溴化1-己基-3-甲基咪唑对斜生栅藻抗氧化酶和膜脂过氧化的影响

研究了1、5、10、15、20 mg·L-1的离子液体溴化1-己基-3-甲基咪唑([C6mim]Br)在处理斜生栅藻24、48、96 h时对其抗氧化酶系统和膜脂过氧化的影响.结果表明:[C6 mim]Br处理24 h时,在各浓度水平均引起藻细胞可溶性蛋白和丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的显著增高.48、96 h时,SOD 活性在各浓度水平均维持在较高水平,最大值出现在较低处理浓度下;其他指标有随着处理浓度增加而升高的趋势,且显著高于对照,但其数值多数比24 h时的有所下降.CAT活性与可溶性蛋白含量的变化趋势很相似,两者与MDA含量的变化趋势也较相似.[C6mim]Br造成了藻细胞的明显脂质过氧化反应,具有一定的环境毒性;抗氧化酶SOD和CAT可以作为[C6mim]Br胁迫分子水平上的敏感生物标志物.     

氯氰菊酯对斜生栅藻的毒性研究

研究了农药氯氰菊酯对斜生栅藻的毒性效应,结果显示：以丙酮为溶剂量,其96h EC50为112.45mg/L;以乙酸乙酯为溶剂时,其96hEC50为112.81mg/L。同时也研究了氯氰菊酯对斜生栅藻的光合色素含量、色素光谱、可溶性蛋白质含量和超氧物歧化酶活性的影响。     

家用洗涤剂磷对斜生栅藻生长的影响

以斜生栅藻为材料研究了四种家用洗涤剂对藻类生长的效应。结果发现,不同种类的家用洗涤剂对斜生栅藻生长均有明显的促进作用,斜生栅藻现存量超过国内外通用的富营养化评价标准。尤其是高磷洗衣粉,在日常生活用量的情况下,对斜生栅藻生长的促进作用较低磷洗衣粉增加60％。在整个实验中,无磷对照组斜生栅藻生长率均低于有磷实验组,磷量的增加将引起藻的现存量的增加。因此,限制洗涤剂磷盐的输入,减少营养供应率,降低水体中营养浓度,可起到控制水体富营养化的作用。     

不同的氮和磷化合物对斜生栅藻生长繁殖的影响

单细胞绿藻和其他植物一样,在生命活动过程中,需要利用各种化学元素,通过光合作用以合成有机物貭,从而进行生长与繁殖。在单细胞绿藻所必需的各种化学元素中,除了C、H、O等三种有机元素主要是从水和二氧化碳中获得以外,另一种重要的有机元素．N以及其他一系列的必需元素,如P、S、Mg、K、Ca、Na、Fe等等,     

CO2浓度升高对斜生栅藻生长和光合作用的影响

升高大气中CO2 浓度可提高斜生栅藻的生物量和光合作用速率 ,对光合效率、暗呼吸速率、光饱和点和光系统Ⅱ的光化学效率 (Fv Fm)没有明显影响 ,但藻细胞光合作用对无机碳的亲和力降低     

汞对固定化斜生栅藻净化污水及其生理特征的影响

研究了在不同Ｈｇ浓度条件下,固定化斜生栅藻对污水中氨氮、正磷酸盐和Ｈｇ的净化效率及其生理特征变化,结果表明,固定藻的净化效率和对Ｈｇ毒性的抗性明显高于悬浮藻。０．２ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１Ｈｇ对固定藻的净化效率无影响,并对ＰＯ＾３－４－Ｐ的吸收有刺激促进作用,而悬浮藻的开始下降;从０．８－１．４ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１,随着Ｈｇ浓度的增加,固定藻对氨氮和正磷酸盐的净化效率逐渐下降,而悬浮藻的则急剧下降,固定藻对汞的去     

亚硒酸钠对小麦幼苗中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶和谷胱甘肽转硫酶活性以及谷胱甘肽含量的影响

用1.0 mg·L-1的亚硒酸钠根施小麦幼苗,测定亚硒酸钠对谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶和谷胱甘肽转硫酶活性以及还原性谷胱甘肽含量的结果表明,外源亚硒酸钠对麦苗地上部的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶和谷胱甘肽转硫酶活性均有诱导作用,使麦苗体内的谷胱甘肽含量水平增加.     

水芹水浸提液对斜生栅藻的化感效应研究

采用栅藻在不同浓度的水芹水浸提液中纯培养的方法,研究了水芹水浸提液对斜生栅藻细胞数、叶绿素含量及藻细胞超微结构的影响。结果显示,10 g·L^-1水芹水浸提液对斜生栅藻的生长和叶绿素含量的增加具有明显的促进效应;20 g·L^-1水芹水浸提液对藻细胞数和叶绿素含量的增加持续到第3 d,3 d后出现显著的抑制效应;高浓度（30~50 g·L^-1）水芹水浸提液对藻细胞数和叶绿素含量的明显抑制在第2 d始现,随时间延长而加剧,并具有浓度效应;40 g·L^-1水芹水浸提液处理后,斜生栅藻细胞壁断裂甚至消失,细胞中叶绿体片层肿胀甚至解体,核膜破裂,核质外渗。水芹水浸提液对斜生栅藻具有化感效应,低浓度促进生长,高浓度抑制。     

马来眼子菜化感作用对斜生栅藻同工酶的影响

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的方法,研究了马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)和斜生栅藻(Scenedesmusobliquus)共培养系统中斜生栅藻的过氧化物酶(POD)、超歧化物氧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、细胞色素氧化酶(COD)等同工酶的变化,探讨了沉水植物化感作用对藻类部分酶类的影响。与正常生长状态的对照组相比,马来眼子菜作用下的样品组斜生栅藻POD酶带总数保持稳定,但酶谱组成发生变化;样品组斜生栅藻SOD酶带数量减少而CAT酶带数量增加。综合结果表明,样品组藻体在化感作用下通过改变酶活性、调整同工酶组成等来抵御化感作用带来的活性氧(ROS)伤害。马来眼子菜作用下的样品组藻体COD同工酶的酶谱变化明显,说明化感作用在一定程度上影响了斜生栅藻的生物氧化过程。     

两种新型农药对斜生栅藻（Scenedesmus obliquus Kuetz．）的毒性研究

LY-04和WSQIF是由华中师范大学农药所合成的两种新型有机磷农药,LY—04属于α-氧代膦酸衍生物,WSQIF属于芳氧基乙酰氧基烃基膦酸脂。选用斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus Kuetz．)作为实验生物,通过显微计数测定藻细胞的密度以计算LY—04和WSQIF对斜生栅藻24h、48h、72h、96h的半效应抑制浓度(EC50),研究其对斜生栅藻的毒性效应。结果表明：以丙酮为溶剂时,每隔24h取样,测得LY—04对斜生栅藻的48h、72h、96h的ECs。值分别为2942．5mg／L、239．7mg／L和65．0mg／L,而WSQIF的24h、48h、72h、96h的EC5。值分别为15．9mg／L、53．0mg／L、98．0mg／L和28．8mg／L。LY—04和WSQIF分别作为杀虫剂和除草剂而研制,经活体研究表明,LY—04具有较强的杀虫活性,WSQIF则具有很强的除草活性,所得EC50。值基本符合设计结果。根据毒性分级标准,LY—04和WSQIF的EC50。值远大于3mg／L,其对非靶生物中的水生藻类都属于低毒,可推广应用。     

Occurrence of protochlorophyll and its phototransformation to chlorophyll in mutant C-2A' of Scenedesmus obliquus

The pigment mutant C-2A' of the unicellular green alga Scenedesmus obliquus accumulates protochlorophyllide and small amounts of protochlorophyll in darkness. Protochlororphyll was isolated and characterized by thin layer chromatography and absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The protochlorophyll was photoreduced by light to chlorophyll both in vitro and in vivo.     

Enantioselective toxicity of metolachlor to Scenedesmus obliquus in the presence of cyclodextrins

Cyclodextrins (CDs) possess a variety of chiral centers and are capable of recognizing enantiomeric molecules through the formation of inclusion complexes. Two types of CDs, α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), were selected to evaluate the effects of the enantioselective ecotoxicity of racemic metolachlor (Rac-metolachlor) and its S-enantiomer (S-metolachlor) on the freshwater algae Scenedesmus obliquus (S. obliquus) by acute toxicity test. The results showed that the aquatic toxicity of S-metolachlor was higher than Rac-metolachlor and that CDs enhanced the toxicity of metolachlor enantioselectively by increasing the aquatic toxicity of Rac-metolachlor rather than that of S-metolachlor to S. obliquus. The equilibrium constant for Rac-metolachlor-CD complexes was higher than that of S-metolachlor-CDs, which was responsible for the greater aquatic toxicity shift effect of Rac-metolachlor. Thermodynamic studies of CD complexes showed that inclusion for all of the complexes was primarily a spontaneous, enthalpy-driven process. These results will help to understand the preliminary mechanism of shifting aquatic toxicity of metolachlor by CDs and the CDs mediated environmental processes of metolachlor, to correctly apply CDs to chiral pesticides formulation and environmental remediation of chiral contaminants.     

Biosynthesis of chlorophyll b in pigment mutant C-2A' of Scenedesmus obliquus

It is demonstrated that chlorophyll b does not only derive from chlorophyll a , but is also formed separately from an in vivo-occurring chlorophyllide b . The branching point for the latter synthesis is at the level of chlorophyllide, since no protochlorophyllide b was detectable. We have indications that the enzyme oxidizing chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b accepts also non-phytylated 17,18 dihydroporphyrins and is not restricted to chlorophylls. Preparations of chlorophyllide a and chlorophyll a could both be transferred with the same enzyme fraction to chlorophyllide b and chlorophyll b , respectively. Preliminary experiments show this enzyme to be membrane bound and light independent. An updated scheme for chlorophyll b biosynthesis is presented.     

斜生栅藻中虾青素的积累过程及其光合活性变化

分析了斜生栅藻（Scenedesmus obliquus）在光温（30℃,180 μmol/m2·s）胁迫条件下积累虾青素的过程,观察了该过程中细胞形态及细胞光合生理的变化。胁迫条件下,细胞在48h内生成并积累了包括海胆酮、角黄素、金盏花黄素和金盏花红素在内的多种次生类胡萝卜素,并合成了虾青素及其酯。该过程中,细胞形态由两端尖细变得不规则、膨大,原来由4、8个细胞组成的定形群体变为游离的单个细胞或2个细胞组成的群体。藻细胞光合速率在24h内先下降后上升,而后又呈现下降趋势,从34.29 μmol O2/mg Chla/h迅速下降为5.21 μmol O2/mg Chla/h;呼吸速率在前24h内升高至60.37 μmol O2/mg Chla/h,而后缓慢下降到38.40 μmol O2/mg Chla/h;光合系统Ⅱ的活性随着胁迫时间的延续而逐步下降,较初始值降低了63.9％。结果表明,斜生栅藻细胞在高光照条件下可以合成虾青素,并通过调节光合速率、呼吸速率以及光合系统Ⅱ的效率来应对胁迫。     

Enantioselective toxicological response of the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus to isocarbophos

Chiral compounds usually behave enantioselectively in phyto‐biochemical processes. Isocarbophos (ICP) is a chiral pesticide that is widely used. To evaluate the toxicological response of ICP and its enantiomers to Scenedesmus obliquus, algal growth, total chlorophyll, total soluble protein, and the superoxide anion radicals (O₂^?‐) were investigated. The microalgae were treated with ICP and its enantiomers at 0.01–10 mg/l for 96 h. The growth of S. obliquus was stimulated at low levels of ICP and its enantiomers (0.01–1 mg/l), but all were inhibited at high concentrations (10 mg/l). The total soluble protein content and total chlorophyll content of the tested green alga S. obliquus gradually increased, depending on the growth of algal cells in the medium. Meanwhile, the content of O₂^?‐ was decreased. Interestingly, the cell number and content of the chlorophylls and protein decreased with increasing levels of concentration, whereas O₂^?‐ increased. Our results indicated that enantioselectivity was observed in the dose–response of ICP and its enantiomers in S. obliquus. The high O₂^?‐ level might lead to the death of S. obliquus. The stimulation of growth suggests a regulatory mechanism that is related to the capability of the algae to adapt to the O₂^?‐. Chirality 24:481–485, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The effect of arsenate and arsenite on photosynthesis in Scenedesmus obliquus. A Potentiometric study in a closed CO2-system

Abstract

A Potentiometric titration method was used to study the adverse effect of arsenate (As(V)) and arsenite (As(III)) on inorganic carbon uptake in suspensions of the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus. The measurements were performed in a closed CO₂-system with diluted synthetic seawater (1‰ salinity) as ionic medium. Usually, the algal chlorophyll concentration was 0.4 mg dm^?3, while the arsenate- and arsenite-concentrations were varied within the limits 0.1 to 200 μmol dm^?3. In some experiments arsenate toxicity was studied in the presence of 1 to 100 μmol dm^?3 of phosphate (P(V)).

With concentrations of arsenate or arsenite less than 0.1 μmol dm^?3 no toxic effects were observed. However, at As-concentrations of 200 μmol dm^?3, the algal carbon uptake was reduced by 41% with arsenate and 29% with arsenite, i.e., arsenate is more toxic to Scenedesmus obliquus than arsenite. The toxicity of arsenate was negligible in the presence of a ten fold excess of phosphate. This is probably due to chemical similarities between arsenate and phosphate causing competition between the ions for the binding sites.

The importance of taking the speciation as well as the buffer capacity of the algal system into account, when calculating the carbon uptake, is also discussed.     

Influence of temperature on growth of Scenedesmus obliquus in diluted olive mill wastewater as culture medium

Scenedesmus obliquus can help to reduce the environmental impact of industrial olive mill wastewater from olive oil extraction in the three‐phase system. This work examines the effect of temperature changes (288–308 K) on algal growth, culture medium, and biochemical composition of S. obliquus. The maximum specific growth rate of 0.024 h^?1 occurred at an optimal temperature of 302.7 K. The apparent activation energies of cell growth and cell death were determined as 61.8 and 142.8 kJ/mol, respectively. At the end of culture the percentages of pigments, proteins, and carbohydrates were greater at the two ends of the temperature range studied, as it was also observed for the maximum elimination of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅). The mono‐ and polyunsaturated fatty acid content of the biomass was greater at the lowest temperature used (288 K).     

Effect of acetate on growth and ammonium uptake in the microalga Scenedesmus obliquus

The effect of acetate on growth and rate of ammonium uptake in Scenedesmus obliquus (UTEX 78) was investigated under light-limiting conditions. Addition of acetate to autotrophic cells with a growth constant of 0.71 day⁻¹ resulted in an increase in the growth rate (mixotrophy, k = 1.3 day⁻¹), and in the presence of acetate, growth occurred in the dark (heterophy, k = 0.44 day⁻¹). The rate of ammonium uptake in autotrophy (17.8 amol cell⁻¹ min⁻¹) was similar to that in heterotrophy (17.4 amol cell⁻¹ min⁻¹) but was 3.7 times lower than that in mixotrophy (65.9 amol cell⁻¹ min⁻¹). In general, mixotrophic cells showed optimum ammonium uptake at the acetate concentration at which they were grown. In autotrophy, uptake of ammonium leveled off at about 12.5 μ M while no saturation was observed in mixotrophic cells. An increase in the rate of uptake of ammonium was observed in autotrophic cells within 1 h after the addition of acetate. The activity of isocitrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.1), a key enzyme for the regulation of the glyoxylate cycle responsible for acetate catabolism, showed a 3.9-fold increase in activity after 24 h in the dark in the presence of acetate. The level of isocitrate lyase activity in cells grown for 24 h in the dark in the presence of 0–20 m M acetate also increased as a function of acetate concentration.     

Evidence for the Presence of Chlorophyllide b in the Green Alga Scenedesmus obliquus in vivo

Chlorophyllide b could be extracted from the wild type of Scenedesmus obliquus and its pigment mutant C-2A'. Its identity was proved by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy and by a positive hydroxylamine test. Chlorophyllide b could be transformed into pheophorbide b and methylpheophorbide b. The formation of chlorophyllide b from chlorophyll b by dephytylation with chlorophyllase could be ruled out. The stimulation of chlorophyllide b biosynthesis with o-phenanthroline, as described in the literature, could not be confirmed under physiological conditions.     

Biotransformation of 1-naphthalenesulfonic acid by the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus

Under sulfate limitation, axenic batch cultures of the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus metabolized 1-naphthalenesulfonic acid and partially used the sulfonate as a source of sulfur. The main metabolite, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, which was not metabolized further in the algal culture, was formed by hydroxylation of the substrate in position 1 and by migration of the sulfonic acid group to position 2 of the naphthalene ring (NIH shift). A smaller amount of 1-naphthalenesulfonic acid was desulfonated. The resulting 1-naphthol was mostly transformed into 1-naphthyl β-d-glucopyranoside. Received: 27 March 1996 / Revision received: 18 October 1996 / Accepted: 30 October 1996