大血藤生殖生物学研究

通过野外观测、实验室分析以及人工套袋授粉等方法,研究了大血藤的繁育系统、开花习性、传粉方式以及花粉-胚珠比等生殖生物学特征.结果表明,大血藤的花为单性花,雌雄同株.雄花单花花期为7~10 d,雌花单花花期为2~3 d,种群开花历时14~17 d,散粉高峰期为4月11~17日,属风媒传粉植物.大血藤花粉-胚珠比为600±20,属兼性异交类型,人工套袋实验进一步证明,大血藤的交配系统为兼性异交类型,但以异交为主.     

大血藤科花粉形态及外壁超微结构的研究

对大血藤科及木通科的八月瓜属ＨｏｌｂｏｅｌｌｉａＷａｌｌ．和木通属ＡｋｅｂｉａＤｅｃｎｅ花粉进行了光镜及电子显微镜的观察研究。研究结果表明,其花粉形态具有较为明显的相似性,如花粉均为３沟,外壁表面具穴状纹饰,甚至大小也很近似。但从其外壁结构看,大血藤花粉的外壁内层为结均一的致密层组成     

大血藤的化学成分及药理作用研究进展

以近几十年来国内外的文献为依据,从化学成分和药理作用方面综述了大血藤的研究进展。迄今已从大血藤中分到了多种化学成分,主要为酚酸、木脂素、三萜、挥发油等化合物,药理研究表明其具有抑菌、抗炎、抗病毒、抗过敏、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、耐缺氧、防辐射等作用,对心血管系统有较好的保护作用。大血藤化学成分复杂,药理作用广泛,具有较高的研究开发价值和广泛的应用前景。     

木通科,大血藤科叶的形态学解剖学研究及其在分类学中的意义

本文在扫描电镜(SEM)和光镜(LM)水平上对产於我国的5属22种1变种木通科植物以及大血藤科植物的叶进行了形态学、解剖学研究。文章提出了叶片下表皮上的乳突体及脉间区特征等在木通科、大血藤科分类学知系统演化研究中具有参考价值的新性状,并对气孔器的基本类型和分布特点作了系统研究,这一工作进一步补充和修正了C.R.Metcalfe(1957)的有关理论。文章中,作者采用模糊数学方法对叶形态结构的综合观察结果进行了聚类分析。运算结果表明,在叶的形态解剖特征方面木通科的猫儿屎属(Decaisnea)和串果藤属(Sinofran chetia)较为特殊;鹰爪枫属(Holboellia),野木瓜属(Stauntonia),木通属(Akedia)三者的关系较密切,构成了木通科分类和进化的主干;在叶的形态、解剖特征方面,木通科和大血藤科存在差异。此外,文章还在R—分析的基础上对叶性状之间的内在联系进行了深入研究。文章认为,木通科、大血藤科植物的某些叶特征较稳定,且具有类群特异性,在确定亲缘关系和进化水平方面具有重要意义。     

木通科、大血藤科的花粉形态研究及其在分类学中的意义

应用扫描电镜(SEM)和电子计算机,本文作者对我国的5属21种、1变种木通科植物以及大血藤科植物的花粉形态进行了深入观察和定量研究。文章在电镜水平上概括了木通科及其若干属的花粉特征,归纳了花粉外壁雕纹的基本类型,研究了花粉性状之间的内在联系,从花粉学角度进一步探讨了有关类群之间的亲缘关系,以及木通科花粉形态演化的一般趋势。     

木通科、大血藤科花粉壁的超微结构研究

应用透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察了木通科Decaisnea,Sinofr-anchetia,Holboellia,Stauntonia属以及大血藤科Sargentodoxa属共18种植物花粉壁的超微结构。所观察的木通科和大血藤科植物具较发达的覆盖层和柱状层;外壁内层以及内壁均在萌发沟处明显增厚;基层通常不甚发达。与扫描特征相对应的覆盖层结构特征,显示出类群的特异性。在Stauntonia属,覆盖层富于形态变化,反映出该属在木通科中较进化的地位;大血藤(Sarg-entodoxa cuneata)花粉壁结构隶属木通型花粉结构,表明大血藤科与木通科的密切关系。     

大血藤化学成分及药学研究进展

目的:对传统中药大血藤的化学成分及药学研究概况进行综述.方法:查阅国内外发表的文献为依据.结果:传统中药大血藤中含有鞣质、糖苷、环多酚类、三萜皂甙类、木质素类、黄酮类、甙类及有机酸类等多种化学成分;药理研究证明,其具有抗辐射;抗菌、抗炎、抗急,陛过敏、抗癌及心血管系统活性等作用,结论:大血藤具有多种药理活性,有希望从中开发出治疗心血管疾病和抗炎的现代药物.对其进行进一步的研究和开发具有重要意义.     

不同产地大血藤次生代谢产物含量比较

对不同产地大血藤的不同营养器官的总鞣质、总生物碱、皂苷、木质素、绿原酸、总黄酮共6种次生代谢产物的含量进行测定与比较。结果显示：6种次生代谢产物在不同营养器官中的含量具有一定的差异,总含量以叶最高,老茎次之,幼茎最小。6种次生代谢产物除木质素茎含量较高外,其余5种均以叶片的含量最高,差异具有显著性。不同产地大血藤的6种次生代谢产物的含量具有显著性差异。通过逐步回归分析和通径分析,得知大血藤叶片次生代谢产物与土壤生态因子的关系密切。聚类分析显示庆元百山祖及天台的大雷山和天台山的大血藤叶片的次生代谢产物含量较高。     

大血藤的rDNA ITS序列分析

采用PCR直接测序法,对大血藤科植物大血藤9个样品和单叶血藤1个样品进行nrDNA ITS序列测定和分析。研究结果发现大血藤和单叶血藤ITS的长度为634～635bp;其中ITS1为233bp,5.8S为163bp,ITS2的长度为238～239bp。以串果藤为外类群构建最大简约树,大血藤和单叶血藤的10个样品构成一个单系类群,并且得到了自展值100%的支持。根据大血藤在中国的分布情况,单叶血藤在陕西的出现,以及分子数据的分析结果,华中区系可能是大血藤的现代分布中心,而且大血藤分布呈华中区系、华东区系、西南区系地带性的分化。这种地带性分化,更多的跟其地理、气候、环境等协同进化有关。陕西宁陕县的大血藤和单叶血藤这两个样品,ITS长度均为635bp,核苷酸差异值只有0.0032。与其他样品相比,单叶血藤与大血藤(陕西)在ITS2的一个信息位点同时发生了颠换,并且都有碱基插入现象,表现出地理特异性。单叶血藤与大血藤其它9个样品的核苷酸差异值仅在0.32%～2.31%之间,远小于大多数被子植物属下种间的核苷酸差异值1.2%～10.2%。分子数据支持将单叶血藤合并到大血藤中去。     

Phylogenetic definitions and taxonomic philosophy

An examination of the post-Darwinian history of biological taxonomy reveals an implicit assumption that the definitions of taxon names consist of lists of organismal traits. That assumption represents a failure to grant the concept of evolution a central role in taxonomy, and it causes conflicts between traditional methods of defining taxon names and evolutionary concepts of taxa. Phylogenetic definitions of taxon names (de Queiroz and Gauthier 1990) grant the concept of common ancestry a central role in the definitions of taxon names and thus constitute an important step in the development of phylogenetic taxonomy. By treating phylogenetic relationships rather than organismal traits as necessary and sufficient properties, phylogenetic definitions remove conflicts between the definitions of taxon names and evolutionary concepts of taxa. The general method of definition represented by phylogenetic definitions of clade names can be applied to the names of other kinds of composite wholes, including populations and biological species. That the names of individuals (composite wholes) can be defined in terms of necessary and sufficient properties provides the foundation for a synthesis of seemingly incompatible positions held by contemporary individualists and essentialists concerning the nature of taxa and the definitions of taxon names.     

Comparison of in vitro decomposition of bryophytic and tracheophytic plant material

The fossil record of bryophytes is generally poor and infertile plants attributable to liverworts and mosses could also be thalloid vascular plant gametophytes or herbaceous lycophytes respectively. The paucity of the bryophytic record could be the result of relatively rapid degradation of bryophytic material in comparison to that of vascular plants, the absence of lignified cells in bryophytes sustaining this belief. However, certain organs of bryophytes are as robust as those of vascular plants (e.g. spores) and the hydroxybenzofuran polymers produced by some mosses could be of similar preservational resistance to lignins. A simplistic experiment to test the relative resistance to decay of bryophytic material has been undertaken. Its findings suggest that bryophytic plant material has a similar preservational potential to that of a selected vascular plant, particularly in organic rich sediments. This result may be construed to imply that bryophytes were indeed less abundant in the preservational environments of the Coal Measures than might be expected on the basis of current palaeoenvironmental reconstructions.     

Échinodermes de l'Ordovicien supérieur (Ashgill) de Sardaigne et d'Algérie

Research on the influence of sea level variations on the benthic faunas have been carried out in the Upper Ordovician of Sardinia. Study of the depositional facies and sequence analysis of the upper part (Lower Ashgill) of the Portixeddu Formation led to the identification of the sedimentary environments. Cystoids and crinoids are associated to bryozoans and brachiopods in most levels. The numerical analysis of associations and megaguilds shows that crinoids and cystoids have a higher frequency in the proximal and median facies of the upper offshore. The columnal association characterized by Conspectocrinus celticus and the coronoid Mespilocystites tregarvanicus has been discovered in the upper part of the formation. This material and complementary samples from Upper Ordovician of Sardinia and Kabylia (Algeria) bring additional data on the systematic and show the wide distribution of this fauna outside of the Ibero-armorican domain. The distribution of this echinoderm association supports a palaeogeographical position of the Ibero-armorican domain and Sardinia within the north gondwanan margin during the Lower Palaeozoic.     

Des Miliolacea aux Alveolinacea (grands foraminifères): la faune du Crétacé supérieur et du Tertiaire inférieur du Chiapas (S.E. Mexique)

Found in Chiapas (South-East of Mexico), Praealveolina michaudi nov. sp. and Chubbina jamaicensis (of Campanian-Maestrichtian age) are described, both evolved from Nummoloculina sp. while Raadshoovenia guatemalensis (upper Paleocene-lower Eocene) arises from Quinqueloculina. We precisely analyze and modelize the nepionic coiling during the evolutionary change from Miliolacea to Alveolinacea. During ontogenesis as well as during phylogenesis, quinqueloculine coiling progresses to streptospiral and then to planispiral chamber arrangement with the increase of volume of embryo and of chambers. Appearance of these large foraminifers are understood as a consequence of the rise of K-strategies in their mode of life, following the development of photosynthetic symbioses.     

人工合成多样性突变文库研究进展*

突变文库的构建是定向进化研究过程中一个关键步骤,主要利用天然存在的系统或者人工合成的分子技术来产生多样性核酸分子文库,为制备和筛选具有一定特性的蛋白酶、多肽、人工抗体等提供庞大的遗传基因库,也可用于合成生物学中相关基因元件的研究与筛选,为目标生物制品的高效工业化生产提供动力。随着对突变文库构建技术研究的日益深入,各种文库构建策略相继被开发出来,并在生物能源、生物化工、生物医药、生物试剂和食品工业等方面得到了广泛的应用。然而,定向进化中的文库构建策略多有不同,各种突变文库构建技术的核心方法也在不断创新。主要介绍近年来实验室中人工合成多样性文库的前沿技术,并对文库构建技术在自动化和智能化方向的发展进行了展望。     

A phylogenetic analysis of basal Anseriformes, the fossil Presbyornis, and the interordinal relationships of waterfowl

A phylogenetic analysis of 123 morphological characters of basal waterfowl (Aves: Anseriformes) and other selected avian orders confirmed that the screamers (Anhimae: Anhitn-idae) are the sister-group of other waterfowl (Anseres), and that the magpie goose (Anseranatidae: Anseranas semipalmata) is the sister group of other modern waterfowl exclusive of screamers (Anatidae sensu stricto). The analysis also supports the traditional hypothesis of the gallinaceous birds (Galliformes) as the sister group of the Anseriformes. Presbyornis, a fossil from the early Eocene of Wyoming and averred by Olson & Feduccia as showing that the Anseriformes were derived from shorebirds (Charadriiformes), was found to represent the sister group of the Anatidae. Associated hypotheses by Olson & Feduccia concerning the implications of Presbyornis for the phylogenetic relationships of flamingos (Phoenicopteriformes), the position of the Anhimidae within the waterfowl, relationships among modern Anatidae, and a plausible evolutionary scenario for waterfowl also are rejected. Analyses revealed that cranial characters were critical to the establishment of the Galliformes as the sister group of the Anseriformes; exclusion of the Anhimidae, especially in combination with Anseranas, also undermined the support for this inference. Placement of Presbyornis as the sister group of the Anatidae casts doubt on the role suggested by Feduccia of ‘transitional shorebirds' in the origin of modern avian orders, and calls into question the concept of ‘fossil mosaics’. The phylogenetic hypothesis is used to reconstruct an evolutionary scenario for selected ecomorphological characters in the galliform-anseriform transition, to predict the most parsimonious states of these characters for Presbyornis, and to propose a phylogenetic classification of the higher-order taxa of waterfowl. This re-examination of Presbyornis also is used to exemplify the fundamental methodological shortcomings of the intuitive approach to the reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships.     

L’habitat en grotte au Néolithique : vers une estimation de l’intensité des occupations

The archaeological excavation of the cave of the Gardon has brought to light a dilated and nearly continuous stratigraphy for the Neolithic era. The analysis of lithic industry has showed the existence of variations between those neolithic layers, which are independents of the technological processes of tools productions. Four criteria allow us to characterize the occupation’s type of each layer. Compared to the excavations data and to sedimentological analysis, these results allow us to display the evolution of the intensity of occupations of the cave throughout the whole Neolithic.     

The Natural Host Range of Steinernema and Heterorhabditis spp. and Their Impact on Insect Populations

The natural host range of entomopathogenic nematodes of the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis can be defined as the range of insects which indigenous nematode populations use for propagation. Information on the natural host range is rare. However, based on records of insects found to be naturally infected with nematodes, some conclusions regarding the natural host range of some Steinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis spp. are presented. Reports of indigenous nematode populations impacting on insect populations can be divided between relatively balanced, long-lasting nematode-host associations and unbalanced, short-lasting epizootics. Examples of the augmentation and inoculative introduction of nematodes in agriculture and forestry ecosystems are presented. Based on current knowledge, nematode reproduction strategies are discussed and indications of the risk involved in the release of non-indigenous nematodes are given.     

Concentration of 17 trace elements in serum and whole blood of plains viscachas (Lagostomus maximus) by ICP-MS, their reference ranges, and their relation to cataract

The reference ranges of the trace elements Al, As, Be, B, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Li, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in sera of a group of free-ranging plains viscachas of the pampa grasslands of Argentina. The values were compared with those of a small group of captive plains viscachas of the Zurich Zoo with diabetes and bilateral cataracts. In addition, a method for digestion of whole-blood samples is described for the trace element determination. Significant differences in the concentration of trace elements in the two groups of animals are discussed. No correlation was found between the levels of selenium and of other trace elements compared to the formation of cataracts.     

A Species-specific Monoclonal Antibody System for Detecting the Remains of Field Slugs, Deroceras reticulatum (Muller) (Mollusca: Pulmonata), in Carabid Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

The field slug, Deroceras reticulatum (Muller), is probably the most damaging and widespread species of slug, causing severe economic losses in a broad range of crops in temperate zones throughout the world. Investigations into the role of predation in the population dynamics of this species required a biochemical system which was capable of identifying the remains of this slug in the crop contents of predators, and distinguishing them from those of other molluscs. A monoclonal antibody was developed (IgM isotype). This was capable of separating, in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, D. reticulatum from the related D. caruanae (Pollonera) and all molluscs and other invertebrates tested, with the unexpected exceptions of New Zealand flatworms, Artioposthia triangulata (Deny) and the millipede Polymicrodon polydesmoides (Leach). Characterization of the antibody and assay demonstrated that the system could clearly detect as little as 11.6 ng of D. reticulatum protein in 200 mu l of buffer. Slug remains could be identified as such in the crops of the carabid predator Pterostichus melanarius Illiger for 38.1 h, while the antibody-antigen reaction declined to half of that measured immediately following consumption, after 12.9 h. A practical and highly sensitive system was therefore developed, using the first species-specific monoclonal antibody available for the investigation of predation on slugs.