中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网在心血管疾病中的作用

心血管疾病目前被认为是多因素参与的慢性炎症性疾病,中性粒细胞作为机体防御系统的第一道防线,广泛参与心血管疾病的发生发展。近期研究显示,作为先天性免疫吞噬细胞的中性粒细胞,可形成中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网(neutrophil extracellular traps,NETs)促进免疫反应的发展及持续,从而在心血管疾病中发挥重要调控作用。本综述详述了中性粒细胞和NETs在心血管疾病进展中的作用,并讨论了将NETs作为潜在治疗靶点的可能性。     

磷脂酶A2激活对中性粒细胞趋化和粘附的作用

外源性磷脂酶A2(Ⅰ型PLA2)和钙离子载体(A23187)可明显促进中性粒细胞对TNF,FMLP的趋化及同玻璃球的粘附.PLA2抑制剂二溴苯乙酮(PBPB)和PLA2抗体对PLA2诱发的趋化和粘附具有浓度相关的抑制作用,而对A23187的相同作用并无影响.提示PBPB和PLA2抗体可能通过直接同PLA2作用而抑制PMN趋化和粘附,A23187诱导的促趋化及粘附作用可能不同于PLA2.     

利多卡因对人中性粒细胞释放氧自由基的影响

目的：研究利多卡因对人中性粒细胞释放氧自由基的影响。方法：分别用５、１０、２０、５０μｇ／ｍｌ利多卡因与中性粒细胞孵育３０ｍｉｎ（３７℃）,再用趋化寡肽（ｆｍＬＰ）或佛波酯（ＰＭＡ）刺激,用化学发光法测定ｆｍＬＰ或ＰＭＡ介导的中性粒细胞化学发光反应。结果：上述各浓度的利多卡因对ｆｍＬＰ介导的中性粒细胞化学发光反应有显著的抑制作用,其抑制率分别为４７２２％、７６６３％、８４４３％、８６７２％。当用ＰＭＡ刺激时,利多卡因显著抑制其介导的中性粒细胞化学发光反应。结论：利多卡因能抑制人中性粒细胞释放氧自由基     

中性粒细胞胞外陷阱在细菌性脓毒症中的作用

目的 探究中性粒细胞胞外陷阱（neutrophil extracellular traps,NETs）在细菌性脓毒症患者外周血中的形成及其随着疾病进程的变化情况。方法 收集细菌性脓毒症患者60例,其中致病菌为金黄色葡萄球菌的患者有10例、大肠埃希菌10例、铜绿假单胞菌10例和肺炎克雷伯菌30例（普通型15例,黏液型15例）;另选30例健康体检者为对照组。分别于患者入院的第1天和第7天采集细菌性脓毒症患者的外周血,密度梯度沉淀法分离纯化中性粒细胞,荧光染料Sytox Green明确NETs的存在,免疫荧光染色及核染色剂证明组蛋白H3与DNA共定位于NETs,Image-Pro Plus 6.0微软系统对NETs进行定量检测,比较脓毒症患者与健康者外周血中NETs的形成情况及脓毒症患者经过抗生素治疗7 d后NETs的变化情况。结果 （1）60例细菌性脓毒症患者的外周血中检测到了NETs的存在,并且证明了组蛋白H3与DNA共定位于NETs;（2）脓毒症患者外周血中NETs的含量（42.358%±1.967%）明显高于健康体检者（0.262%±0.041%）（t=8.33,P<0.05）;（3）抗生素治疗7 d后,处于感染消散期患者体内NETs的含量（19.793%±1.917%）明显低于仍处在感染期的患者（51.191%±5.550%）（t=7.64,P<0.05）;（4）黏液型肺炎克雷伯菌（hvKP）引起的细菌性脓毒症患者的外周血中NETs的含量（53.865%±1.385%）明显高于普通型肺炎克雷伯菌（cKP）（27.628%±1.425%）（t=7.82,P<0.05）。结论 NETs在细菌性脓毒症患者外周血中形成,且随着疾病进程的好转,NETs的量也会减少;黏液型肺炎克雷伯菌与普通型肺炎克雷伯菌均可诱发NETs的形成,但形成 NETs的模式有差异。普通型肺炎克雷伯菌更易被中性粒细胞杀灭,黏液型肺炎克雷伯菌可能通过某些机制逃离NETs的捕获。NETs在细菌性脓毒症患者中起到重要杀菌作用。     

中性粒细胞中氯胺的杀菌和免疫调节作用

ＭＰＯ－Ｈ２Ｏ２－Ｃｌ杀菌途径亦可作为免疫修饰剂,连接天然和获得性免疫应答。这一途径的主要成ＨＯＣｌ和其他具有高度反应以及细胞毒活性的氯衍生氯化物。氯化作用可影响细菌的生存,氯化的细菌则可再抑制巨噬细胞炎症介质的产生。巨噬细胞产物对Ｔ细胞活化表现抑制作用,此种活性也可间接增强以后发生的Ｔ细胞介导免疫应答。因此,氯化作用在脊椎动物免疫系统的关键特征上起作用,在诱发有效的免疫应答和损伤自身之间,维持微     

中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网与肺部炎症性疾病的关系

中性粒细胞募集/浸润是肺部炎症性疾病的特征性表现,是肺部抵抗病原微生物入侵的第一道防线,主要通过吞噬作用杀灭病原微生物.然而,新近的研究发现,中性粒细胞被刺激后可形成一种以DNA为骨架并镶嵌有大量活性蛋白质的网状物质——中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网(neutrophil extracellular traps,NETs),这种特殊形式的生物结构能捕获并杀灭病原微生物.尽管就NETs的生物学功能而言,其对肺部炎症性疾病应该是有益的,但是越来越多的研究表明,NETs对肺上皮细胞和内皮细胞均具有直接的细胞毒性作用,并可能促进肺部炎症性疾病的发生发展.为了系统地了解NETs与肺部相关炎症性疾病的关系,本综述首先简述了NETs的结构、功能和形成过程,然后分别叙述了NETs与哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺病、细菌性肺炎、肺结核、肺囊性纤维化、间质性肺疾病、流感病毒感染和急性肺损伤的关系.最后总结、展望了NETs在肺部炎症性疾病中的潜在研究方向和针对性治疗策略.     

钙调蛋白及其结合蛋白对神经递质释放的调控作用

钙离子（Ca2+）是调节突触前神经递质的胞吐释放的关键离子信号.作为胞内最普遍存在的钙离子感受器的钙调蛋白（CaM）被发现能通过与多种蛋白的相互作用,调控着突触小泡的生发、运输及再填充,从而传递胞内Ca2+浓度变化的信号,对神经递质的释放及突触电生理活动起到至关重要的调控作用.本文综述了CaM及其结合蛋白是如何参与对突触小泡的胞吐释放和胞吞恢复的调控,并探讨了其中可能的分子机制.     

钙池操纵的Ca2+通道对炎症的调控

钙池操纵的Ca2 通道(store-operated Ca2 channels,SOC)广泛存在于细胞膜上,是非兴奋性细胞胞外钙内流的主要通道之一,参与多种生理和病理生理过程。参与炎症和免疫反应的主要细胞多为非兴奋性细胞,SOC对它们的功能维系作用日益为人们所重视。     

中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网和血栓形成的研究进展

中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网是由DNA骨架、组蛋白、颗粒成分以及胞浆蛋白组成的网状物,它通过捕获致病微生物,抑制其扩散、灭活毒力因子以及清除病原体来发挥抗菌活性,中性粒细胞这种与其经典的趋化、吞噬作用不同的胞外杀菌方式发挥着重要的固有免疫应答作用。然而,中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网的产生是一把双刃剑。近年来有研究表明它可以导致凝血异常、刺激血栓形成并为其提供支架,但这一过程的机制并不十分清楚,可能与中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网的促凝活性以及凝血级联反应的激活有关。本文将就中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网及其与血栓形成之间关系的研究进展做一综述。     

磷脂酶A2活性对中性粒细胞凋亡的影响

细胞凋亡（Ａｐｏｐｔｏｓｉｓ）是一种机体保持内环境稳定的特殊方式。正常情况下,中性粒细胞（ＰＭＮ）绝大部分通过凋亡而被清除,避免因坏死而造成组织损伤。我们在研究磷脂酶２（ＰＬＡ２）激活介导创伤和感染的机理时,发现其活性介导ＴＮＦ对ＰＭＮ的激发作用。其它证据也显示ＰＬＡ２及其代谢产物在细胞凋亡过程中发挥作用,我们推测ＰＬＡ２活性对ＰＭＮ凋亡或坏死的影响,可能是控制炎症反应的主要途径。这方面的工作尚少见,本文初步报告如下。１　材料和方法（１）材料和主要试剂　雄性Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠由本院动物中心提供。Ｐ…     

Superfamily of plant monomeric GTP-binding proteins: 2. Rab proteins are the regulators of vesicles trafficking and plant responses to stresses

In plants, Rab proteins represent the largest family of monomeric GTP-binding proteins (mG-proteins). As distinct from animal cells comprising 40 subfamilies of Rab proteins, which are the key regulators of intracellular vesicular transport, numerous Rab proteins in Arabidopsis and other plant species could be grouped in only eight subfamilies on the basis of their functional properties. The available data concerning the involvement of these mG-proteins in the control of vesicle trafficking agree generally with the paradigms accepted for other eukaryotes. On the other hand, these proteins play an important role in plant responses to abiotic and biotic factors, indicating specific for plants functions of Rab proteins.     

Dual regulation of ACTH secretion by guanine nucleotides in permeabilized AtT-20 cells

1. We have examined the effects of guanine nucleotides on ACTH secretion from digitonin-permeabilized AtT-20 cells, with the aim of analyzing the involvement of GTP-binding proteins (G proteins) in the secretory process. 2. AtT-20 cells permeabilized with 20 microM digitonin displayed calcium-dependent secretion. The EC50 of calcium was approximately 2 microM and the maximal stimulation was 350% of basal release. 3. Nonhydrolyzable guanine nucleotides also stimulated ACTH release, in a virtually Ca2+-free medium. The EC50 of guanosine 5'-(3-O-thio)triphosphate (GTP gamma S) was approximately 15 microM and the maximal stimulation was approximately 230% of basal release. The effects of calcium and guanine nucleotides were not additive. 4. In the presence of the inhibitory hormone, somatostatin guanine nucleotides inhibited the calcium-stimulated secretion. 5. Both the stimulatory and the inhibitory effects on secretion of guanine nucleotides were independent of changes in cyclic AMP (cAMP) and calcium. It is suggested that G proteins influence an unknown step in the secretion process, which would be near or at the exocytotic site. 6. The results can be explained by assuming the existence of two types of G proteins, one with stimulatory effects on exocytotic release (GeS) and another with inhibitory effects (GeI).     

Superfamily of monomeric GTP-binding proteins in plants: 1. Role of rop proteins in the control of plant growth and development

The control of plant growth, differentiation, and development is considered in relation to the involvement of monomeric GTP-binding proteins (mG-proteins) in the extra-and intracellular signal transduction. The principal attention is paid to Rop mG-proteins, unique small GTPases of eukaryotic cells functioning during various developmental stages of plants, from pollen tube and root hair growth to plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses.     

Role of synaptic proteins in neurotransmitter release-related vesicular trafficking

As is known, regulated exocytosis of synaptic vesicles constitutes a primary means of communication between neurons, and it is subjected to substantial alterations in a number of brain pathologies. Recent investigations showed that vesicular transport events in neuroendocrine cells and presynaptic terminals are realized by a family of specialized membrane proteins of the vesicle (v-SNAREs) and another family located in the target cytoplasmic membrane (t-SNAREs). A variety of such proteins has already been described in different preparations; however, their precise localization and role in vesicular trafficking during functional changes in the cells remain ambiguous. In addition, new synaptic proteins appear to be involved in the vesicular cycle; the functions of these proteins remain unclear. The role of synaptic proteins in the course of cell excitation, in particular functions of core SNARE synaptic proteins (vesicular synaptobrevin/VAMPs and plasma membrane syntaxins/SNAP-25), as well as those of novel presynaptic proteins (Munc-13, Munc-18, CAPS proteins, and others), are discussed in this review. Neirofiziologiya/Neurophysiology, Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 155–159, March–April, 2008.     

Activity of Rho-family GTPases during cell division as visualized with FRET-based probes

Rho-family GTPases regulate many cellular functions. To visualize the activity of Rho-family GTPases in living cells, we developed fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based probes for Rac1 and Cdc42 previously (Itoh, R.E., K. Kurokawa, Y. Ohba, H. Yoshizaki, N. Mochizuki, and M. Matsuda. 2002. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22:6582-6591). Here, we added two types of probes for RhoA. One is to monitor the activity balance between guanine nucleotide exchange factors and GTPase-activating proteins, and another is to monitor the level of GTP-RhoA. Using these FRET probes, we imaged the activities of Rho-family GTPases during the cell division of HeLa cells. The activities of RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 were high at the plasma membrane in interphase, and decreased rapidly on entry into M phase. From after anaphase, the RhoA activity increased at the plasma membrane including cleavage furrow. Rac1 activity was suppressed at the spindle midzone and increased at the plasma membrane of polar sides after telophase. Cdc42 activity was suppressed at the plasma membrane and was high at the intracellular membrane compartments during cytokinesis. In conclusion, we could use the FRET-based probes to visualize the complex spatio-temporal regulation of Rho-family GTPases during cell division.     

8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine triphosphate(8-oxoGTP) down-regulates respiratory burst of neutrophils by antagonizing GTP toward Rac, a small GTP binding protein

8-Oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine triphosphate (8-oxoGTP) has been regarded simply as a oxidative mutagenic byproduct. The results obtained in this study imply that it may act as a down-regulator of respiratory burst of neutrophils. Human neutrophils treated with PMA produced superoxides and at the same time, the cytosol of these cells was intensely immunostained by 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine(8-oxoG) antibody, indicating that 8-oxoG-containing chemical species including 8-oxoGTP are produced. Human neutrophil lysates treated with PMA also produced superoxides, which was stimulated by GTPγS but inhibited by 8-oxoGTPγS. Moreover, 8-oxoGTPγS suppressed the stimulatory action of GTPγS. Likewise, GTPγS stimulated Rac activity in neutrophil lysates but 8-oxoGTPγS and GDP inhibited it. The inhibitory effect of GDP was one tenth that of 8-oxoGTPγS. Here again, 8-oxoGTPγS also suppressed the stimulatory action of GTPγS on Rac activity. These results imply the possibility that 8-oxoGTP is formed during respiratory burst of neutrophils and limits neutrophil production of superoxides by antagonizing GTP toward Rac.     

Study of the Interaction of the Myelin Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins with Other Brain Proteins

Abstract: Although several monomeric GTP-binding proteins have been found in myelin, the signaling pathways in which they operate are not known. To define these signaling pathways we searched for specific target proteins that interact with the myelin monomeric GTP-binding proteins. A blot overlay approach was used. Bovine white matter homogenate, myelin, and oligodendrocyte proteins were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and blotted onto nitrocellulose membranes. The presence of proteins that interact with the myelin GTP-binding proteins was explored by incubating those blots with an enriched fraction of 22- and 25-kDa myelin GTP-binding proteins labeled with radioactive guanine nucleotides. When the GTP-binding proteins were in the inactive state (GDP-bound) they interacted with 28-, 47-, and 58-kDa oligodendrocyte polypeptides. Only the 28-kDa protein was present in myelin. In the active state (GTP-bound), they interacted only with a 47-kDa protein in myelin but with 31-, 38-, 47-, 58-, 60-, 68-, and 71-kDa proteins in oligodendrocytes and total homogenate. Under these experimental conditions the 28-kDa protein did not interact with the GTP-binding proteins. The fact that the myelin GTP-binding proteins in the active state formed complexes with a different set of proteins than when in the inactive state is a strong indication that these proteins are effector proteins. With the exception of the 31- and 38-kDa proteins that were detected only in the cytoplasmic fraction, these polypeptides were detected in the cytosolic fraction and total membrane fraction. The 25-kDa GTP-binding protein was present in all the complexes. Immunoblot analysis indicated that the 28-kDa polypeptide is RhoGDI, an effector protein that is known to regulate the activation and movement of several GTP-binding proteins between different cellular compartments. Thus, this study opens the way to identify the macromolecules participating in the myelin signaling pathway involving monomeric GTP-binding proteins.     

Small GTP-binding Proteins and their Functions in Plants

Small GTP-binding proteins exist in eukaryotes from yeast to animals to plants and constitute a superfamily whose members function as molecular switches that cycle between “active” and “inactive” states. They regulate a wide variety of cell functions such as signal transduction, cell proliferation, cytoskeletal organization, intracellular membrane trafficking, and gene expression. In yeast and animals, this superfamily is structurally classified into at least five families: the Ras, Rho, Rab, Arf/Sar1, and Ran families. However, plants contain Rab, Rho, Arf, and Ran homologs, but no Ras. Small GTP-binding proteins have become an intensively studied group of regulators not only in yeast and animals but also in plants in recent years. In this article we briefly review the class and structure of small GTP-binding proteins. Their working modes and functions in animals and yeast are listed, and the functions of individual members of these families in plants are discussed, with the emphasis on the recently revealed plant-specific roles of these proteins, including their cross-talk with plant hormones and other signals, regulation of organogenesis (leaf, root, and embryo), polar growth, cell division, and involvement in various stress and defense responses.