A phylogenetic review of the genus Hexabathynella Schminke, 1972 (Crustacea, Malacostraca, Bathynellacea): with a description of four new species

The genus Hexabathynella (Crustacea, Malacostraca, Bathynellacea) is revised in the sense of the phylogenetic systematics and four new species are described from South Africa ( H. monoaethetasca sp. nov. and H. africana sp. nov. ) and America ( H. schrieveri sp. nov. and H. virginiae sp. nov. ). A comparative analysis of all observable outer structures distributed in 18 known and four new species resulted in a re-evaluation of 18 characters and character states. The phylogenetic analysis using the program PAUP yielded one most-parsimonious tree, which suggests the grouping of ( H. decora (( H. halophila  +  H. aotearoae ) + ( H. pauliani ( H. monoaethetasca  + H. africana )))) + ( H. knoepffleri ( H. nicoleiana ( H. hebrica , H. tenera , H. longiappendiculata , H. breviappendiculata , H. nestica ) +  H. virginiae (( H. minuta ( H. valdecasasi + H. otayana )) + ( H. hessleri + H. muliebris ))) +  H. paranaensis ( H. szidati + H. schrieveri )). The tree is 57 steps long and has a consistency index of 0.6140, a retention index of 0.7982 and a rescaled consistency index of 0.4901. The result does not agree with the previous analyses on the genus. In terms of sampling and coding, the characters used in the previous study are critically assessed.  © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2006, 147 , 71–96.     

Species of hypocrella

Summary Additional information is given from studies of types and authentic specimens for 25 species of Hypocrella.Stereocrea aurantiaca is transferred to Hypocrella asH. aurantiaca (Petch) comb. nov.,H. caulium is considered an invalid name andH. brasiliana (P. Henn.) comb. nov. is proposed. It is concluded thatH. sloaneae, H. nectroides, H. citrina, H. melaena, H. disjuncta andH. amazonica all are valid species.H. verruculosa is considered conspecific withH. phyllogena. H. fluminensis is a synonym ofH. epiphylla andH. guaranitica, H. spegazzini, H. orbicularis andH. cornuta are synonyms ofH. palmae. Similarities between several species of the eastern and western hemispheres are noted.Paper from the Herbarium and the Department of Botany, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.     

Study on genetic variations of PPARα gene and its effects on thermal tolerance in Chinese Holstein

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) regulates responses to chemical or physical stress in part by altering expression of genes involved in proteome maintenance. In this research, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used to amplify 766 and 589 bp fragments of intron 3 and 7 of PPARα gene in Chinese Holstein (n = 771). Sequencing results showed that three novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified at position 44087 (G/A), 65550 (G/A), and 65676(G/A) in the PPARα gene. PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism technology was used to genotype the three SNPs. Association analysis showed that cows with H1H8 (P < 0.05), H2H8 (P < 0.01), H5H7 (P < 0.05), H5H8 (P < 0.05), and H8H8 (P < 0.05) haplotype combinations had lower potassium content in erythrocytes than those with H2H6 haplotype combination. Cows with H1H8, and H8H8 haplotype combinations had lower decrease rate of milk yield than those with H2H6 and H6H8 haplotype combinations (P < 0.05). Cows with H2H8 and H8H8 haplotype combinations had lower rectal temperature than those with H5H8 and H7H7 haplotype combinations (P < 0.05). In conclusion, H8H8 haplotype combination may be advantageous for heat resistance traits in Chinese Holstein cattle.     

A Check-List of the Species of the Genus Haemoproteus (Apicomplexa,Plasmodiidae)*

SYNOPSIS. A list of the presumably valid named species of the genus Haemoproteus Kruse, 1890 (Apicomplexa, Plasmodiidae) is given. It includes 133 species, 5 varieties and 1 subspecies. One new species is named: H. serini n. sp. for the form in the canary Serinus canarius called H. zuenyoni by Sergent & Sergent (90). The following emendations are made: H. aegyptius for H. cellii var. aegyptius Mohammed, 1958; H. cellii for H. noctuae var. cellii Coatney & Roudabush, 1937; H. hirundinis for H. danilewskii var. hirundinis Sergent & Sergent, 1905; H. tinnunculus for H. danilewskyi var. tinnunculus Wasielewski & Wiilker, 1918; H. crumenius for H. crumenium (Hirst, 1905) Coatney, 1936; H. mathislegeri for H. herodiadis var. mathislegeri Mohammed, 1958; H. nebraskensis for H. noctuae var. nebraskensis Coatney & Roudabush, 1937; H. rileyi for Hoemoproteus rileyi Malkani, 1936; H. sauianae for H. sd-vianae Tendeiro, 1947; H. asturisdussumieri for H. asturis-dussumieri de Mello, 1935 emend. de Mello, 1937; H. xantholemae for H. xantholaemi Zargar, 1945. Of the 133 named species, 114 occur in birds, 16 in reptiles and 3 in amphibia; 14 orders and 47 families of birds are represented. The generic names Halteridium LabbC, 1894, Haemocystidium Castellani & Willey, 1904 and Simondia Garnham, 1966 are considered synonyms of Haemoproteus.     

二倍体杂交种棱果沙棘双向杂交起源及其母本主要来源于中国沙棘的分子证据简

棱果沙棘为同域分布的中国沙棘和肋果沙棘同倍化自然杂交形成的。本文利用母系遗传的cpDNA trnS-G序列检测青海祁连棱果沙棘及其亲本中国沙棘和肋果沙棘同域分布的两个地区（拱北湾、八宝河滩）共93个个体的遗传关系。结果表明棱果沙棘及其亲本在拱北湾和八宝河滩分别有12个和7个单倍型,两地区的棱果沙棘都与其亲本共享单倍型,其中拱北湾棱果沙棘共36个个体中有28个与中国沙棘共享3个单倍型(H2,H4,H5),有2个个体与肋果沙棘共享单倍型(H11),八宝河滩的棱果沙棘共10个个体中有7个与中国沙棘共享一个单倍型(H4),3个与肋果沙棘共享单倍型(H7)。应用最大简约法（MP）分别对两地区的棱果沙棘及其亲本trnS-G序列构建的系统发育树中棱果沙棘的大部分个体都与中国沙棘聚在一起,另外,棱果沙棘4种特有单倍型(H3、H7、H8、H9)的6个个体在系统树上也与中国沙棘聚为一支。以上结果进一步证明了二倍体自然杂交种棱果沙棘为双向杂交起源,但其主要母本来源应为中国沙棘。     

Prevalence of avian influenza viruses, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mycobacterium avium</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mycobacterium avium</Emphasis>, subsp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">paratuberculosis</Emphasis> in marsh-dwelling passerines in Slovakia, 2008

Prevalence of the infectious respiratory agens, avian influenza virus (AIV), Mycobacterium avium (M. avium), and Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), was studied in migratory marsh-dwelling passerines captured in the Parížske močiare wetlands in Western Slovakia during 2008. Surveillance of 650 birds revealed a lower prevalence of AIV in spring (13.6%) than in summer (17.5%). A total of 14 different subtypes were detected in samples obtained from birds captured during the spring, with the most prevalent subtypes being H8N3, H6N4, H11N6 and H12N6. Subtypes H12N6, H6N6 and H2N5 were predominant in passerines captured during summer months. In eight cases, different AIV infections were detected in the oropharyngeal and cloacal samples originating from a single bird (H1N1 and H8N3; H1N3 and H9N3; H2N3 and H12N6; H2N1 and H8N1; H4N2 and H9N6; H5N5 and H11N6; H6N4 and H11N6; H7N1 and H10N3 in the oropharynx and cloaca, respectively). M. avium was detected in 9.2% and 0.8% of marsh-dwelling passerines captured during spring and summer, respectively. Only two birds were co-infected with AIV and M. avium. All birds were negative for MAP.     

Two new aero-aquatic species of the hyphomycete genusHelicodendron from Austria

Two new aero-aquatic species of the genusHelicodendron are described and illustrated:H. coniferarum andH. longitubulosum spp. nov. Both belong to the ecological group of the aero-aquatic fungi which inhabit submerged litter in stagnant pools and ditches. The new species are compared with similar species (H. coniferarum withH. fuscum, H. cumbriense, H. multiseptatum andH. pinicola;H. longitubulosum withH. tubulosum andH. longisporum). In addition, ecology and substrates are recorded: WhereasH. coniferarum was isolated from pine litter submerged in oligotrophic peat bog ditches,H. longitubulosum grew on an oak leaf submerged in a eutrophic woodland pond. The presence of microconidia inH. longitubulosum is discussed.     

Taxonomy of theHieracium alpinum group in the sudeten Mts., the West and the Ukrainian East Carpathians

A taxonomic revision of theHieracium alpinum group (sensu Flora Europaea) in the Sudeten Mts., the West and the Ukrainian East Carpathians is provided. Six species are distinguished in the area studied, viz.Hieracium alpinum, H. halleri, H. augusti-bayeri, H. melanocephalum, H. tubulosum, andH. schustleri. H. alpinum occurs throughout the mountain ranges studied, three other taxa are endemic to the Sudeten Mts. (H. melanocephalum, H. tubulosum, H. schustleri), one is confined to the West Carpathians (H. halleri, in addition to the Alps) and one is endemic to the Ukrainian East Carpathians (H. augusti-bayeri). A diploid cytotype (2n=18) was ascertained inH. alpinum from the Ukrainian East Carpathians and the same chromosome number was found forH. augusti-bayeri. An agamospermous mode of reproduction was confirmed for the triploid cytotype ofH. alpinum, the triploidH. melanocephalum andH. halleri and the tetraploidsH. tubulosum andH. schustleri; the diploid taxa were found to be sexual. Pollen production in diploid taxa is high and pollen grains are homogeneous in size; triploid species, as well as tetraploidH. tubulosum, do not produce polllen; tetraploidH. schustleri has pollen grains of variable size. Data on the ecology and distribution of the species are also given.     

Seven new species of Hieracium sect. Tridentata (Asteraceae) from Götaland,southern Sweden

Six new species of Hieracium sect. Tridentata, viz. H. piranhae, H. xanthochlorum, H. bertilssonii, H. erectiramum, H. rigescoides and H. subpardalinum are described from the Götaland region, southern Sweden and H. gothicum var. blekingense is raised to specific rank as H. blekingense.     

H9, H10, and H11 compose a cluster of Hessian fly-resistance genes in the distal gene-rich region of wheat chromosome 1AS

H9, H10, and H11 are major dominant resistance genes in wheat, expressing antibiosis against Hessian fly [(Hf) Mayetiola destructor (Say)] larvae. Previously, H9 and H10 were assigned to chromosome 5A and H11 to 1A. The objectives of this study were to identify simple-sequence-repeat (SSR) markers for fine mapping of these genes and for marker-assisted selection in wheat breeding. Contrary to previous results, H9 and H10 did not show linkage with SSR markers on chromosome 5A. Instead, H9, H10, and H11 are linked with SSR markers on the short arm of chromosome 1A. Both H9 and H10 are tightly linked to flanking markers Xbarc263 and Xcfa2153 within a genetic distance of 0.3–0.5 cM. H11 is tightly linked to flanking markers Xcfa2153 and Xbarc263 at genetic distances of 0.3 cM and 1.7 cM. Deletion bin mapping assigned these markers and genes to the distal 14% of chromosome arm 1AS, where another Hf-resistance gene, Hdic (derived from emmer wheat), was also mapped previously. Marker polymorphism results indicated that a small terminal segment of chromosome 1AS containing H9 or H10 was transferred from the donor parent to the wheat lines Iris or Joy, and a small intercalary fragment carrying H11 was transferred from the resistant donor to the wheat line Karen. Our results suggest that H9, H10, H11, Hdic, and the previously identified H9- or H11-linked genes (H3, H5, H6, H12, H14, H15, H16, H17, H19, H28, and H29) may compose a cluster (or family) of Hf-resistance genes in the distal gene-rich region of wheat chromosome 1AS; and H10 most likely is the same gene as H9.Mention of commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Revision of the genus Haemonchus Cobb, 1898 (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae)

Summary Only nine species of the genus Haemonchus are considered valid, namely, H. contortus (Rudolphi, 1803) Cobb, 1898 (type), H. bedfordi Le Roux, 1929, H. dinniki Sach, Gibbons & Lweno, 1973, H. krugeri Ortlepp, 1964, H. lawrencei Sandground, 1933, H. longistipes Railliet & Henry, 1909, H. mitchelli Le Roux, 1929, H. similis Travassos, 1914 and H. vegliai Le Roux, 1929. These are redescribed. H. bispinosus Molin, 1860, H. placei Place, 1893, H. cervinus Baylis & Daubney, 1922, H. okapiae van den Berghe, 1937 (in part), H. tartaricus Evranova, 1940, H. contortus contortus Das & Whitlock, 1960, H. contortus cayugensis Das & Whitlock, 1960, H. contortus bangalorensis Rao & Rahman, 1967, H. contortus hispanicus Martínez Gómez, 1968, H. contortus kentuckiensis Sukhapesna, 1974 and H. contortus var. uktalensis Das & Whitlock, 1960 are considered synonyms of H. contortus (Rudolphi, 1803) Cobb, 1898.The synonymy of H. lunatus Travassos, 1914, H. atectus Lebedev, 1929, H. pseudocontortus Lebedev, 1929 and H. fuhrmanni Kamensky, 1929 with H. contortus is confirmed. H. okapiae van den Berghe, 1937 (in part) is considered a synonym of H. mitchelli Le Roux, 1929 and H. bubalis Chauhan & Pande, 1968 is considered a synonym of H. similis Travassos, 1914. H. bovis Bonelli, 1941 and H. contortus var. kashmirensis Fotedar & Bambroo, 1965 are considered species inquirendae. An illustrated key to the species of the genus is provided.Part of a thesis approved by the University of London for the award of the Ph.D. degree.Part of a thesis approved by the University of London for the award of the Ph.D. degree.     

Isolation of sea urchin embryo histone H2Aα1 and immunological identification of other stage-specific H2A proteins

H2A_α1, the principal H2A histone synthesized prior to the blastula stage of the sea urchin, was isolated free of other putative H2A subtypes and other histones. Its amino acid composition provides confirmation that H2A_α1 is the H2A protein encoded in the histone gene cluster carried by pCO2. An antibody prepared against this protein cross-reacts strongly with CS2A (a putative H2A synthesized only during the cleavage stage) as well as with H2A_β, H2A_γ, and H2A_δ (putative H2As synthesized principally after the blastula stage) but not with non-H2A core histones or other nuclear proteins. The data support the view that CS2A, H2A_α1, H2A_β, H2A_γ, and H2A_δ are all H2A proteins.     

Phylogenetic Relationships Based on Ribosomal DNA Data for Four Species of Cyst Nematodes from Italy and One from Syria

Phylogenetic analysis of new ribosomal DNA (rDNA) data for Heterodera mediterranea, H. hordecalis, H. carotae, and H. fici from Italy and H. ciceri from Syria, along with published data for other species, showed high bootstrap support for the following relationships: (((((H. carotae H. cruciferae) H. goettingiana) (((H. trifolii H. ciceri) H. mediterranea) ((H. avenae H. latipons) H. fici))) (Cactodera betulae H. hordecalis)) (Globodera rostochiensis G. pallida)). The rDNA sequence data were for the two internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) plus the 5.8S gene between them. These inferred relationships support the classic ''''Goettingiana Group'''' of H. carotae, H. cruciferae, and H. goettingiana. A clade comprised of Cactodera betulae and H. hordecalis is only distantly related to the other species in the analysis.     

砧用瓠瓜抗枯萎病相关性及杂种优势分析

枯萎病是一种严重危害瓜类蔬菜生产的土传病害,嫁接栽培是防治瓜类枯萎病的有效方法。该文研究了砧用瓠瓜种质幼苗生长指标与抗病性的相关性,并对抗病杂种优势进行了分析。结果表明:(1)砧用瓠瓜种质H041对西瓜枯萎病表现高抗(HR),对瓠瓜枯萎病表现抗病(R),种质H01、H05和杂交组合H01×H041、H041×H05、H05×H041对两种枯萎病均表现抗病(R)。(2)砧用瓠瓜幼苗接种西瓜枯萎病菌后,病情指数与下胚轴粗度呈显著负相关;接种瓠瓜枯萎病菌后,总根长、根系表面积与病情指数呈极显著负相关,表明砧用瓠瓜对枯萎病的抗病性与根系生长具有相关性,可以根据根系生长情况快速评价砧用瓠瓜对瓠瓜枯萎病的抗性表现。(3)分析砧用瓠瓜杂交组合的抗病性杂种优势显示,供试杂交组合H05×H041对西瓜枯萎病具备超中亲优势;杂交组合H01×H041和H02×H041对瓠瓜枯萎病抗性具有负向杂种优势。综合研究结果发现,种质H01、H041、H05兼抗西瓜枯萎病和瓠瓜枯萎病,且配制出的杂交组合表现抗性杂种优势,可作为选育抗两种枯萎病的砧木或栽培品种的抗源亲本,其中H041可作为优势骨干亲本。     

Improvement of the acid stability of Bacillus licheniformis alpha amylase by site-directed mutagenesis

The objective of this work was to improve the acid stability of alpha amylase from Bacillus licheniformis (BLA) under acidic conditions by site-directed mutagenesis. Based on the analysis of three dimensional structure of BLA, five histidine residues at positions 281, 289, 293, 316, and 327 in BLA were substituted by arginine residues and aspartic acid residues, respectively. Ten mutants H281R/D, H289R/D, H293R/D, H316R/D, and H327R/D were obtained and H293R, H316R, and H327R were active at pH 4.5 and 6.5. Triple mutations of BLA was modified for the construction of H293R/H316R/H327R. Compared with wild type, which lost the activity, H293R, H316R, H327R, and H293R/H316R/H327R could maintain 8, 10, 20, 31% of the initial activity when incubated at pH 4.5 and 70 °C for 40 min, respectively. The results combined with three-dimensional structure analysis demonstrated that H293R, H316R, H327R, and H293R/H316R/H327R showed an improved acid stability under low pH condition as a result of the interactions of electrostatic fields, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophilcity. This work provides the theoretical basis and background data on the improvement of acid stability in BLA for satisfying the industrial requirements by protein engineering, which is beneficial to molecular modification of other industrial enzymes for acid-tolerance ability.     

A revision of Habenaria section Macroceratitae (Orchidaceae) in Brazil

Habenaria sect.Macroceratitae from Brazil is revised, and seven species are recognized:H. bractescens, H. gourlieana, H. johannensis, H. longicauda, H. macronectar, H. nabucoi, and the newly describedH. paulistana. A main feature of these species is the presence of long, separated, involute stigmatic processes.Habenaria bractescens, H. gourlieana, H. johannensis, andH. macronectar are distributed mainly from central and southeastern Brazil to southern Brazil and southern South America, whereasH. longicauda andH. nabucoi are distributed mainly from west central, southeastern and northeastern Brazil to northern South America.Habenaria paulistana is restricted to the state of São Paulo.Habenaria bradei, H. juergensii, andH. sartoroides are lectotypified, andH. kleyi is neotypified. The identity ofH. fastor is discussed andH. nabucoi is recognized as the valid name for this species. Seven other species previously placed in sect.Macroceratitae are sufficiently distinct and are removed from the section.     

Role of histone pairs H2A,H2B and H3,H4 in the self-assembly of nucleosome core particles

The role of the histone pairs H2A,H2B and H3,H4 in the kinetics of core particle formation was investigated by using N-(1-pyrene)maleimide-labeled histone H3. The excimer emission intensity of a DNA-core histone complex prepared by direct mixing of DNA and histones in 0.2 m-NaCl is reduced by half when H2A,H2B is omitted. Fluorescence quenching studies and lifetime measurements indicate that the emission differences are probably due to static quenching. In a correctly folded nucleosome or a DNA-(H3,H4) complex, the two pyrene rings are buried and are held very close. DNA-(H3,H4) can interact with additional copies of H3,H4, but only when two dimers of H2A,H2B are correctly bound is there a specific twofold increase in excimer emission.The kinetics of the reaction of H3,H4 with DNA in 0.2 m-NaCl were followed by measuring the increase in 460 nm fluorescence. The apparent rate constant of the dominant kinetic component is ~ 2 × 10^?1 s^?1. If histones H2A,H2B are added immediately after the preparation of the DNA-(H3,H4) complex, an increase in excimer fluorescence is observed, with an apparent rate constant of ~ 6 × 10^?3 s^?1. However, if histones H2A,H2B are added one hour after DNA-(H3,H4) complex formation, there is no increase in excimer fluorescence. These results suggest that an intermediate involving the H3,H4 tetramer is formed first in nucleosome assembly. In the presence of H2A,H2B, this intermediate evolves to the final folded nucleosome, but in the absence of H2A,H2B it rearranges to an unmaturable dead-end complex. Additional experiments show that a very fast transfer of histone pairs (probably H2A,H2B) can take place between partially reconstituted nucleosomes.     

Sequence, organization and expression of the core histone genes of Aspergillus nidulans

Summary The core histone gene family ofAspergillus nidulans was characterized. The H2A, H2B and H3 genes are unique in theA. nidulans genome. In contrast there are two H4 genes, H4.1 and H4.2. As previously reported for the H2A gene (May and Morris 1987) introns also interrupt the other core histone genes. The H2B gene, like the H2A gene, is interrupted by three introns, the H3 and H4.1 gene are each interrupted by two introns and the H4.2 gene contains one intron. The position of the single intron in H4.2 is the same as that the first intron of the H4.1 gene. The H2A and H2B genes are arranged as a gene pair separated by approximately 600 by and are divergently transcribed. The H3 and H4.1 genes are similarly arranged and are separated by approximately 800 bp. The H4.2 gene is not closely linked to either the H2A-H2B or H3-H4.1 gene pairs. Using pulse field gel electrophoresis an electrophoretic karyotype was established forA. nidulans. This karyotype was used to assign the H3–H4.1 gene pair and the H4.2 gene to linkage group VIII and the H2A–H2B gene pair to either linkage group III or VI. The abundance of each of the histone messenger RNAs was determined to be cell cycle regulated but the abundance of the H4.2 mRNA appears to be regulated differently from the others.     

NASP maintains histone H3–H4 homeostasis through two distinct H3 binding modes

Histone chaperones regulate all aspects of histone metabolism. NASP is a major histone chaperone for H3–H4 dimers critical for preventing histone degradation. Here, we identify two distinct histone binding modes of NASP and reveal how they cooperate to ensure histone H3–H4 supply. We determine the structures of a sNASP dimer, a complex of a sNASP dimer with two H3 α3 peptides, and the sNASP–H3–H4–ASF1b co-chaperone complex. This captures distinct functionalities of NASP and identifies two distinct binding modes involving the H3 α3 helix and the H3 αN region, respectively. Functional studies demonstrate the H3 αN-interaction represents the major binding mode of NASP in cells and shielding of the H3 αN region by NASP is essential in maintaining the H3–H4 histone soluble pool. In conclusion, our studies uncover the molecular basis of NASP as a major H3–H4 chaperone in guarding histone homeostasis.     

Revision of the Australian species of Hyalobathra Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae: Pyraustinae) based on adult morphology and with description of a new species

Abstract The genus Hyalobathra Meyrick is redefined based on five Australian species including the type  species. The four named Australian species, H. archeleuca Meyrick, H. unicolor (Warren) , H. miniosalis (Guenée) and H. minialis (Warren), are redescribed and a new species, H. crenulata sp. n., is described . Hyalobathra unicolor is removed from synonymy with H. illectalis (Walker), and lectotypes are designated for H. archeleuca , H. minialis and for H. rhodoplecta Turner, a synonym of H. miniosalis . The presence of H. paupellalis (Lederer) in Australia could not be confirmed, but its genitalia are figured. Two previously included species, ' Hyalobathra ' aequalis (Lederer) and ' H .'  brevialis (Walker), are excluded from Hyalobathra, as they lack its generic apomorphies, but cannot at present be assigned to any other genus.