小兴安岭地区野猪冬季卧息地选择的初步研究

应用聚类分析的方法,对小兴安岭地区野猪冬季卧息地选择进行了研究。结果表明,对其影响的主要因子是人为干扰,坡向和隐蔽条件。其次是植被类型、食物丰盛度、坡度和水源。坡位和海拔也有一定影响。其最适卧息地生境条件的选择依次为：草甸沟塘或阔叶林植被,食物丰盛度中等以上,隐蔽级≥０．５阳坡,卧息地距人为干扰源＞１０００ｍ和距水源≤１０００ｍ。     

小兴安岭南部低山丘陵地区狍冬季卧息地选择

对小兴安岭南部低山丘陵地区狍冬季卧息地的选择性进行了研究。Jacobs法和资源选择函数均表明昼间狍偏好位于阳坡的针阔混交林,对灌木、下层植被覆盖度及雪深具有选择性;夜间狍的卧息地多位于阴坡的针阔混交林和阔叶混交林,对乔木和下层植被覆盖度具有选择性。狍的昼间和夜间卧息地在植被类型、坡向、乔木冠幅、灌木高度、1m以下植被覆盖度、1~2.5m植被覆盖度、隐蔽级、卧息地长和卧息地宽上差异显著(P<0.05)。与夜间卧息地相比,狍昼间偏爱的卧息地具有乔木冠幅较大、灌木较矮、林下植被覆盖度较高、隐蔽程度较好、卧息地长度和宽度较小的特征。     

鹅喉羚夏季和冬季卧息地选择

2007年夏季(6—8月)及冬季(11—2008年1月),在卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区研究了鹅喉羚(Gazella subgutturosa sairensis)的卧息生境选择。夏季测定了49个卧迹样方,36个对照样方;冬季测定了75个卧迹样方,75个对照样方。卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区的鹅喉羚夏季主要选择平滩、下坡位,海拔910 m以上、与水源距离较远、远离道路、远离居民点、高隐蔽级、中低植被密度和中高草本密度的区域作为卧息地; 而冬季鹅喉羚主要选择山坡、阳坡和半阴半阳坡、中上坡位和下坡位、900—1 000 m的高度范围、离道路501—1 000 m以及大于2 000 m的距离、靠近居民点、中低隐蔽级、中等雪深(1.1—3 cm)、中高植被密度和中高草本密度的区域作为卧息地。主成分分析表明,鹅喉羚夏季卧息样方前4个主成分的累积贡献率达到86.57%,第1主成分主要反映卧迹样方的植物密度、草本密度、针茅(Stipa spp.)密度、至最近居民点距离、至永久水源最近距离和海拔的影响。冬季鹅喉羚卧息样方前4个主成分的累积贡献率达到73.88%,第1主成分主要反映卧迹样方的植物密度、草本密度、针茅密度和坡度的影响。     

甘肃马鬃山北山羊春季卧息地的选择

2010年4～5月,在甘肃马鬃山采用样线法对北山羊Capra ibex春季卧息地的选择性进行了研究,共测定了63个卧息地样方,63个对照样方.经过分析表明,北山羊卧息地选择偏好利用阳坡、上坡位、膜果麻黄与裸岩(P<0.05),同时具有海拔高、坡度大、远离道路、远离居民点、距水源较近、接近隐蔽物、隐蔽级高等特征(P<0....     

贺兰山岩羊冬季对卧息地的选择

2003 年11～12月, 在贺兰山采用样带法对岩羊冬季卧息地的选择性进行了研究。共观察到94 个岩羊的卧息地, 结果表明岩羊对优势乔木的利用有选择性( x² = 17.01 , df = 5 , P < 0.05) , 偏好利用灰榆占优势的卧息地, 避免选择油松和青海云杉占优势的卧息地; 对坡向选择性利用( x²= 30.69, df =2, P < 0.05) , 偏好位于阳坡的卧息地, 避免利用阴坡; 对植被类型、坡位和风向的利用无选择性。对卧息地样方与在样带中随机设置的样方进行比较, 发现卧息地具有乔木密度低、食物丰富度低、隐蔽程度高、接近水源、接近裸岩、风速低和雪覆盖浅等特征。贺兰山的岩羊经常选择岩洞作为卧息地, 占总卧息地的62.77 %。对59 个岩洞和35 个非岩洞卧息地进行比较, 表明岩洞卧息地的坡度大、隐蔽程度高、风速低、保温性好、食物丰富度低和无雪覆盖。岩羊通常选择较宽的、深度和高度适中的岩洞作为卧息地。对各种生境因子的主成分分析表明前7 个特征值的累积贡献率已经达到了80.09%, 可以较好地反映岩羊卧息地的生境特征, 第1 主成分中隐蔽级、风向、风速、距裸岩距离和雪深具有重要作用, 其余6 个主成分中优势乔木、坡向、坡位和坡度也很重要。     

黑龙江省三江自然保护区狍对冬季卧息地的选择

研究黑龙江三江自然保护区狍冬季卧息地的选择性结果表明,狍昼间偏好选择位于岛状林和芦苇丛、覆盖度＞10%、当年生枝条数＞30枝、隐蔽级90%-99%、距水源距离＜400 m、距农田距离＜500 m、保温性＞0.2℃、雪深＞31 cm、人为干扰距离＞1 000 m等生境因子的卧息地;狍夜间偏好选择位于岛状林、覆盖度＞10%、当年生枝条数＞30枝、隐蔽级为＜90%、距水源距离＜700 m、距农田距离＞500 m、保温性＞0.2℃、雪深＞31 cm、人为干扰距离＞1 000 m等生境因子的卧息地.狍昼间与夜间卧息地在是否刨走积雪等松软物质、距农田距离、雪深、人为干扰距离和卧息地宽度上差异显著(P＜0.05).与夜间卧息地相比,狍昼间偏爱的卧息地具有接近农田、雪覆盖深和卧息地宽度较小等特征.狍对昼间卧息地资源选择函数为:logit(P)=-13.999-0.446×植被类型-0.003×距水源距离-0.003×距农田距离+0.915×保温性+0.487×雪深+0.001×人为干扰距离,选择概率为P=elogit(P)/1+elogit(P),模型的正确预测率为90.9%;狍对夜间卧息地资源选择函数为:logit(P)=-0.009-1.863×植被类型-0.004×距水源距离+0.946×保温性+0.002×人为干扰距离,选择概率为P=elogit(P)/1+elogit(P),模型的正确预测率为91.8%.     

甘肃马鬃山盘羊春季卧息地的利用

2010年4～5月,在甘肃省马鬃山地区调查研究了盘羊的卧息地生境选择,共测得盘羊利用样方81个,对照样方81个。通过比较表明,马鬃山地区的盘羊夏季卧息地主要选择高海拔、阳坡、中坡位、坡度大、红砂植被、碎石地、植被密度低、远离道路和居民点、接近水源和隐蔽物、隐蔽程度好的区域。逻辑斯蒂回归分析表明,海拔(OR值1.614,95%CI1.248～4.419)、坡向(95%CI1.682～3.745)、坡位(95%CI0.839～3.156)、坡度(OR值1.705,95%CI1.227～2.369)、植被类型(95%CI0.682～2.732)、距水源距离(OR值0.180,95%CI0.041～0.787)、距道路距离(OR值1.628,95%CI2.598～3.941)、隐蔽级(OR值0.911,95%CI0.857～0.967)是盘羊春季卧息地选择的主导因子。     

天津八仙山自然保护区狍春季的卧息地利用

2007年春季,在天津八仙山自然保护区对狍卧息地利用进行了研究。共发现52个狍的卧息地,同时设置93个对照地。资源选择指数结果表明,狍偏好阔叶林,利用中上坡位,喜欢阳坡和半阴半阳坡,选择水源距离适中,偏爱远离人为干扰的卧息地。逐步判别分析结果显示,灌木盖度、隐蔽度、灌木高度、郁闭度、灌木距离和坡度是判别卧息地和对照地的关键因子,即为影响其卧息地利用的主要因子,判别正确率为98．1％。作为生性胆怯易惊的偶蹄类,具有隐蔽条件较好[灌木盖度适中（转换后为16．77&#177;1．07。）、隐蔽度高（29．54&#177;1．47m）、灌木高度稍高（1．22&#177;0．05m）]的地点是狍适宜的卧息地,以逃避捕食者;与此同时,卧息地较舒适[郁闭度低（转换后为5．48&#177;0．31&#176;）、灌木距离较远（2．99&#177;0．13m）、坡度小（2．11&#177;0．09&#176;）],以利于怀孕母狍呼吸与活动,反映其繁殖期生理需求。     

甘肃兴隆山保护区野生马麝的冬季卧息地生境特征

生境是野生动物的栖息基底,卧息地是野生动物重要的功能性生境。为深入了解野生马麝（Moschus chrysogaster）冬季卧息地生境的特征及选择利用,于2021年12月至2022年1月对甘肃兴隆山国家级自然保护区的野生马麝的功能性生境开展了基于生境取样的研究。通过样线调查法获取马麝卧息痕迹位点,采用主成分分析和资源选择函数法进行其卧息生境选择的研究。结果表明,野生马麝冬季卧息地生境的海拔较低[（2 488.5±26.6）m]、灌木较高[（1.3±0.3）m]、灌木盖度（31.08%±3.14%）和地表植被盖度（38.36%±3.27%）较大、倒木较多[（0.5±0.1）个]且积雪较浅[（1.0±0.3）cm];马麝冬季卧息地多选择位于南坡的下坡位灌丛生境,而且距水源较近、隐蔽度较好。主成分分析表明,乔木因子、食物因子、安全因子和地形因子的累计贡献率达67%;马麝的卧息生境资源选择函数为：Logit(x)=﹣4.967+0.001×海拔﹣0.02×坡度+0.03×乔木郁闭度+0.104×乔木高度+0.17×灌木盖度﹣0.466×雪被深度﹣1.015×坡向,模型预测正确率为91.1%。...     

Mitochondrial DNA diversity in wild boar from the Primorsky Krai Region (East Russia)

We have studied the cytochrome B gene and control region DNA variability in 14 wild boars from the Primorsky Region, in the far east corner of Russia. Variability was low (π = 0.00248 overall) compared with the usual estimates in these loci, indicating that this is a rather closed population. Seven haplotypes were found, and one was identical to a Chinese wild boar. Phylogeographically, the sequences clustered among several Asian clades, primarily Chinese domestic pigs and Japanese and Chinese wild boars, and are positioned within the D2 clade reported by Larson et al. [ Science 307 , 2005; 1618 ]. Although North Korean pigs should be studied, our data suggest that the Primorsky mtDNA signature is absent from domestic pigs. Sequences are available through GenBank identifiers HM010461 – HM010488 .     

杂种猪染色体的核型与显带研究

应用常规方法获得了杂种猪( 野猪（♂）×家猪（♀）)的核型、C带和174条带纹的G带,应用微量秋水仙素法得到了258条带纹的高分辨G带。结果表明,杂种猪的二倍体细胞染色体数目2n=38,C带具有多态性,G带和高分辨G带与家猪相比无明显差异,它们属于同一种。Abstract:Using usual method,we got karyotype of hybrid pig (wild soar（♂）×domestic pig（♀）),C-band and approximate 174 bands of G-band,and we also obtained approximate 258 bands of high resolution G-band by micro-Colchicin method.The result indicate that the diploid chromosome number is 2n=38;there is polymorphism in C-band,and compared with domestic pig in G-band and high resolution G-band there is no distinguish difference.They belong to the same seed.     

Divergence time estimates of East Asian and European pigs based on multiple near complete mitochondrial DNA sequences

The time since the divergence of European and East Asian domestic pigs and wild boars has been estimated in several phylogenetic analyses, generally based on partial mitochondrial sequences or on a small number of complete mtDNA sequences. In the present study, we obtained a refined estimate of this divergence time based on a set of 32 near‐complete mtDNA sequences from wild and domestic pigs of European and Asian types, including 14 new and 18 previously published sequences. A weighted average for different functional mtDNA components resulted in an estimate of 746 000 YBP for the divergence of Asian‐type from European‐type pigs. In addition, our data allowed us to estimate a divergence time between wild and domestic European pigs of 8500 YBP. However, it must be considered cautiously, as most of the estimated values of this sequence divergence were not different from zero, and isolation between wild and domestic pigs has never been complete.     

猪TLR4基因外显子1新等位基因的分离及遗传变异分析

文章采用PCR-SSCP方法对亚洲野猪、3个引进的商业化品种和10个中国地方猪品种共893个个体TLR4基因外显子1的遗传变异进行了检测,旨在系统分析国内外猪种TLR4基因的多态性,为探讨该基因在免疫和防御系统中发挥的作用提供依据。结果,在猪TLR4基因外显子1中分离到新的等位基因,共检测到3个等位基因,6种基因型。其中杜洛克检测到AA、BB、CC、AB、AC、BC基因型,有杜洛克血统的苏太猪中检测到BB、CC、BC基因型,长白猪、约克夏中检测到CC、BC基因型,野猪及所有10个中国地方猪品种TLR4基因外显子1高度保守,只检测到CC基因型,中国地方猪品种和引进品种TLR4基因外显子1多态性存在极显著的差异。3种基因型中CC型与GenBank中的序列一致,BB和AA基因型分别存在G93C同义突变位点和G194A无义突变位点,这2个变异位点与抗逆性和一般抗病力的关系值得进一步深入研究。     

Avian predation on a parasitic fly of cervids during winter: can host‐related cues increase the predation risk?

The deer ked (Lipoptena cervi) is an ectoparasitic fly on cervids that has expanded its distribution rapidly in Northern Europe. However, the regulating biotic factors such as predation remain unknown. The host‐independent pupal stage of the fly lasts for several months. Blackish pupae are visible against snow, especially on the bedding sites of hosts, and are thus exposed to predators. To evaluate the role of predation on the invasion dynamics and evolution of L. cervi, we monitored pupal predation on artificial bedding sites in three geographical areas in Finland during winter. We explored: (1) possible predators; (2) magnitude of predation; and (3) whether predation risk is affected by host‐derived cues. We demonstrate that pupae are predated by a number of tit species. Any reddish brown snow discoloration on bedding sites, indicating heavy infestation of the host, serves as an exploitable cue for avian predators, thereby increasing the risk of pupal predation. The ability of tits to use this host‐derived cue seems to be dependent on the prevalence of L. cervi and the period of invasion history, which suggests that it may be a learned behavioural response. Predation by tits may potentially affect the L. cervi population dynamics locally. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 106 , 275–286.     

Electrophoretic polymorphism of erythrocyte leucine aminopeptidase in the wild boar, Sus scrofa

Summary. An erythrocyte leucine aminopeptidase (Rbc LAP) electrophoretic polymorphism was detected in Italian wild boars, Sus scrofa. Such a polymorphism has not previously been reported in the domestic pig. It is suggested that this locus could be a marker for genetic differences between the domestic and the wild forms of Sus scrofa.