流式细胞术检测人巨细胞病毒活动性感染检测方法的建立及检测效果评价

探讨流式细胞术检测人巨细胞病毒活动性感染检测方法的可行性及效果评价。分离人外周血白细胞,以商品化的小鼠抗人巨细胞病毒pp65抗原单克隆抗体为一抗,FITC标记的羊抗小鼠IgG抗体为二抗,采用流式细胞术对外周血人巨细胞病毒pp65抗原进行检测。同时采用间接免疫荧光法对外周血人巨细胞病毒pp65抗原进行检测。采用配对χ2检验对两种方法的检测效果进行评价。临床送检的65份疑似为人巨细胞病毒感染病人外周血标本中,间接免疫荧光法检出阳性9份,流式细胞术检出阳性11份,两种方法阳性检出率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。采用流式细胞术可定量检测外周血人巨细胞病毒pp65抗原,与间接免疫荧光法检测结果无统计学差异,可在临床推广使用。     

检测巨细胞病毒(CMV)DNA及其即刻早期抗原、pp65和pp67在肾移植受者术后巨细胞病毒感染早期诊断中的价值

目的探讨检测巨细胞病毒(CMV)DNA及其即刻早期抗原(IE)、巨细胞病毒pp65和pp67抗体对肾移植受者术后巨细胞病毒感染早期诊断的临床应用价值。方法按肾移植术受者术后3个月外周血是否出现CMV抗原,将71例患者分为CMV感染组(56例)和CMV未感染组(15例),肾移植术受者手术前和术后第1个月每周检查1次,第2、3个月每2周检查1次外周血巨细胞病毒pp65和巨细胞病毒pp67、即刻早期抗原(immediate early antigen,IE),巨细胞病毒DNA和IgM、IgG,共8次;以监测与分析评价肾移植术受者手术前后各项指标变化。结果肾移植术前71例肾移植受者PP65、PP67、IE、CMV DNA均为阴性;肾移植术后CMV感染组的pp65、pp67、IE、CMV DNA阳性率分别为67.8%(38/56)、66.1%(37/56)、64.2%(36/56)和48.2%(27/56),CMV未感染组4项指标值分别为0%、0%、13.3%(2/15)、和0%,两组差异均有统计学意义(P均0.01)。肾移植术后CMV感染组(56例)和CMV未感染组(15例)CMV IgG均为阳性,而IgM阳性率在CMV感染组仅为3.5%(2/56),在CMV未感染组为0%,IgM表达率在CMV感染组和未感染组无统计学差异(P0.05)。观察期内感染组与未感染组相比,术后CMV pp65,pp67,CMV DNA和IE指标出现阳性的例数及阳性出现的具体时间均有显著性差别(P均0.01),而IgM和IgG则均无显著性差别(P均0.05)。结论肾移植术后患者外周血CMV DNA,IE,pp65和pp67抗原检测阳性与其术后巨细胞病毒感染相关。检测CMV DNA、IE、pp65和pp67抗原可能更早更准确反映器官移植术后CMV活动性感染。而CMV IgG和IgM不能作为肾移植后患者CMV感染的诊断指标。     

利用ELISA与荧光定量PCR技术筛查新生儿巨细胞病毒感染水平及探讨与肝脏损害的相关性

目的:了解目前淄博地区新生儿感染巨细胞病毒(HCMV)的现状,找出最佳检测方法,提高诊断水平,并探讨巨细胞病毒对肝功能的损害.方法:采用抗体捕获酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)及荧光定量PCR(qPCR)对2011年12月至2012年5月出生的2596例新生几分别进行血清HCMV-IgM抗体和尿液HCMV-DNA定量检测,并对符合HCMV感染的阳性标本进行肝功能回顾性分析.结果:用ELISA检测血清CMV-IgM阳性29例(1.117％),用qPCR检测尿液HCMV-DNA阳性39例(1.502％),两种方法阳性符合率71.79％,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);共有40例阳性患儿回顾性分析肝功能指标血清总胆红素(TBIL)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)均高于正常值,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:淄博地区新生儿巨细胞病毒感染率较高,危害性大,对新生儿早期检测和诊断十分重要,定量荧光PCR法检测敏感性要高于ELISA法检测,具有良好的应用价值;检测出的HCMV感染患儿肝脏易受病毒侵害,造成肝功能损害.     

以重组人巨细胞病毒pp65制备的多克隆抗体建立检测感染性病毒颗粒方法

人巨细胞病毒(HCMV)活动性感染是造成器官移植失败的重要原因。建立灵敏、特异的检测方法可为及早发现感染、及时给予抗病毒治疗提供依据。以离子交换和分子筛方法纯化重组表达的HCMVpp65(rp65hp)抗原,经两步纯化后,rp65hp纯度达到95%。免疫家兔制备的抗血清,ELISA抗体滴度高达1∶2560000;免疫印迹证明能与HCMVpp65抗原特异反应。将HCMV病毒感染细胞,以纯化的多克隆抗体建立了间接免疫荧光法,成功地检测到细胞中的病毒。因此,该方法为临床检测HCMV病毒活动性感染奠定了良好的基础。     

肿瘤患者化疗后人巨细胞病毒活动性感染检测

探讨肿瘤患者化疗后人巨细胞病毒感染检测方法的应用价值。使用免疫组化法、酶联免疫吸附试验检测IgG/M抗体,以及实时荧光定量(FQ-PCR)检测HCMV DNA。47份全血标本中抗原阳性率为48.9%,平均抗原阳性细胞数7.9±8.1(1-65)/5×104WBC,HCMV DNA阳性率19.1%(10/47),HCMV DNA含量均值为6.320×105copies,白细胞HCMV-DNA阳性率51%(25/47),HCMV DNA含量均值为3.830×107 copies,HCMV pp65抗原阳性率为48.9%(23/47),IgG抗体均阳性,IgM抗体阳性率为23.4%(12/47),以PP65抗原阳性为对照,IgM抗体检测的敏感率仅为49.3%。在连续动态检测HCMV多种指标时,结合DNA及抗原动态检测具有更高临床应用价值。     

孕中期巨细胞病毒宫内感染与血Free-β-HCG水平的相关性研究

目的:通过检测孕中期妇女人巨细胞病毒(HCMV)活动性感染、宫内感染以及血Free-β-HCG水平,分析血Free-β-HCG水平与HCMV宫内感染的相关性,初步探讨其可能影响机制.方法:通过酶免法测孕妇血HCMV-IgM和定荧光定量PCR对孕中期妇女血清和羊水中HCMV-DNA的检测以及DILFIA法(时间分辨免疫荧光法)定量检测孕中期妊娠妇女血Free-β-HCG的含量,研究HCMV感染状况与Free-β-HCG之间的相关性,探讨HCMV对母血Free-β-HCG水平的影响.结果:718例样本中共检出HCMV-IgM阳性和(或)HCMV-DNA阳性者共43例并进一步行产前诊断羊水HCMV-DNA阳性14例.孕中期HCMV活动性感染率为5.98％,HCMV宫内感染率为2.22％.孕中期感染组Free-β-HCG含量:7.32± 2.25 ng/ml,非感染组:8.47± 3.17 ng/ml,对照组:10.10± 3.67 ng/ml.结论:HCMV宫内感染组比非感染组孕中期外周血Free-β-hcG的测定水平降低,两者结果之间的差异具有统计学意义.HCMV可通过损伤胎盘绒毛滋养层细胞,使Free-β-hcG的分泌减少.     

肾移植术后HCMV感染与淋巴细胞亚群及肾功能的相关性

目的：肾移植患者由于术前透析及术后服用免疫抑制剂,显著增加了人巨细胞病毒（Humancytomegalovirus,HCMV）原发感染和潜伏感染被激活的机会。观察HCMV感染情况与血T淋巴细胞亚群及肾功能的变化,以探讨其相关性及临床意义。方法：跟踪收集40例肾移植患者术前、术后血标本,应用RT-PCR技术检测HCMV,流式细胞术检测淋巴细胞亚群,结合肾功能判断是否发生急性排斥或移植肾功能恢复延迟。结果：肾移植术后HCMV感染率为52．5％,10例出现症状性感染（25％）,出现阳性时间35．7±15．3天。症状性感染组CD3-bCD4＋的水平和CD4＋／CD8＋的比值较无活动性感染组和正常对照组均降低,CD8＋水平较其他组升高,差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。无症状性活动感染者与无活动性感染者各指标比较差异无显著性。活动性感染组急性排斥或移植肾功能恢复延迟发生8例（38．1％）,无活动性感染组发生1例（5．2％）,差异具有统计学意义（x^2=6．15,P〈0．05）。结论：肾移植术后HCMV感染能显著引起T淋巴细胞亚群变化,尤其是CD4＋／CD8＋。并与急性排斥或移植肾功能恢复延迟密切相关联,在其发生发展中可能起着重要的作用。三者相互联系、相互作用、互为因果,对进一步机制的研究及临床诊断治疗、预后方面有一定意义。     

巨细胞病毒早期抗原pp65和晚期抗原pp67-mRNA在移植术后活动性巨细胞病毒感染诊断中的价值

目的：通过对器官移植术后受者外周血中巨细胞病毒（CMV）早期抗原pp65和晚期抗原pp67-mRNA的监测,评价其对于诊断器官移植术后CMV感染、发病及预后的价值,为临床准确有效地分析理解检测结果提供依据。方法：收集28例器官移植受者EDTA抗凝外周血标本共120份,用免疫荧光技术（IFA）检测其中CMV早期抗原pp65;用核酸基础序列扩增法（NASBA）测定晚期CMVpp67-mRNA,绘制2组用于诊断CMV的受试者特征曲线（ROC曲线）,比较2组曲线下面积。结果1120份样本中,42份为CMVpp65阳性（≥1个阳性细胞／2×105白细胞）,23份为CMVpp67-mRNA阳性。28例器官移植受者中,9例CMVpp65和pp67-mRNA均为阳性（其中3例pp65和pp67-mRNA在同一时间为阳性）,8例pp65为阳性而pp67-mRNA为阴性,2例pp65为阴性而pp67-mRNA为阳性。临床诊断感染CMV的患者4例,在感染早期无临床症状病毒潜伏期间,受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线下面积（AUC）pp65为0．9542,pp67-mRNA为0．6611,即pp65检测的灵敏度和特异性高于pp67-mRNA;而在出现临床症状并治疗后期,pp65的AUC为0．8300,pp67-mRNA为0．9232,pp67-mRNA的灵敏度和特异性高于pp65。根据ROC曲线查得,以每2x105白细胞中有10个阳性细胞为诊断CMV活动性感染的最佳临界值。结论：AUC结果表明,pp65、pp67-mRNA均具有诊断意义。pp65检测更适于早期CMV活动性诊断,对于提示临床开始抗病毒治疗具有早期快速的意义;pp67-mRNA检测快速、结果准确,可作为结束抗病毒治疗的参考指标;两者联合检测用于监测CMV,对于辅助临床诊断有很好的价值。     

啮齿类动物中汉坦病毒感染血清学和病原学检测方法比较研究

致病性汉坦病毒的宿主主要为啮齿类动物,其病毒感染状况是人间疫情发生的关键影响因素,可通过检测宿主动物标本中病毒基因组RNA、蛋白抗原及特异性抗体而进行监测。本研究利用367份鼠肺及鼠血标本,对双抗原夹心ELISA(ELISA)、实时荧光RT-PCR(RT-PCR)和免疫荧光(IFA)等三种分别检测抗体、核酸和抗原的方法进行比较评估。ELISA法检出抗体阳性鼠血标本46份,阳性率为12.53%;RT-PCR法检出病毒RNA阳性鼠肺标本28份,阳性率为7.63%;IFA检出抗原阳性鼠肺标本24份,阳性率为6.54%。宿主动物组织标本中检出汉坦病毒RNA和(或)结构蛋白抗原的标本,对应的血液标本中可检出病毒特异性抗体,100%(24/24)IFA检测阳性标本和89.3%(25/28)RT-PCR检测阳性标本对应血标本ELISA抗体检测阳性,反之亦然,检出抗体的标本基本包含了可检出抗原和RNA的标本。RT-PCR与IFA检测结果差异无显著性(χa2=0.64,P0.05),一致性检验Kappa系数为0.71,一致性高(Z=13.66,P0.05),首先对血标本开展基于ELISA的特异性抗体检测,可显著缩小RT-PCR或IFA法检测病毒RNA或抗原的范围(χb2=12.04,χc2=20.05,P0.05)。本研究为宿主动物汉坦病毒感染实验室监测方案优化提供了有益的依据。     

正常顺产儿与早产儿人巨细胞病毒和风疹病毒脐带血清抗体检测分析

通过间接酶联免疫法检测178份新生儿(正常顺产儿为114例,早产儿64例)脐带血血清中人巨细胞病毒(human cytomegalovirus,HCMV)和风疹病毒(rubella virus,RV)IgG和IgM抗体,并分析所测结果与临床表现的相关性。结果表明,178例新生儿脐带血血清中HCMV-IgG阳性标本为168例(94.38%),HCMV-IgM阳性标本为1例(0.56%);RV-IgG阳性标本为119例(66.85%);RV-IgM阳性标本为1例(0.56%)。其中,正常顺产儿脐带血中HCMV-IgM和RV-IgM阳性率均为0.87%(1/114),HCMV-IgG阳性率为94.73%(108/114),RV-IgG阳性率为61.40%(70/114),HCMV和RV IgG两者均阳性者为55.26%(63/114);早产儿HCMV-IgM和RV-IgM均为阴性(0/64),HCMV-IgG阳性率为93.75%(60/64),RV-IgG阳性率为76.56%(49/64),HCMV和RV IgG两者均阳性者为70.31%(45/64)。早产儿与正常顺产儿比较,早产儿的RV-IgG阳性率和HCMV和RV-IgG两者均阳性者均高于正常顺产儿,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。可见,HCMV感染率较高,至今仍无有效的HCMV疫苗,应加大疫苗研发力度。所查新生儿RV-IgG阳性率为66.48%,提示中国33%以上的育龄期妇女有在孕早期暴露感染的机率,国家有必要加大该种疫苗的接种力度。     

Fragment of tegument protein pp65 of human cytomegalovirus induces autoantibodies in BALB/c mice

Introduction  

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection has been implicated in the development of autoimmunity, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Previously we reported that HCMV phosphoprotein 65 (pp65) could induce early onset of autoantibody and glomerulonephritis on lupus-prone NZB/W mice. This study further examined whether the B cell epitope(s) in pp65 is able to drive the development of autoantibody.     

Association of human cytomegalovirus viremia with human leukocyte antigens in liver transplantation recipients

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) reactivation is a common complication after liver transplantation (LT). Here, we investigated whether human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matching was related to HCMV infection and subsequent graft failure after LT for hepatitis B virus cirrhosis. This retrospective study reviewed 91 LT recipients. All the patients were grouped according to HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-DR locus matching. Clinical data were collected, including complete HLA-typing, HCMV viremia, graft failure, and the time of HCMV viremia. HLA typing was performed using a sequence-specific primer-polymerase chain reaction kit. HCMV was detected by pp65 antigenemia using a commercial kit. The incidence of HCMV infection post-LT was 81.32%. Graft failure was observed in 16 of 91 (17.6%) patients during the 4-year study. The incidence of HCMV viremia was 100% (5/5), 91.4% (32/35), and 72.5% (37/51) in HLA-A two locus, one locus, and zero locus compatibility, respectively. Nevertheless, the degree of the HLA-A, HLA-B, or HLA-DR match did not influence the time of HCMV viremia, graft failure, or the time of graft failure after a diagnosis of HCMV viremia (all P > 0.05). An interesting discovery was that the risk of HCMV viremia tended to be higher in patients with better HLA-A compatibility. Graft failure, time of HCMV viremia, and graft failure after a diagnosis of HCMV viremia appear to be independent of HLA allele compatibility.     

Impact of Human Cytomegalovirus Infection and its Immune Response on Survival of Patients with Ovarian Cancer

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has been detected in various types of tumors. We studied the prevalence of HCMV in ovarian cancer and its relation to clinical outcome. Paraffin-embedded tissues obtained prospectively from 45 patients with ovarian cancer and 30 patients with benign ovarian cystadenoma were analyzed for expression of HCMV immediate-early protein (IE) and HCMV tegument protein (pp65) by immunohistochemistry. Plasma was analyzed for HCMV serology. HCMV-IgG levels were higher in patients with ovarian cancer or benign cystadenoma than in age-matched controls (P?=?.002, P?<?.0001, respectively). HCMV IgM was detected in 12% of ovarian cancer patients and 3% of patients with benign tumors but was absent in controls. In patients with ovarian cancer, higher IgG levels were associated with better outcomes (P?=?.04). Extensive HCMV-IE protein expression was detected in 75% of ovarian cancers and 26% of benign tumors; pp65 was detected in 67% of ovarian cancers and 14% of benign tumors. A higher grade of HCMV infection was associated with higher stage of disease. Extensive HCMV-pp65 expression was associated with shorter median overall survival than focal expression (39 versus 42.5?months, P?=?.03). At study closure, 58% of ovarian cancer patients with focal pp65 expression were alive versus 27% of patients with extensive pp65 expression (P?=?.03). Thus, HCMV proteins are detected at different levels in ovarian tumors and benign cystadenomas. Ovarian cancer patients with focal HCMV-pp65 expression in their tumors and high IgG levels against HCMV lived longer, highlighting a need for in-depth studies of the oncomodulatory role of HCMV in ovarian cancer.     

Use of recombinant virus to assess human cytomegalovirus early and late promoters in the context of the viral genome.

We have developed a system to study human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) cis-acting promoter elements within the context of the viral genome. A recombinant HCMV (RV134) containing a marker gene (beta-glucuronidase) was used to insert HCMV promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene constructs into the viral genome between open reading frames US9 and US10. Using this system, we have studied the promoters for the early DNA polymerase gene (UL54), the early-late lower matrix phosphoprotein gene (pp65, UL83), and the true late 28-kDa structural phosphoprotein gene (pp28, UL99). Transient-expression assays demonstrated that the pp65 and pp28 promoters are activated earlier and to higher levels than typically observed with the endogenous gene. In contrast, insertion of these promoters into the viral genome resulted in kinetics which mimicked that of the endogenous genes. In addition, we have also tested a variant of the pp28 promoter (d24/26CAT) which is deleted from -609 to -41. This promoter behaved similarly to the wild-type pp28 promoter, indicating that sequences from -40 to +106 are sufficient for conferring true late kinetics. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the viral genome affords a level of regulation on HCMV gene expression that has been previously unrealized. Therefore, these experiments provide a model system for the analysis of cis-acting promoter regulatory elements in the context of the viral genome.     

Human cytomegalovirus proteins PP65 and IEP72 are targeted to distinct compartments in nuclei and nuclear matrices of infected human embryo fibroblasts

The cellular distribution of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-specific UL83 phosphoprotein (pp65) and UL123 immediate-early protein (IEp72) in lytically infected human embryo fibroblasts was studied by means of indirect immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. Both proteins were found to have a nuclear localization, but they were concentrated in different compartments within the nuclei. The pp65 was located predominantly in the nucleoli; this was already evident with the parental viral protein, which was targeted to the above nuclear compartment very soon after infection. The nucleolar localization of pp65 was also observed at later stages of the HCMV infectious cycle. After chromatin extraction (in the so-called in situ nuclear matrices), a significant portion of the pp65 remained associated with nucleoli within the first hour after infection, then gradually redistributed in a perinucleolar area, as well as throughout the nucleus, with a granular pattern. A quite different distribution was observed for IEp72 at very early stages after infection of human embryo fibroblasts with HCMV; indeed, this viral protein was found in bright foci, clearly observable in both non-extracted nuclei and in nuclear matrices. At later stages of infection, IEp72 became almost homogeneously distributed within the whole nucleus, while the foci increased in size and were more evenly spread; in several infected cells some of them lay within nucleoli. This peculiar nuclear distribution of IEp72 was preserved in nuclear matrices as well. The entire set of data is discussed in terms of the necessity of integration for HCMV-specific products into the pre-existing nuclear architecture, with the possibility of subsequent adaptation of nuclear compartments to fit the needs of the HCMV replicative cycle.     

Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of DNA vaccines expressing rhesus cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B, phosphoprotein 65-2, and viral interleukin-10 in rhesus macaques

Rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) infection of macaques exhibits strong similarities to human CMV (HCMV) persistence and pathogenesis. The immunogenicity of DNA vaccines encoding three RhCMV proteins (a truncated version of glycoprotein B lacking the transmembrane region and endodomain [gBDeltaTM], phosphoprotein 65-2 [pp65-2], and viral interleukin-10 [vIL-10]) was evaluated in rhesus macaques. Two groups of monkeys (four per group) were genetically immunized four times with a mixture of either pp65-2 and gBDeltaTM or pp65-2, vIL-10, and gBDeltaTM. The vaccinees developed anti-gB and anti-pp65-2 antibodies in addition to pp65-2 cellular responses after the second booster immunization, with rapid responses observed with subsequent DNA injections. Weak vIL-10 immune responses were detected in two of the four immunized animals. Neutralizing antibodies were detected in seven monkeys, although titers were weak compared to those observed in naturally infected animals. The immunized monkeys and na?ve controls were challenged intravenously with 10(5) PFU of RhCMV. Anamnestic binding and neutralizing antibody responses were observed 1 week postchallenge in the vaccinees. DNA vaccination-induced immune responses significantly decreased peak viral loads in the immunized animals compared to those in the controls. No difference in peak viral loads was observed between the pp65-2/gBDeltaTM DNA- and pp65-2/vIL-10/gBDeltaTM-vaccinated groups. Antibody responses to nonvaccine antigens were lower postchallenge in both vaccine groups than in the controls, suggesting long-term control of RhCMV protein expression. These data demonstrated that DNA vaccines targeting the RhCMV homologues of HCMV gB and pp65 altered the course of acute and persistent RhCMV infection in a primate host.