Clitellocephalus americanus n. gen., n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Gregarinidae) from Cratacanthus dubius (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Harpalinae) in the Nebraska sandhills and Clitellocephalus ophoni n. comb. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Gregarinidae) from Ophonus pubescens (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Harpalinae) in Sète,France

Clitellocephalus americanus n. gen., n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Gregarinidae) is described from Cratacanthus dubius (Coleoptera: Carabidae) collected from Keith County in the Sandhills of western Nebraska. Clitellocephalus ophoni n. comb. is redescribed using original type material from Ophonus pubescens (Coleoptera: Carabidae) collected in Sète, France. Clitellocephalus n. gen. is distinguished by a deltoid epimerite with an internal anterior obconoid structure and a basal toroidal vacuole, which is retained in gamonts. Protomerites are broadly elliptical to cylindrical; deutomerites are narrowly obovate. Association is precocious, caudofrontal, and biassociative, with the satellite protomerite engulfing the posterior end of the primite deutomerite to form an interlock. Gametocysts are spherical. Sporoducts are present but reduced and irregular in number. Oocysts are dolioform, dehiscing in chains. The species described herein are differentiated by their overall size and relative proportion of cellular structures.     

Amoebogregarina Nigra n. gen., n. comb. (Apicomplexa: Gregarinidae) from adult Melanoplus differentialis (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in southeastern Nebraska

Amoebogregarina nigra n. gen., nov. comb. (Eugregarinida: Gregarinidae) is described from trophozoites, gamonts, associations, gametocysts, and oocysts collected from adult Melanoplus differentialis (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in Nemaha County, Nebraska. Host alimentary canals were examined for eugregarine parasites. Gregarines encountered were fixed as permanent specimens or subjected to a series of morphometric measurements. Morphometric analysis indicated the presence of Gregarina nigra, a poorly described taxon reported from a variety of Nearetic grasshopper species, Examination of G. nigra revealed a metamorphic epimerite assimilated by the protomerite on maturity. This epimerite-protomerite complex is unique within Gregarinidae, prompting creation of the genus Amoebogregarina. Amoebogregarina nigra is the type species in new combination. Gregarina indianensis is recognized as a junior synonym of A. nigra.     

Gregarina coronata N. Sp. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida) Described from Adults of the Southern Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

ABSTRACT. Gregarina coronata n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida) is described from the adults of the Southern Corn Root Worm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Measurements given are means, in micrometers, taken from mature gamonts in association. Primite: protomerite hemi-ellipsoidal with basal tumidus, length 47.6, width 44.0, with cytoplasmic granule, apical crown apparent; deutomerite elongate ellipsoidal, length 227.9, width 81.3; epimerite absorbed into anterior in gamont, globular in trophozoite. Satellite: protomerite hemi-ellipsoidal, truncated at association interface to appear trapezoidal, length 39.2, width 49.6, with cytoplasmic granule; deutomerite elongate ellipsoidal, length 240.6, width 80.2; epimerite absorbed into anterior in gamont. Association caudofrontal and often precocious, occurring during growth of trophozoites. Gametocysts spherical, 115.3 in diameter, 132.9 with hyaline coat; producing multiple oocyst chains under moist storage in 24–36 h. Oocysts very uniform in shape and size, dorsad: doliform, length 6.4, equatorial width 3.4, polar width 2.9; pleuron: dorso-ventrally flattened, corpus concave with bicondylic termina; corpus height 0.98, width 4.44; terminus height 1.96, width 0.98.     

Stylocephalus occidentalis n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Stylocephalidae) from Trimytis pruinosa (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in the Nebraska Sandhills

Stylocephalus occidentalis n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida) is described from Trimytis pruinosa (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) collected from Keith County in the Sandhills of western Nebraska. Measurements are means in micrometers. Developing trophozoites solitary; epimerite a complex of terminal epimerite and intercalating diamerite; epimerite shallowly ovoid to transversely elliptoid, with transverse basal constriction at junction with diamerite, length 0.5-1 times width, approximately 3-4 times that of diamerite; width approximately equal to that of diamerite; diamerite roughly cylindrical to spindle-shaped, without significant anterior taper, little or no evidence of longitudinal folds, length approximately twice width. Association late, frontal, isogamontic. Gamont protomerite depressed ovoid to very broadly ovoid, length 27.3, width 35.1, anterior distance to widest point 15.4. Protomerite-deutomerite septum clearly marked and constricted, width 34.6. Deutomerite often with distinct marginal crenulation, narrowly obovoid to very narrowly obovoid, length 356.5, maximum width 57.6, anterior distance to widest point 26.3, equatorial width 35.1, +/-12.5, 29. Total length 381.5. Nucleus ellipsoid, length 32.5, width 18.8; with 0 or 2 polysomal endosomes. Gametocysts roughly spherical; diameter 205.0; wall desiccating to become paper-like, slightly papillated, dehiscing by simple rupture, releasing oocysts in coiled chains, epispore packet absent, gametocyst residuum present. Oocysts dark brown to black, axially asymmetric, broadly deltoid, gibbous in lateral aspect, slightly keeled in dorsal aspect; length 9.8, height 7.9; with slight terminal protuberances and 2 central, spherical residua.     

Revision of the genus Xiphocephalus and description of Xiphocephalus ellisi n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Stylocephalidae) from Eleodes opacus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in the western Nebraska Sandhills

Xiphocephalus is revised, clarifying diagnosis of the epimerite complex, gametocyst, and oocyst. Xiphocephalus ellisi n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida) is described from Eleodes opacus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) collected from Keith County in the Sandhills of western Nebraska. Measurements are means in micrometers. Developing trophozoites solitary; epimerite a complex of terminal epimerite and intercalating diamerite: epimerite elongate, ensiform, with transverse basal tumidus, length 2-3 times width of basal tumidus; width approximately half that of basal tumidus; tumidus toroidal, concavoconcave in anterioposterior axis: diamerite roughly cylindrical, no longitudinal fold apparent, length approximately twice width. Association late, frontal, isogamontic. Protomerite depressed ovoid, length 84.1, width 114.9, anterior distance to widest point 50.8. Protomerite-deutomerite septum clearly marked and constricted, width 99.3. Deutomerite narrowly obovoid, length 1,094.0, maximum width 197.0, anterior distance to widest point 137.8, equatorial width 163.3. Total length 1,204.4. Nucleus ellipsoid, length 64.9, width 42.2; typically with 2-3 polysomal endosomes. Gametocysts roughly spherical, length 376.1, width 348.2, wall paperlike, papillated, dehiscing by simple rupture, releasing oocysts in coiled chains, epispore packet absent, gametocyst residuum present. Oocysts brown to black, broadly deltoid, gibbous in lateral aspect, slightly keeled in dorsal aspect, length 9.7, height 8.5; with terminal protuberances and a single, central, spherical residuum.     

Description of a new cestode species Mircia shigini gen. et sp. n. (Cyclophyliidea: Schistotaeniidae)

A new genus and species of cestodes from the great-crested grebe Podiceps cristatus collected in the Eastern Europe is described. The genus Mircia gen. n. in addition to the type species M. shigini gen. n. includes the following species formerly being included in the genus Joyeuxilepis Spassky, 1947: M. decacantha (Fuhrmann, 1913) comb. n., M. decacanthoides (Borgarenko et Gulyaev, 1991) comb. n., M. fimbriata (Borgarenko, Spasskaja et Spassky, 1972), comb. n., and M. uralensis (Gulyaev, 1989) comb. n. Brief revision of the genus Joyeuxilepis is provide.     

Two New Menosporine Gregarines, Hoplorhynchus acanthatholius N. Sp. and Steganorhynchus dunwoodyi N. G., N. Sp. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinorida: Actinocephalidae) from Coenagrionid Damselflies (Odonata: Zygoptera)

ABSTRACT. Hoplorhynchus acanthatholius , n. sp. is described from Enallagma civile , the Civil Bluet damselfly. Trophozoites are solitary, lie in the mesenteron between the peritrophic membrane and the epithelium, and attain a maximum length of 850 μm. Epimerite ovoid to broadly ovoid; anterior margin bearing eight equidistant retroarcuate hooks; attached to protomerite by means of a vermicular stalk. Protomerite ovoid; deutomerite narrowly obvoid. Gametocysts spherical; diam 300 μm, sporulating by simple dehiscence in 48–72 h. Oocysts are characteristic of Menosporinae: smooth, biconical, crcscentic, uniform in size and shape. Steganorhynchus dunwoodyi , n. g., n. sp. is described from the damselfly Ischnura verticalis. The genus is characterized by an epimerite comprising an ovoid papilla enclosed in a retractable, globular sheath, borne on a long vermicular stalk. Trophozoites are solitary, lie in the mesenteron between the peritrophic membrane and epithelium, and attain a maximum length of 605 μm. Protomerite very broadly ovoid; deutomerite obvoid. Gametocysts spherical; diam 258 μm, sporulating by simple dehiscence in 48–72 h. Oocysts are characteristic of Menosporinae: smooth, biconical, crescentic, uniform in size and shape. The population dynamics of H. acanthatholius and S. dunwoodyi among damselfly populations in five Nebraska localities are presented.     

The life cycle of Gregarina ronderosi n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Gregarinidae) in the Argentine grasshopper Dichroplus elongatus (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

Gregarina ronderosi n. sp. is described based on life cycle observations conducted on nymphs and adults of its natural host, the grasshopper Dichroplus elongatus. Following ingestion of oocysts by the host, parasite development occurs between the epithelium and the food mass in the midgut and gastric caeca. Gametocysts are liberated in the faeces. Natural prevalence in the type locality, Girondo, northwestern Buenos Aires Province, was 39.7% (n=131). The earliest trophozoites seen were small (< or = 10 microm), somewhat ovoid, unsegmented bodies. Fully developed trophozoites (the body is divided into epimerite, protomerite, and deutomerite) were slender, with conical or globular epimerites in attached or unattached forms, respectively. Trophozoites varied greatly in size [total length: 10.4-275.1 microm; mean (+/-S.E.): 126.3+/-78.9]. Gamonts, which were the most common stages observed and filled the midgut and gastric caeca in grasshoppers kept in rearing rooms, had a stocky appearance and also varied greatly in size (total length: 80-348 microm; 205+/-13). Association of gamonts was precocious, biassociative, and caudofrontal. Gametocysts were spherical and highly variable in size (96-376 microm in diameter; 202.8+/-52.5), and normally have 14 sporoduct basal discs. Everted sporoducts were up to 60 microm long. Oocysts were uniformly doliform in shape, measured (5+/-0.08 by 3.2+/-0.06 microm) and contained eight sporozoites. Wall reinforcements (carinae) were present. No infection resulted in experimentally inoculated Locusta migratoria, which is a host of Gregarina acridiorum. G. ronderosi is strikingly similar to G. acridiorum, but has larger oocysts.     

Phylogenetic revision of the Taenogera Kröber genus-group (Diptera: Therevidae), with descriptions of two new genera

The phylogenetic relationships of the Taenogera genus-group, consisting of nine genera, are examined using cladistic methods. Twenty-one species representing nine genera and one outgroup were compared in a cladistic analysis across 99 states in 44 characters. The genus Taenogera Kröber is revised to contain only T. longa (Schiner), T. nitida (Macquart) and T. notatithorax Mann. Two new genera are described and figured: Actenomeros gen. n., with two species, A. corniculaticaudus sp. n. and A. onyx sp. n.; and Taenogerella gen. n., with four species, Ta. elizabethae sp. n., Ta. platina sp. n., Ta. schlingeri sp. n. and Ta . nigrapicalis (Mann) comb. n. Phylogenetic analysis also supports the removal of Nanexila gracilis (Mann) comb. n. from Taenogera .     

Sphinctocystis phyllodoces gen. n., sp. n. (Eugregarinida: Lecudinidae)--a new gregarine from Phyllodoce citrina (Polychaeta: Phyllodocidae)

A new species of aseptate gregarine, Sphinctocystis phyllodoces gen. n., sp. n., from the gut of a polychaete Phyllodoce citrina Malmgren, 1865 from White Sea is described. The electron and light microscopic data on trophozoits are presented. Taxonomy of the described species is discussed. Certain ultrastructural characters are included in generic and specific diagnoses. Order Eugregarinida Leger, 1900; suborder Aseptata Chakravarty, 1960; family Lecudinidae Kamm, 1922. GENUS: Sphinctocystis gen. n. TYPE SPECIES: Sphinctocystis phyllodoces sp. n. DIAGNOSIS: Characters of the family. Free trophozoits elongated, often with several annular constrictions. Anterior end asymmetric, without hooks, not separated from the body, with small apical papilla encircled by smooth area. Epicyte "classical", without additional axial formations at the tops of folds; epicytic folds high, monomorphic in cross sections, finger-shaped, with parallel sidewalls. In the gut of polychaetes. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS: The new genus differs from Lecudina by having asymmetric anterior end, developed smooth area around the apical papilla, and monomorphic epicytic folds looking finger-shaped in cross sections. It also differs from Lankesteria by the absence of additional axial formations at the tops of the epicytic folds. It differs from both named genera by presence of annular constrictions on the trophozoit body. Sphinctocystis phyllodoces sp. n. DIAGNOSIS: Characters of the genus. Free trophozoits elongated, large, up to 617 x x 77 um. The average height of epicytic folds 976 nm, thickness 194 nm; there are 6-8 apical filaments and rippled dense structures per fold. Nucleus spherical (ellipsoid after fixation), 24-52 microm along longest axis, localised in anterior third of the body, carries several karyosomes of various size; 25-30 nm thick fibrils (possible fragments of nucleolonema) may be present in karyolymph. Other stages unknown. TYPE SERIES: Microscope preparation with 7 trophozoits, Karacci's haematoxylin stained, is kept in the Zoological museum of the Moscow State University (collection number: Z-1). TYPE HOST: Phyllodoce citrina Malmgren, 1865 (Polychaeta: Phyllodocidae). LOCALISATION: Mid-gut. TYPE LOCALITY: White Sea Biological Station of the Moscow State University, Yeremeyevsky Rapid, Velikaya Salma Strait, Kandalaksha Bay, White Sea.     

Eugregarine trophozoite detachment from the host epithelium via epimerite retraction: Fiction or fact?

Eugregarines represent a diverse group of Apicomplexa parasitising numerous invertebrates. Their sporozoites generally develop into epicellular trophozoites attached to the host epithelium by a specialised attachment organelle known as an epimerite. They are considered peculiar protists due to their unique cell architecture and dimensions as well as their attachment strategy which is similar to that of cryptosporidia. Using electron and fluorescence microscopy, the fine structure of the epimerite with associated structures and the mechanism of trophozoite detachment from the host epithelium were studied in Gregarina polymorpha parasitising the intestine of Tenebrio molitor larvae. The epimerite appears to be a very dynamic structure whose shape dramatically changes depending on whether or not it is embedded into the host epithelium. The trophozoite’s most fragile zone is the area below the membrane fusion site at the epimerite base. The epimerite plasma membrane forms basal radial ribs which are involved in increasing its surface and strengthening the epimerite-host cell junction. FITC-phalloidin labelling demonstrated the presence of filamentous actin in trophozoites along with its accumulation at the epimerite base and in the apical end of the protomerite, as well as a patch accumulation of filamentous actin in the protomerite of maturing and mature trophozoites. Indirect immunofluorescence revealed the presence of myosin in the cortical zone of the epimerite and in the membrane fusion site area. The data obtained strongly suggest that these structures could facilitate the detachment of a mature trophozoite from the host epithelium. Supported by data presented herein and our previous observations, we propose a new hypothesis on the mechanism of trophozoite detachment from the host epithelium based on epimerite retraction into the protomerite. This is contrary to the commonly accepted hypothesis describing gradual epimerite constriction and subsequent separation facilitated by contractility of the membrane fusion site (osmiophilic ring).     

Fine structure of trophozoites of the gregarine Leidyana ephestiae (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida) parasitic in Ephestia kuehniella larvae (Lepidoptera)

The ultrastructure of the eugregarine Leidyana ephestiae, parasitic in the larval gut of the flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella, is described. Guts of experimentally infected larvae of E. kuehniella were fixed and sectioned for electron microscope studies of young and mature trophozoites. Young unsegmented trophozoites were small, oval to ovoid, and possessed a simple, globular epimerite. The plasma membrane covering the epimerite region was continuous with the plasma membrane of the protodeutomerite and was in close contact with that of the host cell. Three cortical membranes covered the protodeutomerite region. Folding of the protodeutomeritic epicyte occurred after about 2 days of development of the gregarine. After 3–4 days the body of the trophozoite became differentiated into three segments. A septum was visible between protomerite and deutomerite, but there was nothing similar to this structure between epimerite and protomerite. Fully developed trophozoites showed a large ovoid epimerite containing many mitochondria and vesicles. The epimerite was situated on a short neck filled with fibrils. The cytoplasm of protomerite and deutomerite was rich in amylopectin granules and electron-dense bodies.     

Revision of Bursacetabulus (Diplostomidae: Diplostominae) with the proposal of Bursatintinnabulus n. gen., and description of Bursatintinnabus bassanus n. sp. and Bursacetabulus morus n. sp. from northern gannet, Morus bassanus (Aves), from the Texas gulf coast.

During a study of digeneans of shorebirds from the Texas gulf coast, 2 undescribed species of diplostomes were found in northern gannet, Morus bassanus. Bursatintinnabulus n. gen. (Diplostomidae) is established with reassignment of Bursacetabulus macrobursus Dronen et al., 1999, as type species, and the second species in the proposed genus is described, Bursatintinnabulus bassanus n. sp. Generic diagnosis of Bursacetabulus Dronen et al., 1999, is emended to include a conical hindbody, an inconspicuous pouchlike or conspicuous well-developed tribocytic organ, and digitiform vitellaria distributed mainly in the hindbody with processes extending into the tribocytic organ and ventrolaterally in the hindbody to the level of the testes. Bursacetabulus morus n. sp. is described as the second species in that genus. In Diplostominae, Bursacetabulus and Bursatintinnabulus n. gen. are most similar to Tylodelphys Diesing 1850, but can be distinguished by having smooth testes and vitellaria that extend ventrolaterally into the hindbody to the level of the posterior testis; and the absence of a genital cone, an acetabulum, and a prepharynx. Bursatintinnabulus n. gen. is different from Bursacetabulus and all other genera of Diplostominae by a well-developed, bell-like skirt surrounding the bursa.     

Notomegarhynchus navonae n. gen. and n. sp. (Eucestoda: Tetraphyllidea), from skates (Rajidae: Arhynchobatinae) in the southern hemisphere

Notomegarhynchus n. gen. (Eucestoda: Tetraphyllidea) is proposed to accommodate Notomegarhynchus navonae n. gen., n. sp. from Atlantoraja castelnaui in Mar del Plata, Argentina. Notomegarhynchus shetlandicum n. comb. from Bathyraja eatonii and B. maccaini in South Shetlands region, Antarctica, is a second species in the genus. Notomegarhynchus belongs to the Echeneibothriinae within the Phyllobothriidae. It can be distinguished from all other tetraphyllidean genera by the structure of the scolex in form of a massive myzorhynchus consisting of a proscolex and an apical organ, both of which are nonretractable and noninvaginable; in addition, there are 4 pedunculated and nonloculate acetabula. Notomegarhynchus shetlandicum is differentiated from N. navonae particularly in details of acetabular and myzorhynchus morphology, arrangement of testes, and shape of eggs. The inclusion of Notomegarhynchus in the Echeneibothriinae requires emendation of the diagnosis of the subfamily to include taxa possessing postvaginal testes. In addition, new terminology is proposed for distinct regions of the scolex.     

Revision and checklist of the species (other than lecudina) of the aseptate gregarine family Lecudinidae.

A checklist is given of the 89 named species of the gregarine family Lecudininae, exclusive of the 42 named species of the genus Lecudina (phylum Apicomplexa, class Sporozoea, subclass Gregarinia, order Eugregarinida, suborder Aseptatina). The list includes also the synonyms, host names, locations in hosts, known geographic distributions of the species, as well as key references. Another list is given of synonyms, lapsi calami, nomina nuda, etc., associated with the genera. A new genus, Paraophioidina g.n., with type species, Paraophioidina haeckeli (Mingazzini, 1891) and a new species, Lankesteria ormieresi sp. n., are described. There are also new combinations in the genera Bhatiella, Ancora, Monocystella, Ascocystis, and Paraophioidina.     

Studies on the Early Development of the Eugregarine Gregarina garnhami

SYNOPSIS. The Eugregarine Gregarina garnhami is parasitic in the mid-intestine and caecae of the desert locust Schistocerra gregaria (Forsk). The penetration oi the sporozoite and its development into a three-segmented cephalont is described. At no time in its development is the Fregarine completely intracellular; the so-called intracellular stages of other workers are shown to be the breakdoan products of the intestinal host cells themselves.
After penetrating the host intestinal cell the sporozoite grows rapidly and the anterior intracellular region outgrows the posterior estracellular region. Once the intracellular region reaches a size 13–16 μ in diameter. growth oi this region ceases and growth is now concentrated in the posterior region. When this latter region has reached 20 μ in diameter an annulus appears. This, by growing diametrically across the posterior epimerite region, divides the extracellular region into protomerite and deutomerite.
Detachment of the cephalont is considered to be a passive and not an active process and is dependent on the breakdown and extrusion of host cells. In this process the epimerite may or may not become detached from the protomerite.
A system of lonpitudinal fibres (myonemes) exists within the protomerite, and these play an important role in converting the protomerite into an adhesil-e disc prior to conjugation.
Extensive folding of the epicyte occurs in both the protomerite and deutomerite in the three-segmented cephalont; this folding could not be observed prior to the division of the gregarine into three regions. The epimerite has a dual function in the early stages of development, serving both as an attachment organelle and as an absorptive region across which iood materials may pass from the host cell.     

Systematic relationships of the Antillocorini of the Western Hemisphere (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)

Abstract. The status of the tribe Antillocorini as it occurs in the Western Hemisphere is discussed. An evaluation of characters useful in systematic analysis is included together with an evaluation of the plesiomorphic and apomorphic character states. The phylogenetic relationships of the genera are discussed and a cladogram included. A key is given to all known genera found in the Western Hemisphere. The following new taxa are described: Paradema gen.n.; Paradema bathydemoides sp.n. (Venezuela), P.engiernani sp.n. (Panama), P.longisetosa sp.n. (Argentina), P.oculata sp.n. (Coiumbia, Guyane) (type-species), P.pameroides sp.n. (Brazil), Caeneusia obrienorum sp.n. (Peru), Antillodema gen.n. (to include Antillocoris obscurus Barber comb.n. (type-species) and Bathydema maculosa Slater and Baranowski comb.n.), Paurocoris gen.n., P.yvgodzinskyi sp.n. (type-species) (Ecuador, Brazil, Peru, Argentina, Venezuela), P.punctata (Distant) transferred to Paurocoris from Bathydema, Trachinocoris gen.n., T.crassus sp.n. (Brazil), Terenocoris gen.n., T.nitidus sp.n. (Peru).     

A new genus of oak gallwasps, Zapatella Pujade-Villar & Melika, gen. n., with a description of two new species from the Neotropics (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini)

A new genus of cynipid oak gallwasp, Zapatella Pujade-Villar & Melika, gen. n. (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), with two new species, Zapatella grahami Pujade-Villar & Melika, sp. n. and Zapatella nievesaldreyi Melika & Pujade-Villar, sp. n., is described from the Neotropics. Zapatella grahami,known only from the sexual generation,induces galls in acorns of Quercus costaricensis and is currently known only from Costa Rica. Zapatella nievesaldreyi, known only from the asexual generation, induces inconspicuous galls in twigs of Quercus humboldtii, and is known only from Colombia. Diagnostic characters for both new species are given in detail. Five Nearctic species are transferred from Callirhytis to Zapatella: Zapatella cryptica (Weld), comb. n., Zapatella herberti (Weld), comb. n., Zapatella oblata (Weld), comb. n., Zapatella quercusmedullae (Ashmead), comb. n.,Zapatella quercusphellos (Osten Sacken), comb. n. (= Zapatella quercussimilis (Bassett), syn. n.). A key based on adults for the species belonging to Zapatella is also given. Generic limits and morphological characteristics of Zapatella and closely related genera are discussed.     

Leptoconops nosopheris sp. n. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) and Paleotrypanosoma burmanicus gen. n., sp. n. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), a biting midge--trypanosome vector association from the Early Cretaceous

Leptoconops nosopheris sp. n. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) is described from a blood-filled female biting midge in Early Cretaceous Burmese amber. The new species is characterized by a very elongate terminal flagellomere, elongate cerci, and an indistinct spur on the metatibia. This biting midge contained digenetic trypanosomes (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in its alimentary tract and salivary glands. These trypanosomes are described as Paleotrypanosoma burmanicus gen. n., sp. n., which represents the first fossil record of a Trypanosoma generic lineage.