its center of diversity,the Hengduan Mountains region of China.