不同倍性小麦和玉米不同群体杂交诱导小麦单倍体的研究

自从Ｚｅｎｋｔｅｌｅｒ等［１］首先报道了小麦×玉米受精现象以来,许多学者对六倍体普通小麦与玉米杂交进行了广泛的研究,获得单倍体的普通小麦,并筛选到一些杂交亲和性较高的亲本材料［２］。但四倍体小麦与玉米杂交研究报道较少。ＯＤｏｎｏｕｇｈｕｅ等用四倍体小麦与玉米杂交获得单倍体胚［３］。随后,Ａｍｒａｎｉ等［４］和孙敬三等［５］利用这一方法相继获得四倍体小麦的单倍体苗。本文报道了不同倍性的小麦基因型与玉米不同群体杂交对诱导小麦单倍体的影响１　材料和方法１．１　亲本材料用作母本的二倍体小麦有一粒小麦（…     

有序差异显示:一种基因表达谱系统比较法

系统研究具有同一基因组的各种细胞群之间基因的差异表达谱十分重要。目前,研究基因差异表达的技术大致有ｍＲＮＡ差异显示［１］、ＲＤＡ［３］、ＳＳＨ［４、５］和ｃＤＮＡ阵列［６］等。近几年,还发展了一些研究基因差异表达谱系统的技术,如ＲＬＣＳ（ｒｅｓｔｒｉｃｔｉｏｎｌａｎｄ－ｍａｒｋｃＤＮＡｓｃａｎｎｉｎｇ）［８］、ＧＥＦ（ｇｅｎｅｅｘｐｒｅｓ－ｓｉｏｎｆｉｎｇｅｒｐｒｉｎｔｉｎｇ）［２］和ＲＮＡ指纹法［９］等。然而,这些技术或较为复杂,或灵敏度偏低。本文拟介绍一种有效的基因表达谱系统比较法——有序差…     

类黄酮激活根瘤菌在油菜上结瘤和固氮的研究初报

１引言自然界大多数植物不具备共生固氮系统．在非豆科中除Ｐａｒａｓｐｏｎｉａ［８］外,至今还未发现其它非豆科植物能像豆科植物一样与根瘤菌形成共生．聂延富报道了２．４Ｄ能使小麦根系诱导结瘤的作用［２］．ＡｌＭａｌｅｎ等研究了根瘤菌在水稻和油菜幼苗根系...     

水稻生活精细胞的分离及细胞学观察

近１０多年来已经成功分离得到白花丹［１］、玉米［２,３］、百合［４］等植物的精细胞,并建立起玉米的离体受精实验体系［５,６］。但水稻作为我国和世界重要的粮食作物,迄今未见有类似工作的报道。本文采用渗透压冲击法成功分离得到水稻的生活精细胞。１材料和方法...     

信阳地区柑橘凤蝶生物学特性

柑橘凤蝶ＰｏｐｉｌｉｏｘｕｔｈｕｓＬｉｎｎａｅｕｓ为鳞翅目、凤蝶科昆虫［１］。在信阳地区幼虫寄主植物主要为柑橘Ｃｉｔｒｕｓｒｅｔｉｃｕｌａｔａ、野花椒Ｚａｎｔｈｏｘｙ－ｌｕｍｓｉｍｕｌａｍｓ、枳Ｄｏｎｃｉｒｕｓｔｒｉｆｏｌｉａｔａ等芸香科植物,成虫黄绿与黑色相间组成美丽的花纹,是具有观赏价值的大型凤蝶之一［２］。为开展柑橘凤蝶人工饲养,作者于１９９６～１９９７年对其形态、习性、生活史等生物学特性进行了研究,现将研究结果报告如下。１材料与方法１．１材料柑橘凤蝶种源：野外采集成蝶,笼内产卵获得。饲养…     

光系统Ⅱ反应中心D1/D2/Cytb559复合物中去镁叶绿素a的光照破坏

高等植物在强光照射下,光合作用受到抑制。光抑制的分子机理已成为目前光合作用研究中最活跃的研究领域之一［１］。由于叶绿体内色素和蛋白分子很多,其中包含有许多与光破坏不直接相关的组分,因此很难确定具体哪个分子受到破坏。用只含少数色素和多肽分子的光系统Ⅱ（ＰＳⅡ）反应中心Ｄ１／Ｄ２／Ｃｙｔｂ５５９复合物［２］可以解决这个问题,现已证明用光照射该复合物能引起原初电子供体Ｐ６８０的破坏［３,４］,并且是一个多步反应［５］,同时还发现有组氨酸残基的光照破坏［６,７］,当存在电子受体的情况下反应中心内部β－ｃ…     

野生大豆rbcS基因的克隆及结构分析

核酮糖１,５二磷酸羧化酶（Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ,Ｅ．Ｃ．４．１．１．３９）是光合碳代谢中的关键酶,也是植物中研究最为广泛深入的一种酶。高等植物的Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ大、小亚基分别由叶绿体和核基因组编码。迄今已有几十种光合生物的Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ大、小亚基的基因（ｒｂｃＬ、ｒｂｃＳ）结构得到阐明［１］。在高等植物中ｒｂｃＳ基因由多基因家族编码,结构较为复杂,但它同时又是一种相对保守的基因,且同一物种内各ｒｂｃＳ基因成员是协同进化的,因此ｒｂｃＳ基因适合于植物分子进化及系统分类的研究［２］。我国是栽培大豆（Ｇｌｙｃ…     

毕赤氏酵母P_(AOX2)突变体序列分析

近年来巴斯德毕赤氏酵母（Ｐｉｃｈｉａｐａｓｔｏｒｉｓ）已被广泛用于商业化生产外源蛋白的基因工程菌［１］。与常用的酿酒酵母表达系统相比,该系统具有以下优点：１有强有力的、受甲醇严格诱导调控的启动子;２表达蛋白高分泌;３表达菌株稳定;４适合于高密度培养。但目前使用的系统也有其不足之处,当利用该系统的载体将外源基因通过双交换整合到染色体中ＡＯＸ１基因位置时,ＡＯＸ１基因被破坏［２］。已知醇氧化酶是细胞利用甲醇的关键酶,该酶分别由ＡＯＸ１基因和ＡＯＸ２基因编码合成［３］。虽然ＡＯＸ２与ＡＯＸ１的…     

除草剂阿特拉津生物降解研究进展

阿特拉津（Ａｔｒａｚｉｎｅ）又称氯乙异丙嗪［２－氯－４（乙基）－６－（异丙氨基）－１,３,５－三嗪］,商品名莠去津,是一种广泛使用的三嗪类除草剂,用于阔叶杂草和禾草的防除,如玉米、高梁、甘蔗和库区杂草等。阿特拉津虽然是一种低毒除草剂,但由于它被微生物矿化的过程十分缓慢,在土壤中的半存留期长达４-５７周,所以在施用过这种除草剂的土壤中以及地下水和表面水中,其浓度远远超过３ｐｐｂ的最大允许值,造成对环境的污染［１］。阿特拉津在世界范围内已经使用了近４０年,其在环境中的扩散引起广泛重视,因此研究这种化合物的生物降解机理十分必要。虽然自１９８２年以来先后在诺卡氏菌属（Ｎｏｃａｒｄｉａ）［２,３］、红球菌属（Ｒｈｏｄｏｃｏｃｕｓ）［４,５］、不动杆菌属（Ａｃｉｎｅｔｏｂａｃｔｅｒ）［６］、土壤杆菌属（Ａｇｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ）［７］和假单胞菌属（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓ）［１,８,９］等多个细菌属中分离到降解阿特拉津的菌株,但直到９０年代中期,对这一生物降解过程所涉及到的基因、酶和中间代谢物仍知之甚少。自１９９５年Ｗａｃｋｅｔ实验室从施用过阿特拉津的土壤中分离到假单胞菌ＡＤＰ菌株以后［１］,阿特拉津的生物降解机理研究获得了迅速发展。此后,又从根瘤菌属（Ｒｈｉｚｏｂｉｕｍ）［１０］以及棍状杆菌属（Ｃｌａｖｉｂａｃｔｅｒ）、产碱杆菌属（Ａｌｃａｌｉｇｅｎｓ）［１１］和Ｒａｌｓｔｏｎｉａ等多个细菌属中分离到降解阿特拉津的细菌。本文主要对假单胞菌ＡＤＰ菌株降解阿特拉津的酶学、遗传学和生物工程研究概况作简要介绍 。     

表达多聚半乳糖醛酸酶反义RNA的转基因番茄分析

果实成熟是一系列基因在时空上有序表达的结果［１］,成熟阶段出现的多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（ＰＧ,Ｅ,Ｃ,３,２,１,１５）在果实软化过程中起作用［２,３］。番茄果实的软化与ＰＧｍＲＮＡ及ＰＧ活性增加呈平行关系［４］。ＰＧ的表达有发育阶段性［１,５］与组织特异性［６,７］,其调控主要是在转录水平［８,９］。本工作将ＰＧ反义基因转入番茄,对Ｔ０～Ｔ２代转基因果实的ＰＧ活性、生理后熟行为及品质进行了研究。１　材料和方法１．１　ＰＧ反义基因植物表达载体构建及Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ检测方法见前文［１０］。１．２　转化与…     

Effect of tree species and crown pruning on root length and soil water content in semi-arid agroforestry

Soil cores were taken to estimate root length prior to transplanting and after 60 days growth of a dry season sorghum crop in an agroforestry experiment in a semi-arid region of north-east Nigeria. The experiment compared sorghum grown alone and with two tree species (Acacia nilotica subsp adstringens and Prosopis juliflora) and one management treatment (pruning of tree crowns). Data on soil water content were collected from 6 days before and 20, 60 and 110 days after sorghum transplanting. The main findings were: (i) Per unit root length, A. nilotica had a more negative effect on sorghum above and below ground than P. juliflora. This appeared to be correlated with greater rates of water extraction from layers of soil shared with crop roots; (ii) Crown pruning substantially reduced the competitive effect of P. juliflora on crop yield but did not affect the impact of A. nilotica on intercropped sorghum. Since the impact of pruning on tree-crop competition varies with species, tree species selection and management will be a key factor in determining the feasibility of dryland agroforestry systems.     

不同作物轮作对连作高粱生长及其根际土壤环境的影响

以高粱连作5年为对照(CK),研究了高粱连作3年轮作苜蓿(T₁)和葱(T₂),对下茬高粱生长、根际土壤微生物及土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明:与CK相比,轮作改善了高粱地上部的生长;T₁增产16.5%,效果明显.轮作也促进了高粱根系的生长,T₁和T₂处理的高粱总根长是CK的1.3和1.4倍,根总表面积是CK的1.6和1.5倍,根体积是CK的2.2和1.6倍,根系生物量是CK的2.0和1.3倍,T₁促进了根系在10 cm以下土层中的分布.借助Biolog法对穗花期根际土壤微生物群落功能多样性分析表明,T₁和T₂处理根际土壤微生物活性显著高于CK,且Shannon多样性指数分别是CK的1.2和1.1倍;轮作提高了根际土壤蔗糖酶活性.综上,轮作苜蓿比轮作葱更能改善高粱根际土壤环境,提高土壤微生物活性和酶活性,控制高粱连作障碍,提高高粱产量.     

Effects of soil temperature on root and shoot growth traits and iron deficiency chlorosis in sorghum genotypes grown on a low iron calcareous soil

Iron deficiency chlorosis (FeDC) is a common disorder for sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] grown on alkaline calcareous soils. Four sorghum genotypes were grown in growth chambers on a low Fe (1.3 g/g DTPA-extractable), alkaline (pH 8.0), calcareous (3.87% CaCO₃ equivalent) Aridic Haplustoll to determine effects of different soil temperatures (12, 17, 22 and 27°C at a constant 27°C air temperature) on various root and shoot growth traits and development of FeDC. As soil temperature increased, leaf chlorosis became more severe, and shoot and root dry weights, root lengths, and leaf areas increased markedly. Shoot/root ratios, shoot weight/root length, leaf area/shoot weight and leaf area/root weight and root length also increased while root length/root weight decreased as soil temperature increased. Severe FeDC developed in all genotypes even though genotypes had previously shown different degrees of resistance to FeDC. Genotypes differed in most growth traits, especially dry matter yields, root lengths, and leaf areas, but most traits did not appear to be related to genotype resistance to FeDC. The most FeDC resistant genotype had the slowest growth rate and this may be a mechanism for its greater resistance to FeDC.     

Morphological and architectural development of root systems in sorghum and maize

Root systems determine the capacity of a plant to access soil water and their architecture can influence adaptation to water-limited conditions. It may be possible to associate that architecture with root attributes of young plants as a basis for rapid phenotypic screening. This requires improved understanding of root system development. This study aimed to characterise the morphological and architectural development of sorghum and maize root systems by (i) clarifying the initiation and origin of roots at germination, and (ii) monitoring and quantifying the development of root systems in young plants. Three experiments were conducted with two maize and four sorghum hybrids. Sorghum produced a sole seminal (primary) root and coleoptile nodal roots emerged at the 4th–5th leaf stage, whereas maize produced 3–7 seminal (primary and scutellum) roots and coleoptile nodal roots emerged at the 2nd leaf stage. Genotypic variation in the flush angle and mean diameter of nodal roots was observed and could be considered a suitable target for large scale screening for root architecture in breeding populations. Because of the relatively late appearance of nodal roots in sorghum, such screening would require a small chamber system to grow plants until at least 6 leaves had fully expanded.     

The response of sorghum and sunflower to short-term waterlogging

Summary Sorghum and sunflower were waterlogged for nine days during the vegetative, floral initiation/buds-visible or anthesis stage of growth under glasshouse conditions to observe the effects on root growth and development. In addition, some plants were waterlogged at all three stages to observe any adaptations induced by waterlogging. The most marked effects occurred at the initiation/buds-visible stage where a 30% reduction in root length and a 40% reduction in root dry weight of sorghum occurred with comparable figures for sunflower being 50 and 60% respectively. Generally, sorghum roots had a higher porosity than sunflower which may contribute to its greater tolerance to waterlogging. The observed changes in root growth are discussed in relation to previously documented effects of waterlogging on growth of the two species and changes which occur in the soil environment.     

Response of millet and sorghum to a varying water supply around the primary and nodal roots

Background and Aims

Cereals have two root systems. The primary system originates from the embryo when the seed germinates and can support the plant until it produces grain. The nodal system can emerge from stem nodes throughout the plant''s life; its value for yield is unclear and depends on the environment. The aim of this study was to test the role of nodal roots of sorghum and millet in plant growth in response to variation in soil moisture. Sorghum and millet were chosen as both are adapted to dry conditions.

Methods

Sorghum and millet were grown in a split-pot system that allowed the primary and nodal roots to be watered separately.

Key Results

When primary and nodal roots were watered (12 % soil water content; SWC), millet nodal roots were seven times longer than those of sorghum and six times longer than millet plants in dry treatments, mainly from an 8-fold increase in branch root length. When soil was allowed to dry in both compartments, millet nodal roots responded and grew 20 % longer branch roots than in the well-watered control. Sorghum nodal roots were unchanged. When only primary roots received water, nodal roots of both species emerged and elongated into extremely dry soil (0·6–1·5 % SWC), possibly with phloem-delivered water from the primary roots in the moist inner pot. Nodal roots were thick, short, branchless and vertical, indicating a tropism that was more pronounced in millet. Total nodal root length increased in both species when the dry soil was covered with plastic, suggesting that stubble retention or leaf mulching could facilitate nodal roots reaching deeper moist layers in dry climates. Greater nodal root length in millet than in sorghum was associated with increased shoot biomass, water uptake and water use efficiency (shoot mass per water). Millet had a more plastic response than sorghum to moisture around the nodal roots due to (1) faster growth and progression through ontogeny for earlier nodal root branch length and (2) partitioning to nodal root length from primary roots, independent of shoot size.

Conclusions

Nodal and primary roots have distinct responses to soil moisture that depend on species. They can be selected independently in a breeding programme to shape root architecture. A rapid rate of plant development and enhanced responsiveness to local moisture may be traits that favour nodal roots and water use efficiency at no cost to shoot growth.     

Identifying soybean lines differing in gas exchange sensitivity to humidity

The ratios of root length and root weight to leaf area differed within and between cultivars of soybean. Plants with low ratios of root length or weight to leaf area had leaf conductances and net photosynthetic rates more reduced by a given increase in the leaf to air water vapour pressure difference around a single leaf than plants with high ratios. Plant and root system conductances to water were estimated as transpiration rate per unit leaf area divided by the difference between substrate and leaf water potentials, and by the rate of water flow through pressurised root systems. These conductances were greater in plants with large, as compared with small, root systems per unit leaf area. Cultivar rankings in sensitivity of gas exchange to humidity were consistent in controlled environment chambers and in field tests.     

QTL for nodal root angle in sorghum (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sorghum bicolor</Emphasis> L. Moench) co-locate with QTL for traits associated with drought adaptation

Nodal root angle in sorghum influences vertical and horizontal root distribution in the soil profile and is thus relevant to drought adaptation. In this study, we report for the first time on the mapping of four QTL for nodal root angle (qRA) in sorghum, in addition to three QTL for root dry weight, two for shoot dry weight, and three for plant leaf area. Phenotyping was done at the six leaf stage for a mapping population (n = 141) developed by crossing two inbred sorghum lines with contrasting root angle. Nodal root angle QTL explained 58.2% of the phenotypic variance and were validated across a range of diverse inbred lines. Three of the four nodal root angle QTL showed homology to previously identified root angle QTL in rice and maize, whereas all four QTL co-located with previously identified QTL for stay-green in sorghum. A putative association between nodal root angle QTL and grain yield was identified through single marker analysis on field testing data from a subset of the mapping population grown in hybrid combination with three different tester lines. Furthermore, a putative association between nodal root angle QTL and stay-green was identified using data sets from selected sorghum nested association mapping populations segregating for root angle. The identification of nodal root angle QTL presents new opportunities for improving drought adaptation mechanisms via molecular breeding to manipulate a trait for which selection has previously been very difficult.     

Spore production and mycorrhizal development in various tropical crop hosts infected with Glomus clarum

Plant growth, mycorrhizal development and vesicular arbuscular spore production were examined in five tropical crop host species inoculated with Glomus clarum and grown in a glasshouse. In one of the two experiments, sequential harvests of maize, sorghum and chickpea were made in order to study spore production in relation to plant growth and mycorrhizal development. Spore numbers in each of these hosts increased at a fairly constant rate until maximum plant dry weight, when spore production ceased. Sorghum and maize produced considerably more spores than chickpea, with spore numbers being closely correlated with mycorrhizal root length. In the second experiment, Glomus clarum was cultured on each of maize, millet, sorghum, groundnut and chickpea for three consecutive generations before cross-inoculation of the spores from each host onto all five hosts. Sporulation with respect to host size was generally greatest when the inoculum used to infect a host had been produced on that host. The growth-promoting effects of the fungus were not influenced by the source of the inoculum. More spores were produced on the cereals than the legumes. Differences in spore numbers amongst hosts and plant generations were apparently influenced mainly by infected root length and by the growth period.