Physiological responses of Yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus latus) to acute salinity challenge

ABSTRACT

One hundred and eight juvenile Acanthopagrus latus were transported from their natural habitat and kept in tanks (300 L) with 20 ppt salinity for 14 days. After 24h starvation, the fish were exposed to salinity of 34, 12, and 5 ppt; then, blood samples were taken after 0, 2, 24, and 48h after the exposure. Blood electrolytes did not show significant changes in response to variation in the environmental salinities. Cortisol and ALP increased (not significantly) in all groups after 2h (P<0.05) and returned to the basal value within 24 h. Glucose and lactate levels increased significantly in all experimental groups after 2h (P<0.05) and returned to the basal value within 48 and 24h, respectively. Triglyceride did not show any significant change during the trial. Our findings showed juvenile A. latus could acclimate to a range of salinities from 5% to 35% within 48h. Also, the metabolic changes were more related to the time of sampling than the salinity challenge, suggesting that adaption occurred during the time of the study.     

Effects of angler-induced exercise and air exposure on the mortality of mouth-hooked yellowfin bream (Acanthopagrus australis)

Two aquaria experiments were done to quantify the short-term (up to 10 days) mortality of mouth-hooked yellowfin bream ( Acanthopagrus australis ) after short and long playing times (5 vs 30 s) followed by different extremes in air exposure (2.5 vs 5 min). During exp. 1, 44 fish were angled from randomly-selected 5000-L holding tanks, played for 5 s, subjected to either 2.5 or 5 min air exposure and then released into replicate sea cages located in a 1050 KL pool. Appropriate numbers of controls were transferred without air exposure from an unfished 5000-L tank into separate cages in the pool. The same methodology was applied during exp. 2, except that 31 yellowfin bream were angled and played for 30 s (rather than 5 s) before being subjected to the different durations of air exposures and released. Fish were monitored for 10 and 5 days in exps. 1 and 2, respectively. Concentrations of plasma cortisol and glucose were collected from samples of fish on the first and last days of the experiments. The only mortalities were two individuals (one from each treatment) during exp. 2, attributed to clotted blood (from hook wounds) across the gill lamellae. Surviving individuals at the end of the experiments had variable elevations in plasma cortisol but not glucose, indicating acute stress responses that were probably evoked during sampling. The conclusion is that yellowfin bream are resilient to being mouth-hooked, exercised and exposed to air before being released. However, to minimise impacts, individuals should be released as soon as possible, especially when blood is present at the hook wound.     

Changes in monogenean and copepod infestation on captive Acanthopagrus australis (Sparidae)

Infection levels by 17 species of ectoparasite on 491 yellowfin bream collected throughout 1990 from Moreton Bay, S.E. Queensland were compared to infections on 82 bream collected during the same period from a captive population in a large pond at Sea World, Gold Coast, Queensland. There was a significant increase in prevalence and/or intensity of monogeneans Lamellodiscus acanthopagri and Polylabroides multispinosus , but a decrease in the monogenean Anoplodiscus australis and the copepods Ergasilus australiensis, Lernanthropus atrox, Bomolochus stocki and Alella macrotrachelus on captive fish. Twenty-eight bream collected from the pond during autumn were placed in an experimental 1 m³ cage within the pond for 4–6 weeks. Compared to the baseline data for the pond, the caged fish showed increased prevalences of the monogeneans Lamellodiscus acanthopagri, L. squamosus, L. major and Haliotrema spariensis , and increased intensities of L. squamosus, Allomurraytrema robustum and P. multispinosus. The copepod Caligus epidemicus dropped off in preservative, but its abundance (average number per fish) was significantly higher on caged fish than on pond or wild fish. Increased infection levels by L. acanthopagri and A. robustum were due in part to autoinfection. The large skin area promoted large populations of C. epidemicus.     

Comparative pathology of some monogenean and copepod ectoparasites on the gills of Acanthopagrus australis (family Sparidae)

The monogenean Haliotrema spariensis was associated with several foci of hyperplastic epithelium and varying amounts of cellular infiltration resulting from attachment by hamuli penetrating the lamellar blood vessels and, presumably, from feeding. Lamellodiscus major was associated with fewer but larger foci containing more extensive infiltration, suggesting a more sessile habit. The copepod Dermoergasilus acanthopagri encircled the filament with its second antenna, occluded arteries and compressed the epithelium, resulting in hyperplasia, oedema and infiltration. Ergasilus lizae inserted its second antennae into the epithelium and subepithelial region and was associated with a localized proliferative response occasionally fusing adjacent filaments. The large copepod Lernanthropus atrox caused tissue disruption, hyperplasia, haemorrhage, oedema and infiltration. Hyperplastic epithelial cells had a rounded nucleus containing variable amounts of heterochromatin, dilated organelles, deposits of glycogen-like particles, cyoplasmic vesicles and vacuoles. Oedematous epithelial cells were less altered. Degenerating chloride cells were present in both oedematous and proliferated epithelia.     

Blood and other possible inflammatory cells in the sparid Acanthopagrus australis (Günther)

The peripheral blood cells of Acanthopagrus australis include erythrocytes, elongated and rounded thrombocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils and monocytes. The ultrastructure of lymphocytes, neutrophils and monocytes is described. Type 1 cells with characteristic elongated, eosinophilic granules and type 2 cells with rounded, apparently labile granules are common in the gill filaments and do not increase or decrease significantly in abundance in ectoparasite-infested gill filaments. Extravascular neutrophils tend to be more evident in pathologic tissue. Lymphocytes and the macrophage-like type 3 cells are the most abundant infiltrating cells in pathologic gill tissue. Apart from ultrastructural and histochemical data, granule length and width are sufficient criteria to distinguish between the neutrophil, type 1, type 2 and type 3 cells.     

The Clearance of Lipids from the Plasma of a Teleost Fish,the Black Bream (Acanthopagrus butcheri)

1. Lipid emulsions prepared to mimic the structure and lipid composition of plasma lipoproteins were injected into the vascular compartment of the black bream. The pattern of clearance of lipid emulsions from the plasma in the fish was similar to that in mammals though the time course was slower. In this fish clearance of triglyceride and cholesteryl ester reached equilibrium by 6.5 hr. 2. The greatest rate of clearance was between 15 min and 2.5 hr. 3. Triglycerides were cleared faster than cholesteryl ester from the plasma. 4. The percentage of triglyceride and cholesteryl ester remaining in the plasma at equilibrium in the fish was significantly higher than in mammals. Uptake of cholesteryl ester by the liver was much lower. 5. Gel electrophoresis of serum showed that these fish do not have apolipoprotein E. 6. Only 30% of the triglyceride and 50% of the cholesteryl ester injected could be accounted for by tissue (muscle, liver and fat) uptake or their presence in the circulation at equilibrium.     

Observations on the attachment by the monogenean, Anoplodiscus australis, to the caudal fin of Acanthopagrus australis

The unarmed haptor of Anoplodiscus australis erodes the epidermis and attaches to the basal lamina above the stratum compactum in the caudal fin of Acanthopagrus australis by an eosinophilic, weakly PAS-positive and strongly toluidine blue-positive secretion. Ultrastructural evidence shows that the adhesive secretion, in the form of rod-shaped bodies, is produced by subtegumentary cells that connect by ducts to the thin, ventral syncytial tegument of the haptor; these bodies pass into the tegument, then coalesce in the host-parasite interface. This means of attachment has developed by an enhancement and regional specialization of the subtegumentary secretory cells associated with a syncytial tegument in monogeneans and some other platyhelminths. The available evidence indicates that the adult parasite is permanently attached.     

不同浓度镉胁迫对稗草生理特性的影响

通过室外盆栽法研究不同浓度镉(Cd)对稗草Echinochloa crusgalli生理特性的影响。结果表明,0.3 mg·kg-1 Cd2+胁迫增强稗草分蘖期的光合作用及抗氧化酶活性;但0.6、0.9 mg·kg-1 Cd2+胁迫抑制分蘖期稗草的光合作用,增强抗氧化酶活性以及提高MDA含量;3.0 mg·kg-1 Cd2+胁迫提高稗草分蘖期的抗氧化酶活性;6.0 mg·kg-1 Cd2+胁迫增加稗草分蘖期MDA含量。Cd2+浓度为0.6、6.0 mg·kg-1将抑制稗草抽穗期的光合作用,高浓度镉胁迫抑制稗草抽穗期的抗氧化酶活性。不同浓度镉胁迫下,稗草的脯氨酸含量较高,表现出较高的抗逆能力。     

热胁迫对豌豆下胚轴生理的一些影响

通过测定热驯和热胁迫下3个豌豆品种幼苗下胚轴生长、细胞膜损伤、抗坏血酸（AsA）和丙二醛（佃A）含量的变化及热激蛋白70（HSP70）表达,探讨热胁迫对豌豆生理的影响。结果表明,在48℃高温胁迫下豌豆种子萌发率下降,幼苗下胚轴生长受抑制,细胞膜受损,AsA含量下降,MDA含量升高;经37℃热驯再48℃热激处理的下胚轴长度和ASA明显高于直接热胁迫的,细胞膜受损程度和MDA含量则低于后者。HSP70测定表明,除台湾品种外,37℃热驯1h不足以诱导HSP70表达;而37℃热驯后常温恢复再48℃热激和直接48℃热激均能诱导HSP70表达,其中蒙自品种经热驯后再热激的HSP70表达量高于直接热激的。     

外源Ca(NO_3)_2对NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗生理特征的影响

以番茄品种'农城906'和"毛粉802'幼苗为材料,利用Hoagland基础培养液,研究在150 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下外源10、20、30和40 mmol/L Ca(NO3)2对番茄植株盐胁迫的缓解作用.结果显示,(1) NaCl胁迫显著降低了2个品种幼苗地上和地下部分干重、叶片叶绿素含量和根系活力,增加了幼苗的可溶性糖含量、细胞膜透性和MDA含量,同时使其CAT、POD、SOD活性显著降低;(2)添加20 mmol/L Ca(NO3)2能够有效提高盐胁迫条件下幼苗的地上和地下部干重,缓解叶绿素的降解和根系活力的下降,增加幼苗体内可溶性糖含量,降低叶片质膜透性和MDA含量,增强幼苗体内POD、CAT等细胞保护酶活性,但随着Ca(NO3)2浓度的继续增加,这种缓解作用逐渐减小.研究表明,一定浓度的外源Ca(NO3)2能有效缓解NaCl对番茄幼苗的生长和生理伤害,在一定程度上增强番茄幼苗对盐胁迫的耐受力,并以20 mmol/L Ca(NO3)2对NaCl胁迫的缓解效果最佳.     

Pathological changes in the gill filaments of Acanthopagrus australis (family Sparidae) associated with the post-settlement growth of a lernaeopodid copepod, Alella macrotrachelus

The extent of the histopathology associated with the attachment of post-settlement stages of the lernaeopodid copepod Alella macrotrachelus on the gills of Acanthopagrus australis was related to parasite size. Initial penetration of the attachment organ into the epithelium was associated with hyperplasia, oedema and accumulation of infiltrating cells in the immediate vicinity of the frontal filament or bulla. Adult parasites caused crypting and fusion of filaments with associated chronic inflammation. Penetration of the bulla into the connective tissue invoked fibroplasia and chondrocyte proliferation that enclosed the bulla. The bulla matured from the centre to the periphery by a condensation of the matrix into coarse fibrils. The bulla was delineated by a tri-laminar wall from the surrounding connective tissue fibrils.     

Effects of commercial fishing on the population structure of spawning southern calamary (Sepioteuthis australis)

This study explored population dynamics of Sepioteuthis australis on a fine temporal scale before, during, and after a 3-month commercial fishing closure on the summer inshore spawning grounds of Great Oyster Bay, Tasmania, Australia. An abrupt change in male size (mantle length) and population sex ratio after the re-opening of the commercial fishery suggests that fishing alters the population structure on the spawning beds from a ‘natural’ structure which is highly biased towards males, to a more even ratio of males to females. Although jigs are taking a representative sample of the squid population using the spawning beds at any one time, the fishery is apparently still effectively selective for males, potentially as a function of differential spawning movements of the two sexes. Increased fishing pressure over the past 5 years had been correlated with a change towards a highly male-biased sex ratio on the spawning beds; however the current study suggests that increased fishing pressure in recent years may not have reduced the proportion of females. Instead, the inter-annual change in sex ratio may reflect changes in the degree of protection from fishing, with progressively longer closures allowing time for more males to accumulate on the beds and therefore, for the proportion of males to increase (as opposed to a decrease of females). As fishing is selective for males, fishing throughout the spawning season could potentially modify the process of sexual selection and the mating behaviors of the individuals within the spawning population, highlighting the need for closures over this crucial period. Additionally, examinations and comparisons of squid population structure need to be interpreted in light of fishing pressure and broader movement patterns.     

氟胁迫下几种保护剂对佛手的生理效应

氟污染的金华佛手喷洒不同浓度的CA(OH)_2、维生素C(VC)、CE(NO_3)_3、SM(NO_3)_3,其中喷1.0G·L~(-1)CA(OH)_2、0.25G·L~(-1)VC、0.05G·L~(-1)CE(NO-3)_3、0.05G·L~(-1)SM(NO_3)_3的氟污染佛手叶片的相对电导率和丙二醛(MDA)含量较低,叶绿素含量和过氧化物酶(POD)活性较高。说明这些保护剂对氟污染的佛手有防护效应。     

四种生态型芦苇叶中离子分布对生境的生理适应

采用X射线微区分析技术,测定了4种生态型芦苇(Phragmites australis (CaV.) Trin. exSteud.)叶的表皮泡状细胞、叶肉细胞和叶脉维管束鞘细胞离子的含量.结果表明:沼泽芦苇的鞘细胞内,K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+和Cl-分布均较叶肉细胞和泡状细胞高.沙丘芦苇的泡状细胞中Ca2+分布较叶肉细胞和鞘细胞高,而Mg2+在其叶肉细胞,以及K+、Na+和Cl-在其鞘细胞内分布均较高.在轻度盐化草甸芦苇的叶肉细胞内分布较多的Na+和Mg2+,而在鞘细胞内K+、Ca2+ 和Cl-的分布均较叶肉细胞和泡状细胞为高.重度盐化草甸芦苇的泡状细胞内Na+和Mg2+的分布较多;同样,在叶肉细胞中K+、Ca2+和Cl-的分布也较多.最后,讨论了上述各种离子在不同生态型芦苇叶内分布的状况, 以及与其环境适应的生理意义.     

四种生态型芦苇叶中离子分布对生境的生理适应

采用X射线微区分析技术 ,测定了 4种生态型芦苇 (Phragmitesaustralis (CaV .)Trin .exSteud .)叶的表皮泡状细胞、叶肉细胞和叶脉维管束鞘细胞离子的含量。结果表明 :沼泽芦苇的鞘细胞内 ,K 、Na 、Ca2 、Mg2 和Cl-分布均较叶肉细胞和泡状细胞高。沙丘芦苇的泡状细胞中Ca2 分布较叶肉细胞和鞘细胞高 ,而Mg2 在其叶肉细胞 ,以及K 、Na 和Cl- 在其鞘细胞内分布均较高。在轻度盐化草甸芦苇的叶肉细胞内分布较多的Na 和Mg2 ,而在鞘细胞内K 、Ca2 和Cl- 的分布均较叶肉细胞和泡状细胞为高。重度盐化草甸芦苇的泡状细胞内Na 和Mg2 的分布较多 ;同样 ,在叶肉细胞中K 、Ca2 和Cl- 的分布也较多。最后 ,讨论了上述各种离子在不同生态型芦苇叶内分布的状况 ,以及与其环境适应的生理意义。     

盐胁迫下盐桦生理响应的变化分析

对组织培养获得的盐桦（Belula halophila）苗在盐胁迫下的生理指标和解剖结构进行了分析,结果显示,随着盐浓度的增加,植物叶片相对含水量逐渐降低;脯氨酸（Pro）含量逐渐增加;叶片丙二醛（MDA）含量和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性大小存在相关性,在50～200mmol／L盐胁迫下,植物的CAT活性是递增的,200mmol／LNaCl处理时达到最高,同时叶片MDA含量在50～200mmol／L盐处理时变化不明显;CAT活性在300mmol／LNaCl处理时突然降低,此时叶片MDA含量大;植物叶片和根的离子含量测定表明,在盐胁迫下K^＋／Na^＋比值逐渐降低,叶片中K^＋含量始终高于Na^＋含量;石蜡切片和扫描电镜发现盐桦茎、叶中有晶体状物质存在,通过X-ray分析表明这种晶体含有C,O,Ca元素,相关的细胞成分化学实验进一步确定其结晶体的成分。     

渗透胁迫和外源脱落酸对梭梭幼苗生理特性的影响

水分、渗透胁迫和外源脱落酸（ＡＢＡ）对旱生植物梭梭幼苗的某些生理特性存在显著影响。梭梭幼苗有很强的吸水能力,渗透胁迫下脯氨酸含量增加,其细胞膜相对透性对渗透胁迫不敏感,在脱水过程中具有较强的持水能力,外源ＡＢＡ加强了梭梭幼苗的抗渗透胁迫和抗脱水的能力。     

低温胁迫对乐东拟单性木兰若干生理特性影响初报

通过对乐东拟单性木兰在南京自然降温过程中质膜相对透性、渗透调节物含量、POD活性、叶绿素含量等抗寒性指标的测定与分析,结果表明：测定期间乐东拟单性木兰叶片叶绿素总量与月平均温度呈现相似的变化规律;质膜透性不断增大;可溶性糖含量与月平均最低温度呈显著相关,游离脯氨酸、POD活性总体呈现低温诱导的规律,表现为先升高再降低的变化趋势。     

Release method and anatomical hook location: effects on short-term mortality of angler-caught Acanthopagrus australis and Argyrosomus japonicus

One field and 3 aquaria experiments were done to quantify the short-term mortality of yellowfin bream Acanthopagrus australis and mulloway Argyrosomus japonicus after being angled and subjected to 3 general handling treatments. Anglers were supplied with identical J-type hooks and asked to handle hooked fish by either (1) physically removing the hook or (2) cutting the line (5 cm from the mouth of the fish) and leaving the hook in. Some hooked A. japonicus were subjected to a third handling treatment where the line was cut underwater without exposing the fish to air. Technical and biological data were collected before all fish were released into sea cages and monitored for 5 d. Control fish were seined and similarly caged and monitored. Concentrations of plasma glucose and cortisol were collected from a sample of fish on the first and last day of the experiments. Significant predictors of mortality for both species involved the presence of blood at the mouth and an interaction between anatomical hook location and hook removal. A. australis and A. japonicus that had their ingested hooks removed experienced the greatest mortalities (87.5 and 72.7%, respectively). Typically, these fish suffered damage to their oesophagus, stomach wall and vital organs. Mortality rates of A. australis and A. japonicus were significantly decreased to 1.7 and 16%, respectively, when they were released with their lines cut, with some of these fish free of hooks after 5 d. In contrast, few mortalities occurred in either species when the hooks were removed or the lines cut on mouth-hooked fish or in A. japonicus when it was released with no air exposure. For A. australis, the field- and aquaria-based experiments provided comparable results in terms of identifying treatment-specific effects, but there were potential biases in rates of hook ingestion. Irrespective of the treatment of fish, all experiments caused physiological changes measured as elevations in either plasma cortisol or glucose. We concluded that anglers should cut the line from hook-ingested A. australis and A. japonicus, but remove the hook from mouth-hooked individuals to prevent subsequent ingestion. Further research is required to examine the longer-term consequences of these handling practices on fish health.     

粗毛鳞盖蕨干旱胁迫下生理变化规律的研究

研究了粗毛鳞盖蕨（Microlepias trigosa）成熟孢子体在自然干旱胁迫处理下生理特性的变化。发现胁迫过程中其相对电导率、过氧化物酶（POD）活性、可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量上升;可溶性蛋白与丙二醛（MDA）含量先升高后降低再升高;超氧化物歧化酶（SOt））活性、叶绿素含量、总呼吸速率、净光合速率（Photo）、蒸腾速率（TrmmoI）、气孔导度（Cond）呈下降趋势;CAT活性、胞间CO2浓度（Ci）呈先升后降的趋势。表明其膜系统并未受到严重伤害;渗透调节系统起到了较好的抗脱水作用;保护酶系统虽受到抑制,但仍能发挥清除自由基的作用;呼吸及光合系统受到影响显著下降,但主要表现为植物体的自主调节。说明在胁迫过程中粗毛鳞盖蕨生理上能够迅速作出相应的适应调节,表现出对干旱胁迫后较强的恢复能力和一定的忍耐能力。