蛹虫草单孢菌株的生物学特性及稳定性

蛹虫草菌株在继代培养过程中极易退化。本研究选取5株蛹虫草菌株作为出发菌株,基于单孢分离和显微技术从每株出发菌株中获得50株单孢菌株。通过PCR方法对单孢菌株进行交配型类型鉴定,全部为单一交配型单孢菌株,且不同出发菌株分离得到的MAT1-1和MAT1-2交配型单孢菌株比例差异较大,分别为27:23、34:16、42:8、28:22和7:43。从不同出发菌株获得的单孢菌株中随机选择MAT1-1和MAT1-2交配型单孢菌株各5株(共计50株),进行菌落直径、产孢量和虫草素含量测定。与出发菌株相比较,14株单孢菌株菌落直径具有显著差异(其中10株显著减小),24株产孢量具有显著差异且全部下降,29株单孢菌株虫草素含量具有显著差异(其中21株显著下降)。进一步,将50株单孢菌株连续继代培养,测定菌株菌落直径、产孢量和虫草素含量,计算第七代与第一代比值评估菌株性状稳定性。结果表明,与出发菌株相比较,14株单孢菌株菌落直径比值具有显著差异且全部增加,41株单孢菌株产孢量比值具有显著差异(其中40株显著下降),44株虫草素含量比值具有显著差异且全部下降。本研究表明同一菌株中的不同单孢菌株个体之间,在生...     

不同寄主来源的串珠镰孢生物学性状及其在无性后代的遗传与变异

自安徽、山东、湖北、江苏等地多点采集棉花红腐病、水稻恶苗病、玉米穗腐病的病组织,经分离、鉴定和纯化,获得107个串珠镰孢（Fusarium monilifoFine）菌株。对上述来源于棉花、水稻、玉米的串珠镰孢的菌落形态、生长速率和产孢量等生物学性状及其在无性后代的遗传与变异进行了研究。结果表明,不同寄主来源的串珠镰孢菌株的菌丝生长温度范围和最适温度大致相同,但在菌落形态特别是色素方面存在明显差异,生长速率和产孢量也存在显著差异。棉花菌株的平均生长速率最大,玉米菌株生长速率最小,水稻菌株生长速率居中,相同群体的不同菌株间生长速率有极显著差异;玉米菌株产孢量最大,棉花菌株产孢量最小,水稻菌株产孢量居中。方差分析显示,不同寄主菌株群体间产孢量存在显著差异,而同一寄主群体的不同菌株间产孢量均无显著差异,说明菌株产孢量大小主要与其寄主种类有关,而与地区来源关系不大。遗传测定结果表明,分离自棉花、玉米和水稻的串珠镰孢的菌落形态和生长速率在单分生孢子后代均可稳定遗传;产孢量性状遗传有两种情况：分离自棉花和水稻的串珠镰孢菌株Fm1和Fm31的产孢量性状在单分生孢子后代均可稳定遗传,而分离白玉米的串珠镰孢菌株Fm19的产孢量性状在单分生孢子第一代（CG1）发生变异。     

福建省有害疣孢霉菌Mycogone perniciosa的种群分化初探

对16株来自福建不同双孢蘑菇产区(县级)的有害疣孢霉菌菌株进行了菌落特征、厚垣孢子形态特征观察并利用ISSR分子标记技术对它们进行了遗传多样性分析,结果表明:不同来源的有害疣孢霉菌的菌落特征和厚垣孢子形态特征均可归为3种类群;ISSR分子标记技术的分析结果也显示,16株有害疣孢霉菌菌株成3个进化分支,并与形态特征相对应,初步确定福建省有害疣孢霉菌出现3个类型的种群分化。     

球孢白僵菌数量性状的典型相关分析*

来源不同的球孢白僵菌菌株的生物学性状（培养特征、产孢量、菌落生长速率及孢子萌发中时）、生态学性状（毒力、水分活性、紫外照射活率、水浴活率）及生物化学性状（草酸水平、蛋白酶产量、几丁质酶产量、葡萄糖苷酶产量、酯酶及脂肪酶产量）经观察测定,共得到１５个指标。对不同性状集团及其组合进行典型相关分析,结果表明生物学性状与生态学性状的相关主要为产孢量与菌株毒力及孢子水浴活率之间的相关。生物学与生物化学性状间的相关主要为产孢量与蛋白酶及草酸水平的相关;生态学与生物化学性状间的相关主要为水浴活率与草酸水平及蛋白酶产量间的相关;含培养特征的生物生态与生物化学性状的相关主要由菌落颜色、产孢量、毒力、水浴活率与蛋白酶、葡萄糖苷酶相关引起的;而不含培养特征的生物生态与生物化学性状相关主要由产孢量、毒力、水浴活率与草酸水平、蛋白酶、几丁质酶相关引起的。     

球孢白僵菌数量性状的典型相关分析

来源不同的球孢白僵菌菌株的生物学性状（培养特征、产孢量、菌落生长速率及孢子萌发中时）、生态学性状（毒力、水分活性、紫外照射活率、水浴活率）及生物化学性状（草酸水平、蛋白酶产量、几丁质酶产量、葡萄糖苷酶产量、酯酶及脂肪酶产量）经观察测定,共得到１５个指标。对不同性状集团及其组合进行典型相关分析,结果表明生物学性状与生态学性状的相关主要为产孢量与菌株毒力及孢子水浴活率之间的相关。生物学与生物化学性状间的相关主要为产孢量与蛋白酶及草酸水平的相关;生态学与生物化学性状间的相关主要为水浴活率与草酸水平及蛋白酶产量间的相关;含培养特征的生物生态与生物化学性状的相关主要由菌落颜色、产孢量、毒力、水浴活率与蛋白酶、葡萄糖苷酶相关引起的;而不含培养特征的生物生态与生物化学性状相关主要由产孢量、毒力、水浴活率与草酸水平、蛋白酶、几丁质酶相关引起的。     

农杆菌介导的小孢拟盘多毛孢遗传转化及突变体筛选

本研究通过农杆菌EHA105介导的方法,以含潮霉素抗性基因和GFP基因的双元载体pCAMBgfp为转化载体,对小孢拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis microspora KFRD-2菌株进行遗传转化。基于潮霉素及GFP荧光抗性进行转化子的初步筛选,随后,进一步对转化子的菌落特征、菌丝生长速率、产孢量、荧光稳定性及致病力进行验证。结果获得阳性转化子100余株,转化效率达200个转化子/10⁶个孢子。大部分转化子与野生型菌株无明显形态及致病力差异。同时,获得了14株菌丝形态、产孢量或致病力与野生型存在明显差异的突变株,可用于小孢拟盘多毛孢关键致病基因的挖掘验证及致病机理等研究。     

球孢白僵菌继代培养中的菌落局变现象

通过球孢白僵菌两个野生型菌株及其单孢株在不同培养基、温度、湿度和光照条件下继代培养,结果产生3种不同类型的菌落局变.局变产生的分离子多表现为菌落瘩薄或气生菌丝陡长、产孢量下降、生长速率增加等现象.培养基、温度、湿度和光照等因素对菌落局变有明显诱导作用.湿度为15℃,相对湿度较低及全光照条件下于SDAY培养基上培养,局变发生频率最低.在实验室继代培养中,野生型菌株在4-14代内即可发生局变而被局变分离子所取代.引人注意的是,单孢株局变产生的分离子同时伴随着棕黄色或红棕色素的分泌,仅以菌落形态和颜色等培养特征作为球孢白僵菌种的划分依据是不可靠的.文中提出了菌落局变发生的遗传变异可能机制.     

2株北虫草菌株系统发育及其活性成分含量分析

对收集的2株北虫草菌株进行形态学观察、分子鉴定及子实体中主要活性成分含量分析,为其应用研究提供技术支持。采用平板培养法、玻片培养法及显微观察对2株北虫草菌株进行形态学观察;基于ITS序列分析对2株实验菌株进行分子鉴定;有效成分的测定均采用高效液相色谱法。结果表明,2株北虫草子实体形态及在PDA加富培养基上菌丝长势、菌落形态差异显著,ITS序列分析结果显示,2株北虫草为蛹虫草,属种内差异;二者腺苷成分相近,但尖头北虫草虫草素的含量是大孢子头北虫草的2倍,且同一品种不同栽培方法及同一种源不同栽培地获得的子实体中两种活性成分的含量有所不同,尤其是腺苷的含量差异明显。以北虫草子实体的品相作为品质优劣的评估标准缺乏科学依据,在子实体应用过程中应根据需要科学选择。     

草菇子代单孢菌株的菌落类型与A因子分布规律研究

根据菌株在培养皿中的生长情况,草菇V23的124个单孢分离菌株可分为气生型和匍匐型两大类,气生型菌株为44株,匍匐型菌株为80株。根据草菇A因子相关特异性分子标记,PCR验证单孢萌发菌株的A因子中的A1、A2分子标记的分布情况,探讨了A因子与不同菌落形态的相关性。试验结果表明:124株菌株中,同核体101株,异核体为23株,所占比例分别为81.45%和18.55%。气生型的草菇单孢菌株A1因子为20株,占气生型菌株比例为45.45%,气生型的草菇单孢菌株A2因子为15株,其比例为34.09%;匍匐型的草菇单孢菌株A1因子为15株,占匍匐型菌株比例为18.75%,匍匐型的草菇菌株A2因子为51株,其比例为63.75%,未能发现A因子与菌落形态之间的明显相关性。选用不同A因子,不同菌落表型的草菇菌株相互交配,经PCR筛选,获得20株真正的杂交菌株,杂交菌株的菌落形态气生型与匍匐型占的比例为1:1。表明只要气生型菌丝参与杂交,其杂交菌株的菌落形态则是以气生型为主;匍匐型与匍匐型杂交后的菌丝也不全是气生型,而是以匍匐型为优势群体。选取8株杂交菌株进行岀菇,只有1株产生子实体。     

白木香内生真菌的分离鉴定及其抑菌活性

从白木香Aquilaria sinensis（Lour．）Gilg木质部的树脂形成部位和健康部位中共分离获得42株内生真菌,经初步鉴定,产孢的33株分属于3目4科7属,其余未产孢的9株暂归为无孢菌群。采用杯碟法和MTT法分别测定了各菌株的发酵上清液对3种病原菌的体外抑菌活性和2种肿瘤细胞的体外细胞毒活性。结果表明,白木香木质部健康部位内生真菌以枝顶孢霉属为优势属,而树脂形成部位的内生真菌种类比健康部位要多,且以青霉属为优势属。其中26株至少能抑制一种指示菌,占总数的61．9％;7株对指示瘤株具有细胞毒活性,占总数的16．7％。抑菌活性菌株主要分布在枝顶孢霉属和青霉属。枝顶孢霉属菌株抑菌活性较强,其抗菌活性成分值得进一步研究。     

Pathogenicity of vibrio splendidus strains associated with turbot larvae, scophthalmus maximus

Turbot larvae were challenged with eight strains of Vibrio splendidus isolated from diseased larvae, plus a ninth strain pathogenic to scallop larvae (A515; Nicolas et al . 1996 ). Six strains caused heavy mortality but the scallop pathogen and the other two strains did not. All the strains shared a large number of phenotypic traits, and an attempt was made to relate virulence to genotype and phenotype. Five of the six pathogenic strains were very similar, as shown by RAPD fingerprinting and phenotypic characteristics. The relatedness of the other strains was intermediate between the main pathogenic group and V. splendidus ATCC 33125, but the DNA–DNA homology between the pathogenic group and the reference strain was still high (78% of reassociation rate). The non-pathogenic isolates may be a useful tool for determining the possible virulence factors, as all the isolates differed by few characteristics.     

A taxonomic study on erysipelothrix by DNA-DNA hybridization experiments with numerous strains isolated from extensive origins

The purpose of this study was to clarify the taxonomic relationship between all the serovars and species of the genus Erysipelothrix by performing DNA-DNA hybridization experiments, the customary criterion for separation of bacterial genospecies. A total of 93 strains were isolated from a wide variety of sources, including pigs affected with acute or chronic erysipelas, other diseased animals, healthy animals, fish, retail meats, and environmental materials from throughout the world during the period 1958 to 1996. The present data on phenotypic characterization and DNA relatedness values demonstrate that 24 strains (96%) of E. tonsillarum are avirulent for swine, whereas 39 strains (66%) of genomic E. rhusiopathiae induced generalized or local urticarial lesion in swine after intradermal inoculation. This observation suggests that genomic E. tonsillarum has little etiological significance. Three minor groups contained several strains which exhibited minimal association with each type strain of E. rhusiopathiae and E. tonsillarum. In conclusion, it was confirmed that members of the E. rhusiopathiae and E. tonsillarum groups resemble each other in regard to many phenotypic characteristics, but differ in their ability to produce acid from saccharose and in their pathogenicity for swine. The genus Erysipelothrix certainly contains two main species: E. rhusiopathiae and E. tonsillarum.     

Grouping by plasmid profiles of atypical Aeromonas salmonicida isolated from fish, with special reference to salmonid fish

Plasmid profile analyses were performed for 113 strains of atypical Aeromonas salmonicida and the reference strain A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida ATCC 14174. The atypical A. salmonicida strains comprised 98 strains obtained from fish originating from 54 farms and 2 lakes in Norway, 10 strains from Canada (2), Denmark (2), Finland (1), Iceland (1) and Sweden (4), the reference strains NCMB 1109 and ATCC 15711 (Haemophilus piscium) of A. salmonicida subsp. achromogenes, and the type cultures A. salmonicida subsp. achromogenes NCMB 1110, A. salmonicida subsp. masoucida ATCC 27013 and A. salmonicida subsp. smithia CCM 4103. A total of 95 strains of atypical A. salmonicida were separated into 7 groups (I to VII) based on the plasmid profiles. Eighteen strains of atypical A. salmonicida had no common plasmid profile. The type strain NCMB 1110 and the reference strain NCMB 1109 were included in group IV, and the type strain ATCC 27013 in group V, but the other reference and type strains had plasmid profiles different from all the other strains. An epidemiological link was documented between strains collected from different farms/localities in each of groups I, III, V and VII. Physiological and biochemical characterizations were performed for 93 of the strains to investigate phenotypic differences between the plasmid groups. Group VII strains and 3 strains with no common plasmid profile differed from the other groups in being catalase-negative. Differences in phenotypic characteristics were shown between the plasmid groups. However, significant variations in reactions for several phenotypic characteristics also occurred within each of the groups I to VII. The present study indicates that plasmid profiling may give useful epidemiological information during outbreaks of atypical A. salmonicida infections in fish. Additional comprehensive phenotypic characterisation is of limited value since the phenotypic characteristics in each plasmid group are not uniform.     

深红酵母相关菌株全细胞长链脂肪酸的分析及其数值分类

从黄海和渤海海水中分离到15株红酵母,初步定名为深红酵母(Rhodotorula rubraLodder)对这些菌株及另外8株红酵母属对照种的形态、生理生化性状以及全细胞长链脂肪酸的组成进行了测定,并用多元统计方法对菌株间的相似性进行了计算,对菌株分群。结果表明,15株酵母之间性状存在许多差异,这些差异不能完全被鉴定性状所反映,在多元分析中15株菌不能形成紧密的聚类群。研究结果对利用个别形态和生理生化性状确定的深红酵母种的范围提出了异议。     

Genomic and phenotypic comparison between similar wine yeast strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae from different geographic origins

Aims: To study genomic and phenotypic changes in wine yeasts produced in short time periods analysing yeast strains possibly derived from commercial strains recently dispersed. Methods and Results: We conducted a genomic and phenotypic comparison between the commercial yeast strain EC1118 and two novel strains (LV CB and L‐957) isolated from different wine areas industrially intervened <20 years ago. Molecular analysis by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and RAPD‐PCR was not able to distinguish between these strains. However, comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) showed discrete DNA gains and losses that allowed unequivocal identification of the strains. Furthermore, analysis of aCGH data supports the hypothesis that strains LV CB and L‐957 are derivatives from strain EC1118. Finally, scarce phenotypic differences in physiological and metabolic parameters were found among the strains. Conclusion: The wine yeasts have a very dynamic genome that accumulates changes in short time periods. These changes permit the unique genomic identification of the strains. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study permits the evaluation of microevolutive events in wine yeasts and its relationship with the phenotype in this species.     

Taxonomic study of the genus Brachybacterium: Brachybacterium nesterenkovii sp. nov.

A new species, Brachybacterium nesterenkovii, is proposed for a group of coryneform bacteria that were isolated from milk products. These organisms have morphological, biochemical, and chemotaxonomic characteristics that are peculiar to the genus Brachybacterium. In contrast to strains of the only previously described species of the genus, Brachybacterium faecium, the representatives of the new species lack glycine in their peptidoglycan, although the peptidoglycan is of the same general type, and have large amounts of rhamnose in their cells. The strains of B. nesterenkovii exhibit no serological relationship with strains of B. faecium; in a numerical phenotypic analysis the two species were easily separated and formed clear-cut clusters. DNA-DNA hybridization between the type strains of B. faecium and B. nesterenkovii showed a level of homology of 22%. Strain 35 (= IMV Ac-752) is the type strain of B. nesterenkovii.     

Unidentified Listeria-like bacteria isolated from cheese

Unidentified Listeria -like bacteria, which lack only one of the phenotypic characteristics used to confirm Listeria spp., were isolated from cheese during routine analysis for Listeria monocytogenes . The VIDAS Listeria assay and the Listeria specific PCR or DNA probe assays used did not identify these strains as Listeria species. This group of bacteria was studied for its homogeneity using rep-PCR and PFGE. Sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene showed a homology of 94% to established Listeria spp., implicating a closer relationship than that between Listeria spp. and Brochothrix spp.     

白皮松天然群体种实性状表型多样性研究

在白皮松天然林分布区共抽取了13个群体,分别测量了5个种实性状。方差分析表明：白皮松种实性状在群体间和群体内存在广泛的变异,5个性状在群体间的F值为2.44～14.68,群体内的F值为7.48～44.53,差异均达显著或极显著水平。群体内的方差分量接近80%,是白皮松表型遗传变异的主要部分。群体间的表型分化系数V_ST=22.8%,与其他松类树种相比,分化水平处于中等偏上。各群体内变异系数和相对极差存在显著或极显著差异,根据二者的多重比较,可将13个群体按群体内表型变异程度分为4组。种子性状地理梯度变异明显, 呈东北—西南走向。种子3个性状（亲代）的表型变异系数与子代的2年生苗高和地径、1年生苗的全干重之间达到或接近显著相关。     

Phenotypic Characteristics and Virulence of Vibrio anguillarum-Related Organisms

The phenotypic, molecular, and virulence properties of 46 Vibrio anguillarum-related (VAR) strains isolated from diseased fish and shellfish and from the environment were investigated. Twelve reference strains belonging to the 10 serotypes of V. anguillarum and the Vibrio splendidus type strain were included for comparison. Numerical taxonomy studies allowed us to group the isolates into four phena. The main phenotypic traits to differentiate VAR strains from V. anguillarum were fermentation of arabinose and mannitol, indole and Voges-Proskauer reactions, gelatin and casein hydrolysis, hemolytic activity, growth at 37 and 4°C, and resistance to ampicillin. Serological analysis confirmed that phena I and II were composed mainly of strains of V. anguillarum, while phena III and IV included VAR strains. Excluding the reference strains, the typeable isolates belonged to serotypes O3 (15 strains), O4 (3 strains), and O5 (2 strains) of V. anguillarum. The infectivity trials showed that only 9 of a total of 24 strains tested displayed virulence for rainbow trout. Virulent strains (50% lethal dose ranging from 10² to 10⁶ cells) included V. anguillarum strains belonging to serotypes O1 (one strain), O2 (one strain), O3 (three isolates), and O4 (one isolate) and only three strains of the VAR group. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of lipopolysaccharide and outer membrane proteins showed heterogeneity not only among the 10 V. anguillarum serotypes but also within the VAR group. Immunoblot assays demonstrated a close relationship among V. anguillarum strains from the same serotype, while strains from different serotypes were not antigenically related. The VAR strains did not share antigenic components with the serotypes of V. anguillarum tested (serotypes O1 to O5). Plasmids were detected in only 19 of the total of 59 strains. The majority of the strains carrying plasmids were grouped within phenon IV, in which plasmid bands of 27 and 36 MDa were found in all the isolates. No correlation between the plasmid content of VAR microorganisms and their phenotypic or virulence characteristics was observed. From these results it can be concluded that VAR strains associated with disease should be included together with V. anguillarum in the formulation of vaccines against vibriosis.     

Heterogeneity of Lactobacillus plantarum isolates from feta cheese throughout ripening

Thirty-two Lactobacillus plantarum strains isolated from Feta cheese throughout ripening were studied for their phenotypic characteristics, protein profile of cell-free extracts, enzyme profiles, plasmid profiles, proteolytic and acidifying abilities and ability to grow at low pH and in the presence of bile. Results showed that some biotechnologically important characteristics, such as acidifying and proteolytic activities, can differ between strains. In addition, different plasmid profiles suggest the presence of different Lact. plantarum strains in Feta cheese throughout ripening. The results suggest the possibility of choosing strains with specific biotechnologically interesting properties.