利用SRY基因和微卫星标记鉴定反刍动物性别

以反刍动物为研究对象,应用多重PCR技术扩增绵羊基因组中X、Y染色体上的4个微卫星标记和SRY基因, 根据基因型进行性别鉴定,试图通过一次DNA扩增同时提供性别鉴定和基因分型的信息。结果表明所设计SRY基因的引物具有高度特异性,是性别鉴定的主要依据,而Y染色体上的MCM158、MAF45两标记由于特异性不好,因此不适用于性别鉴定,对于X染色体上所选的两标记MILVET09和AE25只能进一步验证所鉴定的雄性个体。得出结论在被检个体中,能同时扩增出SRY基因、MCM158、MAF45,X染色体上MILVET09和AE25,且X染色体上的MILVET09、AE25基因型为纯合子的个体为正常的雄性;被检个体中只有Y染色体上MCM158、MAF45和X染色体上MILVET09、AE25的扩增产物,而没有SRY基因的扩增产物,则被检个体为雌性,且MILVET09、AE25的基因型对雌性个体的性别判断无影响。MCM158、MAF45两标记基因型不影响个体的性别鉴定结果。
     

COMT Val158Met多态型青年在数字工作记忆任务中的视觉事件相关电位的研究

目的:针对不同COMT基因型健康青年被试,进行连续3-back任务1h共12Block,探讨健康成人数字工作记忆能力变化情况。方法:将112名健康青年分组抽取出18名不同基因型作为被试,利用视觉事件相关电位P3来观测被试连续工作记忆任务中COMT基因多态型与脑皮层电生理的关系。结果:Val/Val基因型的被试P3波幅显著高于Val/Met基因型(P<0.01),但和Met/Met基因型被试的波幅无差异。结论:Val/Met基因型被试关联着最差的工作记忆任务的成绩,被试者的P3波幅和3-back任务成绩成正相关。     

缓激肽B2受体基因多态性对骨关节炎易感性和严重性的影响

目的:研究缓激肽B2受体(BDKRB2)基因多态性对骨关节炎的易感性和严重性的影响.方法:在325名原发性膝关节骨关节炎患者及318名健康志愿者中,针对缓激肽B2受体基因多态性-58T/C和+9/-9bp,分别进行基因型测定.结果:+9/-9bp基因多态性的基因型分布和等位基因频率,在骨关节炎组与对照组之间存在明显差异.回归分析显示-9/-9基因型相对于+9/+9基因型,罹患膝关节骨关节炎的风险明显增高(OR=2.354,P＜0.001).同时,+9/-9bp基因多态性与骨关节炎的放射学分型存在相关性,-9bp等位基因可能与骨关节炎的严重程度有关.-58T/C基因多态性与骨关节炎的易感性和严重性无相关性.结论:缓激肽B2受体基因多态性+9/-9bp可能成为检测骨关节炎易感性和严重性的基因标记物.     

雌激素受体a基因多态性与原发性肝癌的相关性研究

目的探讨西南地区雌激素受体a(estrogen receptor a,ERa)基因多态性与原发性肝癌关系.方法选择西南地区100名原发性肝癌患者为实验组,100名非肝病人群作为正常对照组.应用分子生物学的方法分析ERa基因1号内含子内切酶PvuⅡ,XbaⅠ限制性片段长度多态性(restriction fragment length polymorph-ism,RFLP),观察ERa基因多态性基因型在实验组与对照组中的基因型分布.RFLP用PP、Pp、pp(PvuⅡ)和XX、Xx、xx(XbaⅠ)来表示.结果 P基因型频率实验组为32%,对照组为49%,OR值:0.490.X基因型频率实验组为33.5%,对照组为20.5%,OR值:1.954;PvuⅡ和XbaⅠ限制性片段长度多态性在两组中均呈多态性分布.结论 ERa基因多态性与原发性肝癌有关,P等位基因可能是其保护因素;X等位基因可能是其危险因素.     

葡萄糖转运体9(GLUT9)基因启动子区的rs13124007(G/C)及rs6850166(G/A)位点的单核苷酸多态性(SNP)与汉族女性痛风相关性研究

目的:探讨葡萄糖转运体9(GLUT9)基因启动子区的rs13124007(C/G)及rs6850166(A/G)位点的单核苷酸多态性(SNP)与中国汉族女性人群痛风易感性之间的相关性.方法:选取185例痛风患者和300例正常对照者,提取基因组DNA,采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR技术),特异性扩增GLUT9基因所需要的目的片段,对扩增的目的片段进行测序后,比较痛风组和正常对照组的基因型频率及等位基因频率分布情况.结果:女性痛风组中GLUT9基因的启动子区rs13124007和rs6805116两个位点的基因型频率分布与正常对照组相比,统计学上无明显的差异(X2=0.906,P=0.636;X2=3.335,P=0.189),rs13124007 SNP位点的C等位基因频率和rs6850166SNP位点的A的等位基因频率与正常对照组相比也无明显的统计学差异(X2=0.506,P=0.477;X=3.268,P=0.071).结论:葡萄糖转运体9(GLUT9)基因启动子区的rs 13124007(C/G)及rs6850166(A/G)位点的单核苷酸多态性(SNP)与中国汉族女性人群痛风易感性无明显的相关性.     

易感基因多态性与支气管哮喘的相关性研究

目的:探讨白介素-4(Interleukin-4,IL-4)基因589位点、白介素-4受体(interleukin-4 receptor,IL-4R)基因576位点多态性与内蒙古地区汉族支气管哮喘患者是否存在遗传易感性,是否与血清总IgE浓度相关.方法:采用聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)方法检测内蒙古地区62例支气管哮喘患者和30例汉族正常人群IL-4基因的589位点、IL-4R基因的576位点多态性,进行基因型和基因频率分析,同时采用Elisa法检测患者血清总IgE浓度.结果:哮喘组IL-4基因启动子区-589(C/T)位点多态性分布频率与对照组比较,两组间基因型频率分析(X2=3.437,P=0.179),无显著性统计学差异(P＞0.05);两组基因频率分析(X2=9.405,P=0.002),有显著性差异(P＜0.05).哮喘组IL-4R基因启动子区-576(Q/R)位点多态性分布频率与对照组比较,两组间基因型频率分析(X2=0.815,P=0.665),无显著性统计学差异(P＞0.05),两组基因频率分析(X2=0.245,P=0.621),无显著性差异(P＞0.05).哮喘组血清总IgE浓度高于对照组,有显著性差异(t=6.367,P=0.00,P＜0.05).结论:内蒙古地区汉族人群哮喘组中,IL-4基因启动子区-589(C/T)位点多态性与支气管哮喘的发病无显著性差异;IL-4R基因-576(Q/R)位点多态性与支气管哮喘的发病无显著性差异;患者组血清总IgE显著高于对照组,但是与IL-4基因启动子区-589(C/T)位点多态性和IL-4R基因-576(Q/R)位点多态性没有相关性.     

确定生物基因型的遗传学方法归纳

生物的表现型由基因型决定，而生物的基因型是无法通过肉眼分辨或物理、化学的方法鉴定的．它只能由一定的遗传学方法加以分析，其分析内容主要包括基因的载体是常染色体还是X染色体，相应性状的显隐情况等等。     

辽宁省2007～2012年流行风疹病毒基因特征分析

为了解辽宁省2007~2012年流行性风疹病毒基因特征,本研究用Vero/Slam细胞从辽宁省2007~2012年风疹暴发和散发患者的咽拭子标本中分离到145株风疹病毒(Rubella,RV),应用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)扩增RV分离株E1基因的945个核苷酸片段,对扩增产物进行序列测定和分析。将辽宁省145株RV与世界卫生组织(WHO)RV 13个基因型的32株参考株基于739个核苷酸片段的基因定型序列构建基因亲缘性关系树。结果提示,辽宁省2007~2012年145株RV分离株均属于1E基因型,核苷酸和氨基酸同源性为97.2%~100.0%和97.6%~100.0%。与2株WHO 1E基因型参考株(Rvi/Dezhou.CHN/02,RVi/MYS/01)序列相比,核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为96.6%~99.2%和98.2%~100.0%.除RVi/Shenyang.Liaoning.CHN/13.11/13株病毒在E1基因的第246位发生了突变(Val246-Ala246);RVi/Shenyang.Liaoning.CHN/13.11/4和RVi/Liaoyang.Liaoning.CHN/26.11/2株病毒在E1基因的第262发生相同突变(Asp262-Asn262)外,其他毒株在N-型糖基化位、血凝抑制位点和中和位点等重要抗原位点均未发生变化,抗原性稳定。辽宁省所有1E基因型风疹病毒在E1蛋白的第338位氨基酸发生相同突变(Leu338-Phe338)。本研究证实1E基因型为辽宁省RV的优势基因型,近6年来辽宁省风疹疫情是由1E基因型RV的多个传播链引起。     

基因型错误对数量性状精细定位的哈迪-温伯格不平衡指数的效应

使用紧密相邻的标记位点且与标记基因频率无关的哈迪-温伯格不平衡(HWD)指数被用来对数量性状位点(QTL)进行精细定位.本文讨论了当存在基因型错误时HWD指数的性质.文章指出,当存在基因型错误时,对于在群体的标记基因频率已知的情形使用的两个HWD指数尽管受基因型错误的影响但仍然有效;而仅仅极端样本的标记基因频率已知的情形下使用的两个HWD指数同时与基因型错误和标记基因频率有关.计算机模拟表明,仅仅极端样本的标记基因频率已知的情形下使用的两个HWD指数在精细定位时会产生偏差,不适宜作精细定位.     

中国汉族人群肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)基因-238G/A和-308G/A多态性与强迫症的关联分析

目的:探讨在中国汉族人群中强迫症与TNF-a基因-238G/A和-308G/A多态性之间的关联.方法:我们的研究所招募的161例强迫症患者和325.名健康对照中,应用PCR-RFLP比较了OCD组和对照组之间的TNF-α基因在-238G/A(rs361525)和-308G/A(rs1800629)位点的基因型和等位基因频率多态性.结果:在中国大陆汉族人群TNF-α基因的OCD组与对照组之间-308 G/A等位基因频率及-238G/A的基因型频率和等位基因频率无显着差异,而-308G/A基因型频率有显著不同.在-308G/A位点,女性强迫症患者和对照组之间的基因型频率关联分析有增高的趋势.结论:我们的研究结果表明,肿瘤坏死因子-α在-308G/A点位多态性可能会影响在中国大陆汉族人群强迫症的发展.     

人H5N1亚型禽流感病毒安徽株NS1基因的克隆及在原核系统的表达

利用RT-PCR方法,从人H5N1亚型禽流感病毒安徽株扩增到了NS1基因,对其进行了克隆、序列测定和分析,并在原核系统高效表达和纯化了NS1蛋白。进化分析表明,A/Anhui/01/2005毒株与近些年国内分离的水禽H5N1病毒进化关系更为接近。NS1与福建、湖南分离的禽流感病毒同源性最高,分别达到99.1%和98.2%。序列分析表明,与病毒的致病性相关的92位氨基酸为Asp,与病毒的细胞因子抗性相关的80~84位氨基酸发生缺失,与断裂/多聚腺苷酸化特异性因子结合的基序改变为GFEWN,和病毒致死性相关的PL基序为ESEV。随后在大肠杆菌高效表达并纯化了NS1蛋白。NS1基因及其编码产物的特性分析以及在原核系统的表达,为进一步研究NS1的致病机制和抗病毒药物研制奠定了基础。     

中国H5N1禽流感病毒HA基因的分子进化分析

为了阐明中国H5N1禽流感病毒血凝素(HA)基因的分子进化规律,从GenBank下载中国近年来分离的27株禽流感H5N1病毒的HA基因,利用LaserGene软件包中的EditSeq程序剪切共同序列并翻译成氨基酸序列,与DNAMAN软件进行比对,并以LaserGene软件包中的MegAlign程序构建分子进化树,结合背景资料分析其传播流行规律。结果显示:①在HA裂解位点上游毗邻的位置,gdch04、gddu04、gxch0405、gxdu05、gxqu0502、hkcph05、stch05、stqu05、ynch0502株都缺失了三个碱基;②27株毒株在HA裂解位点上游毗邻的位置存在多个连续的碱性氨基酸;③来自广西的gxch0405、gxdu05、gxqu0502和来自香港的hkcph05、hkgh04的序列同源性很高,很可能与苍鹭的迁移有关;④来自广西的gxqu0502和来自香港的hkcph05亲源关系很近,很可能来自同一祖先。     

深圳市首例人感染H5N1病毒病例的实验室诊断及分子特点分析

对深圳首例疑似人禽流感病人的标本,进行了RT-PCR、Real-time PCR检测及病毒分离培养、血清中和试验、抗原比检测及发病早期不同病程多份标本的病毒载量分析;对分离物进行了HA基因、NA基因及M基因的核酸检测.结果表明:患者气管吸出物的H5N1亚型和A型流感病毒的特异核酸均呈阳性,并通过细胞培养分离到禽流感病毒A/Guangdong/2/06(H5N1)株.气管吸取物病毒载量随着病程延长逐渐减少,而血清中和抗体水平逐渐上升达到1∶160之后又缓缓下降.A/Guangdong/2/06株8个片段的核苷酸序列显示,其与2005～2006年中国南部的禽流感分离株高度同源,与越南、泰国、印度尼西亚等分离到的禽流感分离株存在明显的差异.     

Proteotyping：A New Approach Studying Influenza Virus Evolution at the Protein Level

Phylogenetic methods have been widely used to detect the evolution of influenza viruses.However,previous phylogenetic studies of influenza viruses do not make full use of the genetic information at the protein level and therefore cannot distinguish the subtle differences among viral genes.Proteotyping is a new approach to study influenza virus evolution.It aimed at mining the potential genetic information of the viral gene at the protein level by visualizing unique amino acid signatures(proteotypes).Neuraminidase gene fragments of some H5N1 avian influenza viruses were used as an example to illustrate how the proteotyping method worked.Bayesian analysis confirmed that the NA gene tree was mainly divided into three lineages.The NA proteotype analysis further suggested there might be multiple proteotypes within these three lineages and even within single genotypes.At the same time,some proteotypes might even involve more than one genotype.In particular,it also discovered some amino acids of viruses of some genotypes might co-reassort.All these results proved this approach could provide additional information in contrast to results from standard phylogenetic tree analysis.     

Proteotyping: A new approach studying influenza virus evolution at the protein level

Phylogenetic methods have been widely used to detect the evolution of influenza viruses. However, previous phylogenetic studies of influenza viruses do not make full use of the genetic information at the protein level and therefore cannot distinguish the subtle differences among viral genes. Proteotyping is a new approach to study influenza virus evolution. It aimed at mining the potential genetic information of the viral gene at the protein level by visualizing unique amino acid signatures (proteotypes). Neuraminidase gene fragments of some H5N1 avian influenza viruses were used as an example to illustrate how the proteotyping method worked. Bayesian analysis confirmed that the NA gene tree was mainly divided into three lineages. The NA proteotype analysis further suggested there might be multiple proteotypes within these three lineages and even within single genotypes. At the same time, some proteotypes might even involve more than one genotype. In particular, it also discovered some amino acids of viruses of some genotypes might co-reassort. All these results proved this approach could provide additional information in contrast to results from standard phylogenetic tree analysis. Foundation items: National Nature Science Funds (30670242, 30500056)     

Molecular genetic characterization of H5N1 influenza virus strains isolated from poultry in the Kurgan region in 2005

In the second half of 2005, a large-scale outbreak of influenza in poultry and wild birds was caused by a highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus in Russia. The level of pathogenicity is a polygenic trait, and most individual genes contribute to the influenza A virus pathogenicity in birds, animals, and humans. The full-length nucleotide sequences were determined for H5N1 strains isolated in the Kurgan region (Western Siberia). The structure of viral proteins was analyzed using the deduced amino acid sequences. The receptor-binding site of hemagglutinin (HA) in strains A/chicken/Kurgan/05/2005 and A/duck/Kurgan/08/2005 was typical for avian influenza viruses and contained Glu and Gly at positions 226 and 228, respectively. The structure of the basic amino acid cluster located within the HA cleavage site was identical in all isolates: QGERRRKKR. According to the neuraminidase structure, all H5N1 isolates from the Kurgan region were assigned to the Z genotype. Amino acid residues typical for the avian influenza virus were revealed in 30 out of 32 positions of M1, M2, NP, PA, and PB2, determining the host range specificity. One of the strains contained Lys at position 627 of PB2. Isolates from the Kurgan region were shown to have a remantadine-sensitive genotype. Both strains contained Glu at position 92 of NS1, indicating that the virus is interferon-resistant. Phylogenetic analysis related the Kurgan isolates to subclade 2 of clade 2 of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses.     

HA基因322位和329位氨基酸对H5N1亚型禽流感病毒毒力的影响

A/mallard/Huadong/S/2005(S,IVPI=2.65)和A/mallard/Huadong/Y/2003(Y,IVPI=O),是对麻鸭具有不同致病力的病毒.两病毒的HA裂解位点区有2个氨基酸差异,S病毒在HA裂解位点区322是Leu(L322),329位缺失(-329),而Y病毒322位是Gin(Q 322),329位是Lys(K329).根据这两个位点的差异,利用反向遗传系统,以S和Y病毒各自为骨架,拯救HA基因突变病毒,检测获救的突变病毒对麻鸭的毒力.可以得知,以S病毒为骨架,将S病毒HA基因322位Leu替换为Gln和(或)在329位添加Lys,以及用Y病毒的HA(Q322L,K329-)替换S病毒HA,获救的重组病毒对麻鸭亦完全无致病力;但以Y病毒为骨架,将Y病毒HA基因322位Gln替换为Leu和(或)在329位缺失Lys后,Y重组病毒对麻鸭的毒力上升.结果提示,S和Y病毒HA基因裂解位点区322和329氨基酸残基突变或缺失均影响病毒对麻鸭的致病力,且HA基因与其它基因的匹配性显著影响病毒对麻鸭的致病力.     

Isolation and genetic characterization of avian-like H1N1 and novel ressortant H1N2 influenza viruses from pigs in China

As pigs are susceptible to both human and avian influenza viruses, they have been proposed to be intermediate hosts or mixing vessels for the generation of pandemic influenza viruses through reassortment or adaptation to the mammalian host. In this study, we reported avian-like H1N1 and novel ressortant H1N2 influenza viruses from pigs in China. Homology and phylogenetic analyses showed that the H1N1 virus (A/swine/Zhejiang/1/07) was closely to avian-like H1N1 viruses and seemed to be derived from the European swine H1N1 viruses, which was for the first time reported in China; and the two H1N2 viruses (A/swine/Shanghai/1/07 and A/swine/Guangxi/13/06) were novel ressortant H1N2 influenza viruses containing genes from the classical swine (HA, NP, M and NS), human (NA and PB1) and avian (PB2 and PA) lineages, which indicted that the reassortment among human, avian, and swine influenza viruses had taken place in pigs in China and resulted in the generation of new viruses. The isolation of avian-like H1N1 influenza virus originated from the European swine H1N1 viruses, especially the emergence of two novel ressortant H1N2 influenza viruses provides further evidence that pigs serve as intermediate hosts or “mixing vessels”, and swine influenza virus surveillance in China should be given a high priority.     

Analysis of cellular proteome alterations in porcine alveolar macrophage cells infected with 2009 (H1N1) and classical swine H1N1 influenza viruses

The H1N1/2009 influenza virus has the potential to cause a human pandemic, and sporadic cases of human-to-pig transmission have been reported. In this study, two influenza viruses were isolated from pigs. A phylogenetic analysis showed that the A/swine/NanChang/F9/2010(H1N1) (F9/10) strain shared a high degree of homology with the pandemic H1N1/2009 virus, and A/swine/GuangDong/34/2006 (H1N1) (34/06) strains was a classical swine influenza virus. A proteomic analysis was performed to investigate possible alterations of protein expression in porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) cells infected by the F9/10 and 34/06 viruses over different time courses. Using 2-DE in association with MALDI-TOF MS/MS, we identified 13 up-regulated and 21 down-regulated protein spots, including cytoskeleton proteins, cellular signal transduction proteins, molecular biosynthesis proteins and heat shock proteins. The most significant changes in the infected cells were associated with molecular biosynthesis proteins and heat shock proteins. We analysed the biological characteristics of the F9/10 and 34/06 viruses in vivo and in vitro. The F9/10 virus showed greater pathogenicity than the 34/06 virus in PAM cells and mice. This study provides insights into the biologic characteristics, potential virulence alteration and cross-species transmission mechanisms of the pandemic H1N1/2009.     

Phylogenetic analysis of H1N1 sequences from pandemic infections during 2009 in India

Since April 2009, a serious pandemic infection has been rapidly spread across the world. These infections are caused due to the novel swine origin influenza A (H1N1) virus and hence these are commonly called as "Swine Flu". This new virus is the reassortment of avian, human and swine influenza viruses and thus it has a unique genome composition. There are 16 different types of hemagglutinin (HA) and 9 different types of neuraminidase (NA) that can be genetically and antigenetically differentiated. The first influenza A virus isolated from pigs was of the H1N1 subtype and these viruses have been reported to cause infection in pigs in many countries. The outbreak of this virus has been transmitted from pigs to humans. This new reassorted (exchange of genes) virus which is the cause of 2009 pandemic infections has the ability to spread from human to human. This spread of infection should be brought to an end. In this study, a phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the RNA segments of human H1N1 viruses was carried using MEGA version 4.0 to demonstrate the route map of infection to India. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences from India, published in Influenza Virus Resource (a database that integrates information gathered from the Influenza Genome Sequencing Project of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious diseases (NIAID) and the genbank of the (NCBI)) was retrieved and used for the analysis. The results showed that the various segments of the Indian isolates clustered well with the sequences from American, Asian and European countries and thus indicating the transmission of viruses from these places to India.