青花菜及其近缘种亲缘关系SRAP标记分析

利用SRAP分子标记技术,对青花菜与其近缘种进行遗传多样性分析。28对SRAP引物共产生302条谱带,其中多态性谱带203条,多态率为67.22%,表明种质间存在较高的多态性。相似系数分析表明,其变异范围为0.461 5-0.900 6,平均遗传相似系数为0.693 6。‘绿地’和‘矮抗青’之间的亲缘关系最远,遗传相似系数为0.461 5;‘Wzvcst-09-224’和‘Wzvcst-09-225’亲缘关系最近,遗传相似系数为0.900 6。聚类分析可将16个材料分为两大类,第Ⅰ类包括芸薹属甘蓝种蔬菜,第Ⅱ类为芸薹属白菜种。揭示了青花菜及其近缘变种间具有部分相似的遗传基础,亲缘关系较近。结果表明,同一地域或来源的材料间具有较为相近的遗传背景,亲缘关系相对较近。研究结果有助于青花菜与其近缘种间种质资源分类和优异基因利用,加速青花菜新品种选育进程。     

基于SRAP标记的大花蕙兰种质资源遗传多样性分析

采用SRAP技术分析了来源于不同国家和地区的42个大花蕙兰品种及4个国兰原生种之间的遗传亲缘关系。34对引物组合中筛选出29对带型稳定、多态性较好的引物组合,共扩增出398条谱带,其中387条为多态带,多态性比率97.2%,平均每个引物组合扩增多态性带13.3条。46份种质之间的相似系数变化范围为0.60～0.99,平均为0.76。基于29个SRAP标记的扩增结果,利用NTSYS 2.10e软件计算Dice遗传相似系数,并建立UPGMA聚类图,结果表明:在遗传相似系数0.69处将供试材料分为4类,较好地揭示了大花蕙兰品种及国兰原生种间的遗传多样性与亲缘关系,可为大花蕙兰种质资源利用及杂交育种中亲本选择提供科学依据。     

中国主要黑芝麻品种的遗传多样性分析

利用SRAP和SSR各23对引物对20个中国主要黑芝麻品种进行了遗传多样性分析。结果显示,23对SRAP引物共扩增出DNA带672条,其中多态性带152条,比率为22.62%,平均每对引物扩增总带数和多态性条带分别为29.22条和6.61条。23对SSR多态性引物共扩增出DNA带92条,每对引物扩增出3~6条,平均4.00条;每对引物扩增出多态性带1~5条,平均3.09条,多态性带比率平均为77.17%。20个黑芝麻品种间的遗传相似系数为0.8547~0.9804,遗传距离为0.0159~0.0921,遗传多样性匮乏,遗传基础狭窄。聚类结果表明,来自主产区江西的11个品种明显聚在一起,且江西黑芝麻品种的遗传相似系数高于其他省份品种,遗传距离低于其他省份品种,与其他省份品种的差异均达到极显著水平。加强资源引进和利用是拓宽中国黑芝麻品种遗传基础的迫切要求。     

不同色斑型异色瓢虫的同工酶比较

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直板型电泳技术,对15种不同色斑型异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis(Pallas)的酯酶同工酶(EST)、过氧化氢同工酶(CAT)、淀粉酶(α-AMY)和苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)进行比较研究。结果表明:15份材料共获得25个同工酶位点,其中多态性位点20个,多态位点百分率为80%;根据酶带结果,利用NTSYSpc2·10e软件进行Jaccard相似系数分析,15种不同色斑型异色瓢虫遗传相似度为0·44~0·96,平均遗传距离为0·42;通过UPGMA聚类分析,在相似系数0·65处,15份瓢虫材料分为2大类群;主成分分析结果表明,显现变种、拟月斑变型和眼斑变型3种斑型瓢虫是异色瓢虫遗传变异的主线。     

基于 ISSR 分析28份香蕉种质的基因组 DNA 多样性

利用ISSR标记技术分析了28份香蕉种质的遗传多态性。从100个ISSR引物中筛选出8个多态性引物,共扩增出55条DNA带,其中46条为多态性带,占83.6%,平均每个引物扩增的DNA带数为6.88条。依相似系数0.73的水平,将香蕉28个品种划分为6大类。其中云南BB(BB)和东莞高把大蕉(ABB)在相似系数为0.94时,二者的亲缘关系较近。Pisang Ceylan(AAB)和FHIA-18(AAAB)相似系数水平接近为1,表明二者亲缘关系最近。本研究为香蕉遗传关系的建立及品种鉴定提供理论基础。     

宁夏枸杞遗传多样性的RAPD分析

利用13个经筛选在样品间具多态性的10碱基随机引物,对宁夏枸杞(Lycium barbarum L.)4个主要栽培品种及3个宁夏野生枸杞的总DNA进行PCR扩增。在样品间共产生123条RAPD标记带,其中多态性带68条,多态性百分比为55.28%;以Ntsyspc2.1软件计算样品间的遗传相似系数,并进行UPGMA聚类分析。结果表明宁夏枸杞栽培品种间遗传关系较近,特别是宁杞1号和宁杞2号,相似性系数达81.82%;而野生枸杞与栽培品种间遗传关系较远。     

用RFLP方法研究陕西省主要小麦品种遗传多样性及其演变

研究用ＲＦＬＰ方法,对我国主要小麦产区,陕西省４０年代以来广为种植的小麦品种的遗传多样性进行了研究,结果表明,占总带数２６．２％的ＨＩＮＤＩＩＩ酶的ＲＦＬＰ带具有遗传多态性。２４个小麦品种平均遗传相似系数为０．９４８。５３．８％的探针显示了多态性。平均多态性信息含量指数为０．２５２。陕西省小麦品种遗传多样性以７０年代为最高,之后开始降低。     

利用Excel电子数据表计算遗传相似系数的方法

利用分子标记技术对生物物种群进行类群分类时,一般需要通过分析电泳图谱获得0/1矩阵,通过统计计算来得到其遗传相似系数和遗传距离指数。科学工作者常借助计算器徒手计算,容易出错,速度又慢。本文介绍一种以MicrosoftExcel电子数据表为平台,能较轻松又准确地根据0/1矩阵实现遗传相似系数和遗传距离指数计算的操作方法。     

鹅观草种质资源醇溶蛋白遗传多样性研究

以8个地理类群的90份鹅观草野生种质材料为研究对象,采用A-PAGE(酸性聚丙烯酰胺)凝胶电泳技术进行蛋白质水平遗传多样性检测.研究结果表明,来源于不同居群的鹅观草共分离出26条谱带,每个材料可以分离出5～26条迁移率不同的谱带, 平均谱带数为16.39条,其中平均多态性谱带为12.65条,多态性比例为77.22%;基于供试材料醇溶蛋白每个位点谱带出现的频率,分别计算了地理类群内多样性指数(0.345)和总多样性指数(0.471),类群间的遗传分化系数为26.8%,表明鹅观草变异的73.2% 来源于类群内;90份供试材料醇溶蛋白的Jaccard遗传相似系数变异范围为0.133 3～1.000,平均遗传相似系数为0.395 7;利用种子醇溶蛋白可将90份材料分为12类,鹅观草种质资源之间的亲缘关系呈现出一定的地域性规律;不同地理类群间的遗传多样性指数从高到低的排列顺序依次为云南＞四川＞内蒙古＞新疆＞山西＞甘肃＞宁夏＞河北.因此在进行鹅观草种质资源收集和原地保护时,建议对云南和四川地区的鹅观草种质资源应给予极大关注.     

近交系大鼠DNA指纹分析研究

目的建立DNA指纹技术对近交系大鼠遗传监测的方法.方法采用DNA指纹图法对国内已知的7个品系9个近交系大鼠群体进行了分析,并对相同DNA进行了多次DNA指纹图重复实验.结果(1)不同品系之间DNA指纹图差异较大,其平均图带数为16.360±2.178,共有带率为0.061±0.008,相似系数为0.062±0.008,相同DNA指纹图概率为3.691×10-23.(2)同一群体不同个体之间DNA指纹图带的相似系数和共有带率(除SHR(哈)和WKY(哈)小于0.7外),其他均在大于0.9.(3)不同地区同一SHR和同一WKY品系间DNA指纹图也存在不同,其相似系数和共有带率均小于0.6.(4)相同DNA不同次制作的DNA指纹图谱基本一致(P>0.05).结论证实了该方法在近交系大鼠遗传监测中的可行性.     

Échinodermes de l'Ordovicien supérieur (Ashgill) de Sardaigne et d'Algérie

Research on the influence of sea level variations on the benthic faunas have been carried out in the Upper Ordovician of Sardinia. Study of the depositional facies and sequence analysis of the upper part (Lower Ashgill) of the Portixeddu Formation led to the identification of the sedimentary environments. Cystoids and crinoids are associated to bryozoans and brachiopods in most levels. The numerical analysis of associations and megaguilds shows that crinoids and cystoids have a higher frequency in the proximal and median facies of the upper offshore. The columnal association characterized by Conspectocrinus celticus and the coronoid Mespilocystites tregarvanicus has been discovered in the upper part of the formation. This material and complementary samples from Upper Ordovician of Sardinia and Kabylia (Algeria) bring additional data on the systematic and show the wide distribution of this fauna outside of the Ibero-armorican domain. The distribution of this echinoderm association supports a palaeogeographical position of the Ibero-armorican domain and Sardinia within the north gondwanan margin during the Lower Palaeozoic.     

人类口唇部形态变异的研究进展

口唇部是主要的面部形态区域之一,具有重要的生理功能。嘴唇保护口腔免受外部物质的渗透,维持口腔内部的湿度和温度,帮助咀嚼,同时也是外科美容整形手术中的主要部位之一,且在法医物证研究中唇纹也具有重要的鉴别价值。目前关于口唇部形态的研究主要包括以下几个方面：口唇部形态变异的性别、年龄、族群差异;影响口唇部形态变异的因素,如遗传基因、饮食结构、牙齿及颌骨形态和呼吸方式等;口唇部形态研究在医学、个人身份识别及法医刑侦领域的相关应用等。国内口唇部形态研究相对较少,尤其缺乏较为系统的口唇部形态生长发育及变异研究。本文通过梳理和归纳国内外相关文献的研究数据和结论,对口唇部形态相关研究作简要概述,并对国内口唇部生长发育及形态变异研究作了简要回顾和展望。     

An NMR Study of the Spatial Structure and Intramolecular Dynamics of Modified Analogues of Steroid Hormones

Special features of the use of homo- and heteronuclear correlation methods of NMR in one and two dimensions for studying the spatial structure and intramolecular dynamics of modified analogues of steroid hormones (MASH) are considered. The application of these methods to the assignment of resonances in the high-field ¹H NMR region and to the determination of the most stereospecifically important parameters, such as the vicinal constants of spin–spin coupling (³ J _H–H) and nuclear Overhauser effects (NOE), are discussed using the example of NMR studies of some estrogens and androgens at 300 MHz and on the basis of literature data. The most efficient combination of the methods and the necessary modification of each of them may be chosen considering the spectral and relaxation parameters of MASH in liquid medium, including the anisotropy of the overall diffusive motion. The characteristics of MASH are the wide use of correlations through long-range couplings (COSY-45 and DQF-COSY), the application of the ^4,5 J _H–H constants for the determination of spatial structure, and the advantage of heteronuclear HSQC methods with and without ¹³C decoupling over the corresponding HMQC methods in both resolution and sensitivity. In the conformationally rigid MASH molecules, the anisotropy of the MASH diffusive motion in liquid adversely affects the determination of interproton distances by the calibrating processing method for the NOE difference and NOESY spectra: it results in both overestimated and underestimated distance values depending on the polar angle ratios of the reference and the determined distances. Under certain conditions, conformationally mobile MASH demonstrate the additional contribution of the scalar relaxation mechanism between the indirectly (scalarly) bound protons. This mechanism is responsible for the underestimated values of NOE and the corresponding errors in the distance determination.     

多胺对菊花激素含量与花芽分化的影响

以切花菊（Dendranthema morifolium）品种‘神马’为试材,外源喷施0．1mmol·L-1的亚精胺（Spd）与多胺合成抑制剂D-精氨酸（D．Arg）,转入昼10h／夜14h的短日条件下进行开花诱导,测定不同花芽分化时期顶芽内源多胺[腐胺（Put）、亚精胺（Spd）、精胺（spm）]和几种激素[生长素（IAA）、玉米素核苷（ZR）、异戊烯基腺苷（iPA）、赤霉素（GA）]含量的动态变化,分析多胺对激素和花芽分化的作用关系。结果表明,外源多胺和多胺合成抑制剂能够显著影响顶芽内源多胺（Put、Spd、Spm）和激素（IAA、ZR、iPA、GA）的含量,顶芽内高水平多胺有利于菊花花芽分化的启动和保持;外源多胺及多胺合成抑制剂可能通过影响内源多胺含量从而影响内源激素或者直接影响内源激素和内源多胺,进而调控花芽分化：内源Put与IAA关系密切,高水平的内源Put不利于IAA的积累;ZR和iPA含量与内源多胺总量的变化趋势一致;外源多胺及多胺合成抑制剂对GA的影响主要在花序分化期和小花分化期,且高水平的内源Spd和Put不利于GA的积累。     

Fifty years of hydrobiological research in India

The paper provides an overview of the developments in hydrobiological studies in India during the past fifty years, and links them with a historical perspective of the pre-independence studies. Hydrobiological studies which were well developed in the beginning of this century, gained momentum soon after independence as all kinds of aquatic habitats were investigated for the assessment, conservation and optimum utilization of inland fishery resources of the country. However, the environmental issues which dominated since the 1972 Stockholm Conference, and growing realization of the problem of water pollution, resulted in a rapid proliferation of hydrobiological studies which tend to focus on correlation between the distribution of various organisms and degree of water pollution or the effects of various organic and inorganic pollutants. A sampling of published literature reveals that long-term, analytical and experimental studies of the whole ecosystems (natural or experimental), and studies of population interactions, biomanipulation, food chain dynamics, and energy flows are wholly lacking. The paper calls for the strengthening of field and laboratory facilities, and establishment of regional and national institutes of aquatic ecology which will be necessary for the management of both the water quality and aquatic biological resources for sustainable development.     

周期性气候变化与人类适应

从古至今,气候变化特别是周期性气候变化,一直深刻影响着人类社会的变革和发展,从旧石器时代人类起源迁移、新石器时代文化文明演变、历史时期王朝兴衰更替,到工业化以来社会经济发展动荡等,无不留下周期性气候变化影响的烙印。本文依据近年来古气候、古人类、环境考古等研究的新证据、新进展,从周期性气候变化的角度审视人类社会各个发展阶段、关键节点的气候特征;通过典型案例,介绍和分析旧石器、新石器、历史时期不同时空尺度周期性气候变化和人类活动之间复杂的相互作用关系,讨论自然科学和人文社会科学对气候变化与人类活动关系认识的异同,阐述在学科交叉背景下研究气候与人类活动关系的新范式。     

How Romanowsky stains work and why they remain valuable — including a proposed universal Romanowsky staining mechanism and a rational troubleshooting scheme

Abstract

An introduction to the nomenclature and concept of “Romanowsky stains” is followed by a brief account of the dyes involved and especially the crucial role of azure B and of the impurity of most commercial dye lots. Technical features of standardized and traditional Romanowsky stains are outlined, e.g., number and ratio of the acidic and basic dyes used, solvent effects, staining times, and fixation effects. The peculiar advantages of Romanowsky staining are noted, namely, the polychromasia achieved in a technically simple manner with the potential for stain intensification of “the color purple.” Accounts are provided of a variety of physicochemically relevant topics, namely, acidic and basic dyeing, peculiarities of acidic and basic dye mixtures, consequences of differential staining rates of different cell and tissue components and of different dyes, the chemical significance of “the color purple,” the substrate selectivity for purple color formation and its intensification in situ due to a template effect, effects of resin embedding and prior fixation. Based on these physicochemical phenomena, mechanisms for the various Romanowsky staining applications are outlined including for blood, marrow and cytological smears; G-bands of chromosomes; microorganisms and other single-cell entities; and paraffin and resin tissue sections. The common factors involved in these specific mechanisms are pulled together to generate a “universal” generic mechanism for these stains. Certain generic problems of Romanowsky stains are discussed including the instability of solutions of acidic dye–basic dye mixtures, the inherent heterogeneity of polychrome methylene blue, and the resulting problems of standardization. Finally, a rational trouble-shooting scheme is appended.     

果实膨大期喷布磷酸二氢钾对三月红荔枝果实贮藏性的影响

在三月红荔枝(Litchi chinensis cv.Sanyuehong)果实膨大期对树冠喷施0.2%磷酸二氢钾(KP)水溶液,以探讨磷酸二氢钾对荔枝果实贮藏性的影响。结果表明:(1) KP处理的果实在贮藏期前17d,失重率及果肉可溶性固形物、酸、VitC、花色素苷等指标的变化趋势与对照基本相似;(2) KP处理的果肉可溶性蛋白质含量变化与对照有明显差异,而果皮的可溶性蛋白质含量在贮藏期前10d变化动态与对照一致,此后呈相反的变化趋势;(3)果皮POD活性显著高于果肉,KP处理和对照的果肉POD活性在贮藏第3d后、果皮POD活性在第17d前分别具有相似变化趋势;(4)果肉中CAT活性在贮藏第3~17d期间都显著或极显著高于果皮,KP处理和对照果肉、果皮CAT活性动态变化均为单峰曲线。     

Recent advances and prospects in Prunus virology

The stone fruit genus Prunus, within the family Rosaceae, comprises more than 230 species, some of which have great importance or value as ornamental or fruit crops. Prunus are affected by numerous viruses and viroids linked to the vegetative propagation practices in many of the cultivated species. To date, 44 viruses and three viroids have been described in the 9 main cultivated Prunus species. Seven of these viruses and one viroid have been identified in Prunus hosts within the last 5 years. This work addresses recent advances and prospects in the study of viruses and viroids affecting Prunus species, mostly concerning the detection and characterisation of the agents involved, pathogenesis analysis and the search for new control tools. New sequencing technologies are quickly reshaping the way we can identify and characterise new plant viruses and isolates. Specific efforts aimed at virus identification or data mining of high‐throughput sequencing data generated for plant genomics‐oriented purposes can efficiently reveal the presence of known or novel viruses. These technologies have also been used to gain a deeper knowledge of the pathogenesis mechanisms at the gene and miRNA expression level that underlie the interactions between Prunus spp. and their main viruses and viroids. New biotechnological control tools include the transfer of resistance by grafting, the use of new sources of resistance and the development of gene silencing strategies using genetic transformation. In addition, the application of next generation sequencing and genome editing techniques will contribute to improving our knowledge of virus–host interactions and the mechanisms of resistance. This should be of great interest in the search to obtain new Prunus cultivars capable of dealing both with known viruses and viroids and with those that are yet to be discovered in the uncertain scenario of climate change.