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1.
Melanie Senning Uwe Sonnewald Sophia Sonnewald 《Molecular breeding : new strategies in plant improvement》2010,26(3):525-531
Identification of molecular markers defining the end of tuber dormancy prior to visible sprouting is of agronomic interest
for potato growers and the potato processing industry. In potato tubers, breakage of dormancy is associated with the reactivation
of meristem function. In dormant meristems, cells are arrested in the G1/G0 phase of the cell cycle and re-entry into the G1 phase followed by DNA replication during the S phase enables bud outgrowth. Deoxyuridine triphosphatase (dUTPase) is essential
for DNA replication and was therefore tested as a potential marker for meristem reactivation in tuber buds. The corresponding
cDNA clone was isolated from potato by PCR. The deduced amino acid sequence showed 94% similarity to the tomato homologue.
By employing different potato cultivars, a positive correlation between dUTPase expression and onset of tuber sprouting could
be confirmed. Moreover, gene expression analysis of tuber buds during storage time revealed an up-regulation of the dUTPase
1 week before visible sprouting occurred. Further analysis using an in vitro sprout assay supported the assumption that dUTPase
is a good molecular marker to define the transition from dormant to active potato tuber meristems. 相似文献
2.
Vered Naor Jaime Kigel Yosi Ben-Tal Meira Ziv 《Journal of Plant Growth Regulation》2008,27(3):211-220
Phenologic changes and variation in the level of endogenous gibberellins (GAs), abscisic acid (ABA), carbohydrate content,
and α-amylase activity were examined in colored Zantedeschia spp. cv. Cala Gold. These changes were examined in the primary bud tissues and in the attached tuber tissue during the growth
cycle. Dormant tubers were dry-stored at 20°C for 3 months, planted in a phytotron, and grown under 22/16 ± 1°C. Plant development
was monitored under continued irrigation until leaf senescence and tuber dormancy. GAs and ABA were extracted from the primary
bud tissues, fractionated by HPLC, and analyzed using GC-SIM. Starch, glucose, soluble protein, and α-amylase activity were
monitored in the tuber tissue attached to the primary bud. Endogenous changes in GAs and ABA in the primary bud were correlated
with endogenous changes in carbohydrate content and α-amylase activity in the attached tuber tissue. These correlations were
observed during the rest and the growth periods and were associated with developmental changes in the plant, that is, bud
dormancy relaxation, bud growth, and inflorescence differentiation. ABA content decreased and a transient pulse of GA was
measured in the primary bud concomitantly with the onset of shoot elongation in dry tubers during storage, before planting.
The sharp increase of GAs in the bud preceded inflorescence differentiation as observed in dissected apices by about 15 days,
as well as the increase in α-amylase activity in the attached tuber tissue. A steep decrease in starch level was measured
in the tuber after planting, concomitantly with massive plant growth. These findings suggest a possible involvement of gibberellin
in the initiation of α-amylase activity during dormancy relaxation in colored Zantedeschia and in the autonomous induction of flowering. 相似文献
3.
The potato tuber constitutes a model system for the study of dormancy release and sprouting, suggested to be regulated by endogenous plant hormones and their balance inside the tuber. During dormancy, potato tubers cannot be induced to sprout without some form of stress or exogenous hormone treatment. When dormancy is released, sprouting of the apical bud may be inhibited by sprout control agents or cold temperature. Dominance of the growing apical bud over other lateral buds decreases during storage and is one of the earliest morphophysiological indicators of the tuber's physiological age. Three main types of loss of apical dominance (AD) affect sprouting shape. Hallmarks of programmed cell death (PCD) have been identified in the tuber apical bud meristem (TAB-meristem) during normal growth, and are more extensive when AD is lost following extended cold storage or chemical stress. Nevertheless, the role of hormonal regulation in TAB-meristem PCD remains unclear. 相似文献
4.
Previously, we made a chimeric Arabidopsis thaliana vacuolar transporter CAX2B [a variant of N-terminus truncated form of CAX2 (sCAX2) containing the “B” domain from CAX1] that has enhanced calcium (Ca2+) substrate specificity and lost the manganese (Mn2+) transport capability of sCAX2. Here, we demonstrate that potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers expressing the CAX2B contain 50–65% more calcium (Ca2+) than wild-type tubers. Moreover, expression of CAX2B in potatoes did not show any significant increase of the four metals tested, particularly manganese (Mn2+). The CAX2B-expressing potatoes have normally undergone the tuber/plant/tuber cycle for three generations; the trait appeared stable through the successive generations and showed no deleterious alternations on plant growth and development. These results demonstrate the enhanced substrate specificity of CAX2B in potato. Therefore, CAX2B can be a valuable tool for Ca2+ nutrient enrichment of potatoes with reduced accumulation of undesirable metals. 相似文献
5.
The effects of reducing sucrose level on tuber formation (% of cultures with microtubers), development (length and fresh weight
of microtubers) and sprouting in yam Dioscorea cayenensis–D. rotundata complex in vitro were investigated. Only 29% of the explants showed tuber formation after 3 weeks in the presence of 1% sucrose
in contrast to 100% with 3%. After 120 days of culture, the length and the weight of the tubers obtained in the presence of
1% sucrose were less than with 3% sucrose. Addition of sorbitol to keep osmolarity at the same level did not restore normal
rate of tuber formation. Similar results were obtained with the use of reduced fructose or glucose level. Microtuber sprouting
was also affected by sucrose level incorporated into the tuberisation medium. Tubers obtained on reduced sucrose level sprouted
later and the increase of osmolarity with sorbitol did not restore normal sprouting. The bigger tubers obtained on high sucrose
media could contain more carbohydrate reserves that could partially explain a higher sprouting rate. These results can be
used for optimising in vitro conditions for mass production of microtubers in yam and especially in Dioscorea cayenensis–D. rotundata complex, a very important species in West Africa. They specially showed the importance of tuberisation conditions on precocity
of tuberisation, on tuber length and weight and on their further sprouting. 相似文献
6.
The control of field tuber dormancy in the yam (Dioscorea cayenensis–D. rotundata complex) is poorly understood. Although studies have examined single environmental factors and chemical treatments that might prolong tuber dormancy and storage, only a few were focused on further tuber sprouting. The present study concerns microtubers obtained by in vitro culture. When microtubers were harvested (after 9 months of culture) and directly transferred on a new medium without hormones, the tubers rapidly sprouted in in vitro conditions. No dormancy was observed in this case. Harvested microtubers were also stored dry in jars in sterile conditions during 2 to 18 weeks before in vitro sprouting. In this case, microtubers stored during 18 weeks sprouted more rapidly than those stored 8 weeks. A constant “dormancy-like period” (storage duration + sprouting delay) was observed, between 20 and 28 weeks respectively for the more rapid and the slower microtubers. The size of the tubers used for the storage had great influence on further sprouting. The larger they were, the better they sprouted. Light during storage had no effect on the sprouting delay while a temperature of 25 °C permit a quicker sprouting than 18 °C. The medium used to obtain microtubers could also have an effect on sprouting rate. 相似文献
7.
8.
Respiration of 18-month-old Solarium tuberosum L. tubers was about 53% greater than that of 6-month-old tubers during sprouting at 23°C; yet, a significant loss of sprout vigor in the older tubers was apparent. Involvement of alternative oxidase (AO) in the age-induced difference in tuber respiration was assessed. AO was only detected in immunoblots if tissue disks from tubers were pre-incubated for 24 h prior to isolation of submitochondrial membrane particles (SMPs). No AO1 was detected in SMPs from nonincubated tuber tissue of either age, indicating that it was not contributing to tuber respiration during sprouting as previously thought. Respiratory control and ADP/O ratios indicated that oxidative phosphorylation was fully coupled to electron transport in mitochondria isolated from 6- and 18-month-old tubers. Cytochrome c oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1) activities of intact mitochondria were also not affected by tuber age. The difference in respiration during sprouting was unique to whole tubers, as oxygen consumption by mitochondria from young and oid tubers was equal on a milligram protein basis. Sprouting 18-month-old tubers had 15% more mitochondrial protein per gram fresh weight than did 6-month-old tubers. Older tubers also produced more ATP than younger tubers prior to and during sprouting, through a fully coupled, Cyt-mediated respiratory pathway, reduced sprout vigor notwithstanding. From 5 to 10 days of sprouting, coinciding with development of the age-induced difference in whole-tuber respiration, ATP concentration in 18-month-old tubers increased to become 52% higher than that in 6-month-old tubers. ATP synthase (EC 3.6.1.34), assessed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblots of β- and oligomycin-sensitivity conferring protein-subunits, also increased as a proportion of SMP protein in older tubers during this period. Relative to 6-month-old tubers, the increased respiration and associated oxidative phosphorylation of 18-rnonth-old tubers during sprouting were probably in response to a lower adenylate energy charge (AEC) prior to sprouting (from 0 fo 5 days). From 5 to 10 days of sprouting, AEC of 18-rnonth-old tubers increased to equal that of 6-month-old tubers and the two tuber ages maintained the same AEC for the remainder of the 20-day sprouting interval. Higher respiration and lower AEC of older tubers in storage at 4°C, along with the fact that older tubers respired at a higher rate to achieve the same AEC as younger tubers during sprouting, indicate greater utilization of ATP by older tubers. 相似文献
9.
Release of apical dominance in potato tuber is accompanied by programmed cell death in the apical bud meristem 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Teper-Bamnolker P Buskila Y Lopesco Y Ben-Dor S Saad I Holdengreber V Belausov E Zemach H Ori N Lers A Eshel D 《Plant physiology》2012,158(4):2053-2067
Potato (Solanum tuberosum) tuber, a swollen underground stem, is used as a model system for the study of dormancy release and sprouting. Natural dormancy release, at room temperature, is initiated by tuber apical bud meristem (TAB-meristem) sprouting characterized by apical dominance (AD). Dormancy is shortened by treatments such as bromoethane (BE), which mimics the phenotype of dormancy release in cold storage by inducing early sprouting of several buds simultaneously. We studied the mechanisms governing TAB-meristem dominance release. TAB-meristem decapitation resulted in the development of increasing numbers of axillary buds with time in storage, suggesting the need for autonomous dormancy release of each bud prior to control by the apical bud. Hallmarks of programmed cell death (PCD) were identified in the TAB-meristems during normal growth, and these were more extensive when AD was lost following either extended cold storage or BE treatment. Hallmarks included DNA fragmentation, induced gene expression of vacuolar processing enzyme1 (VPE1), and elevated VPE activity. VPE1 protein was semipurified from BE-treated apical buds, and its endogenous activity was fully inhibited by a cysteinyl aspartate-specific protease-1-specific inhibitor N-Acetyl-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-CHO (Ac-YVAD-CHO). Transmission electron microscopy further revealed PCD-related structural alterations in the TAB-meristem of BE-treated tubers: a knob-like body in the vacuole, development of cytoplasmic vesicles, and budding-like nuclear segmentations. Treatment of tubers with BE and then VPE inhibitor induced faster growth and recovered AD in detached and nondetached apical buds, respectively. We hypothesize that PCD occurrence is associated with the weakening of tuber AD, allowing early sprouting of mature lateral buds. 相似文献
10.
Finbarr G. Horgan Dan T. Quiring Aziz Lagnaoui Alberto R. Salas Yvan Pelletier 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》2010,137(3):269-279
Tuber resistance can contribute to current management strategies against the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), in field and stored potatoes. Wild potatoes represent a potential source of novel resistance traits against the moth. We assessed resistance in three wild potato species, Solanum multiinterruptum Bitt., Solanum sparsipilum (Bitt.) Juz. & Buk., and Solanum wittmackii Bitt. against neonate and developing tuber moth larvae. All three species had high levels of resistance but accessions of S. sparsipilum and S. wittmackii were significantly more resistant. Resistance in S. multiinterruptum was generally concentrated in the tuber periderm, whereas in S. sparsipilum and S. wittmackii resistance was mainly cortex‐based. Unidentified cortex‐resistance factors in all three species reduced survival and increased larval and pupal development times, but had no apparent effects on the pupal weights of survivors. A high proportion of larvae abandoned or died within tubers of S. wittmackii, which has particularly high levels of unidentified cortex‐based defenses. Resistance decreased in S. multiinterruptum and S. sparsipilum as tubers sprouted but was more stable in S. wittmackii. Periderm‐based resistance was more stable than cortex‐based resistance in S. multiinterruptum during sprouting. In contrast, cortex‐based resistance was stable in tubers of S. wittmackii as these sprouted, and resistance may have increased on some older sprouting tubers. Solanum multiinterruptum and S. sparsipilum are proposed as potential sources of resistance against the potato tuber moth. 相似文献
11.
Summary Single node stem segments fromin vitro potato shoots cultured in liquid medium in the presence of ancymidol (23.4 μM) developed into bud clusters in either shaken flasks or bioreactor cultures. Buds on the clusters developed tubers after
subculture to a tuber induction medium with 23.2 μM kinetin, 19.5 μM ancymidol, and 6-8% sucrose. The number of tubers per cluster and their size were higher in agar induction medium on top
of which a second layer of liquid medium was added, than in liquid shake or bioreactor cultures. The highest increase in tuber
size (i.e., 720 mg fresh weight after 7 weeks), was obtained in agar cultures flushed twice with liquid tuber induction medium.
The potential of bioreactor cultures for potato bud proliferation and enhanced tuber development in double layer agar-liquid
cultures is discussed. 相似文献
12.
Inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) is an enzyme involved in sugar metabolism in potato tubers. In our previous study, we isolated an inorganic pyrophosphatase (PPase) gene from potato and obtained the transgenic potato plants transformed with the sense and antisense PPase genes respectively. In the present experiment, the physiological indexes, tuber dormancy, and sprouting characteristics of the transgenic potatoes were analyzed and evaluated. The result showed that the PPase activity and the inorganic phosphate content of tubers were lower in the antisense transgenic plant lines but were higher in the sense transgenic plant lines, compared with wild-type tubers. Soluble sugars, such as glucose, fructose and sucrose increased in transgenic plants that had overexpression of the sense PPase gene, but decreased in the antisense transgenic plant lines, compared with wild-type tubers. Tuber sprouting time of the antisense transgenic plants were delayed for 2 and 3 weeks and reached the 100 % sprouting rate only after 14 and 16 weeks storage compared with the wild-type when tubers are stored under 25 and 4 °C, respectively. In contrast, tuber sprouting time of the sense transgenic plants was earlier by approximately 2 weeks than that of wild-type tubers under these storage temperatures. 相似文献
13.
The present study was aimed at improving sprouting and establishment of bud chip seed stocks of sugarcane cultivar CoSe 92423
by pre-planting soaking in growth-promoting chemicals viz ethephon (0.1 g dm−3) and calcium chloride (1 g dm−3) along with water-soaked control for 24 h. Treated bud chips recorded higher bud sprouting, shoot height, root number, fresh
weight of leaves, shoot and roots, and plant vigor index. In both the treatments, reducing sugars contents, acid invertase,
and ATPase activity increased in developing sprouts; increase was about 86.5 and 40.7% in reducing sugars, 28 and 70% in acid
invertase, and 15 and 23% in ATPase activities over control by ethephon and calcium chloride treatment, respectively. Reducing
sugars contents and activity of acid invertase and ATPase enzymes of sprouted buds exhibited significant positive correlation
with bud sprouting and plant vigor index. These findings indicate that soaking of bud chips in growth-promoting chemicals
viz ethephon (0.1 g dm−3) and calcium chloride (1 g dm−3) solutions helps in enhancing bud sprouting, root growth, and plant vigor by altering some of the key biochemical attributes
essential for the early growth and better establishment of bud chips under field conditions which is otherwise poor in untreated
chips. 相似文献
14.
The effect of [(N-phenyl-N-1,2,3-thidiazol-5-ylurea)] (thidazuron) on sprouting of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers and the role of ABA in bud break and subsequent bud growth were studied. Abscisic acid (ABA) was quantitated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) from the peel of potato tubers. The ELISA results were also validated by gas chromatography-electron capture detector and confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and by a lettuce hypocotyl bioassay. The degree of rest in the tubers was associated with ABA content in the peel. Basal portion (where tuber was attached to mother plant) contained the highest amount of ABA. Thidiazuron reduced ABA content and induced potato tuber sprouting. Exogenously applied ABA stimulated growth of buds that had emerged from dormancy.On leave from the Department of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China. 相似文献
15.
Attempts were made to extend the storage life of seed potatoes by treating them with trace elements as antimicrobial and antisprouting agents. In tests to measure the growth of Fusarium oxysporum, and Erwinia carotovora pv. carotovora it was found to be decreased more by iron, copper and zinc than by boron, manganese and molybdenum. Dipping seed tubers in aqueous solutions of trace element salts decreased both sprouting and microbial spoilage during storage at ambient conditions. Field testing at the end of storage proved that treating seed potatoes with ferrous sulphate did not decrease the yield of tubers or increase their iron content. It is suggested that trace elements may be used to extend the storage life of seed potato tubers, in tropical conditions. 相似文献
16.
Phosphite uptake and distribution in potato tubers following foliar and postharvest applications of phosphite‐based fungicides for late blight control
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T. Borza R.D. Peters Y. Wu A. Schofield J. Rand Z. Ganga K.I. Al‐Mughrabi R.H. Coffin G. Wang‐Pruski 《The Annals of applied biology》2017,170(1):127-139
Foliar and postharvest applications of phosphite (Phi)‐based fungicides are used to control the oomycete Phytophthora infestans which is responsible for the occurrence of late blight in potatoes. Optimisation of the usage of Phi‐based fungicides for disease control during the growing season and in subsequent storage can lead to improved potato production and processing quality. In order to assess the efficiency of Phi translocation to tubers, following foliar and postharvest treatments of potato crops with the Phi‐based fungicides, the amount of Phi in tubers was determined by a high‐performance ion chromatography method. The quantity of Phi found in tubers increased with the total amount of Phi‐based fungicides applied during the growing season. Foliar applications of Phi resulted in an uneven distribution of Phi in the three tuber regions analysed, with high concentrations being identified in the tuber cortex (32.5–166.4 µg g?1 fresh tissue) and medulla regions followed by the skin area. Postharvest treatment of tubers led to a different distribution of Phi, with the highest concentrations of Phi found in the skin (411.0–876.6 µg g?1 fresh tissue) followed by the cortex and medulla regions. As foliar treatments are essential to protect the aerial parts of the plants during the growth season, the best disease management practices of tubers should include the postharvest treatment in addition to foliar applications. The use of both types of treatments ensures that concentrations of Phi in excess of 100 µg g?1 fresh tissue are present in tuber skin and cortex areas; such concentrations are needed to suppress the growth of P. infestans on tubers during storage. 相似文献
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19.
The restricted flowering of colored cultivars ofZantedeschia is a consequence of developmental constraints imposed by apical dominance of the primary bud on secondary buds in the tuber,
and by the sympodial growth of individual shoots. GA3 enhances flowering inZantedeschia by increasing the number of flowering shoots per tuber and inflorescences per shoot. The effects of gibberellin on the pattern
of flowering and on the developmental fate of differentiated inflorescences along the tuber axis and individual shoot axes
were studied in GA3 and Uniconazole-treated tubers. Inflorescence primordia and fully developed (emerged) floral stems produced during tuber
storage and the plant growth period were recorded. Days to flowering, percent of flowering shoots and floral stem length decreased
basipetally along the shoot and tuber axes. GA3 prolonged the flowering period and increased both the number of flowering shoots per tuber and the differentiated inflorescences
per shoot. Activated buds were GA3 responsive regardless of meristem size or age. Uniconazole did not inhibit inflorescence differentiation but inhibited floral
stem elongation. The results suggest that GA3 has a dual action in the flowering process: induction of inflorescence differentiation and promotion of floral stem elongation.
The flowering pattern could be a result of a gradient in the distribution of endogenous factors involved in inflorescence
differentialtion (possibly GAs) and in floral stem growth. This gradient along the tuber and shoot axes is probably controlled
by apical dominance of the primary bud.
Online publication: 7 April 2005 相似文献
20.
Cytosolic glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenases play crucial roles in controlling cold‐induced sweetening and apical dominance of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers
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Tengfei Liu Hui Fang Jun Liu Stephen Reid Juan Hou Tingting Zhou Zhendong Tian Botao Song Conghua Xie 《Plant, cell & environment》2017,40(12):3043-3054
Glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is an important enzyme that functions in producing energy and supplying intermediates for cellular metabolism. Recent researches indicate that GAPDHs have multiple functions beside glycolysis. However, little information is available for functions of GAPDHs in potato. Here, we identified 4 putative cytosolic GAPDH genes in potato genome and demonstrated that the StGAPC1, StGAPC2, and StGAPC3, which are constitutively expressed in potato tissues and cold inducible in tubers, encode active cytosolic GAPDHs. Cosuppression of these 3 GAPC genes resulted in low tuber GAPDH activity, consequently the accumulation of reducing sugars in cold stored tubers by altering the tuber metabolite pool sizes favoring the sucrose pathway. Furthermore, GAPCs‐silenced tubers exhibited a loss of apical dominance dependent on cell death of tuber apical bud meristem (TAB‐meristem). It was also confirmed that StGAPC1, StGAPC2, and StGAPC3 interacted with the autophagy‐related protein 3 (ATG3), implying that the occurrence of cell death in TAB‐meristem could be induced by ATG3 associated events. Collectively, the present research evidences first that the GAPC genes play crucial roles in diverse physiological and developmental processes in potato tubers. 相似文献