石香薷挥发油对流感A3病毒的抑制作用

评估了MCMVO体内外抗流感A3 病毒作用。在Vero细胞中测定MCMVO对流感A3 病毒所致细胞病变的抑制作用 ;在鸡胚中检测对流感A3 病毒血凝效价的抑制作用 ;在小白鼠体内测定对流感病毒性肺炎的治疗作用。结果显示 ,MCMVO在浓度大于 4.9mg/L时能有效抑制流感A3 病毒所致Vero细胞CPE。在 9日龄鸡胚中浓度为 5 0 0mg/L ,2 5 0mg/L和 5 0mg/L的MCMVO能使流感A3 病毒血凝效价由 1∶12 80分别下降到 1∶2 0 ,1∶40和1∶16 0。在给药剂量在 10 0 μg/ (g·d)以上时 ,对小鼠流感病毒性肺炎有明显的治疗作用。结果表明 ,MCMVO具有抗流感A3 病毒作用     

N-乙酰半胱氨酸体外对流感病毒H1N1的抑制作用

目的探讨N-乙酰半胱氨酸（N—acetylcysteine,NAC）在体外对流感病毒H1N1的抑制作用。方法采用MTT法、鸡胚接种法和免疫荧光法,观察NAC对流感病毒HlM的抑制作用。采用血球凝集试验、神经氨酸酶活性抑制试验和透射电镜负染技术,初步探讨NAC对流感病毒HlM的抑制机制。结果NAC在MDCK细胞上的最大无毒剂量是6．25mg／mL;流感病毒H1Nl在MDCK细胞上的半数致死感染浓度（TCID-50）为1012-2.25／100μ;在三种作用途径下（治疗性给药、预防性给药和直接灭活后给药）,NAC明显抑制了流感病毒HlNl对MDCK细胞的感染,细胞存活率分别为91．88％、93．21％、94．67％,在对照组,流感病毒H1N1感染后的细胞存活率为28．32％,两者相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;免疫荧光结果显示,与病毒对照组形成的强特异性荧光相比,三种作用途径感染MDCK细胞后的特异性荧光明显减弱;鸡胚培养法的结果显示,NAC明显抑制了流感病毒H1N1在鸡胚内的增殖,实验组血凝效价低于1：2,对照组血凝效价为1：1024;神经氨酸酶活性抑制试验和透射电镜的结果显示,NAC能够明显抑制流感病毒川N1的神经氨酸酶活性,对流感病毒H1N1的病毒体结构也有明显的破坏作用。结论NAC在体外对流感病毒川N1有明显的抑制作用,其抑制机制可能与NAC对流感病毒血凝素和神经氨酸酶活性抑制及病毒体的直接破坏有关。     

核糖体失活蛋白体内外抗病毒的实验研究

核糖体失活蛋白是一类广泛存在于高等植物细胞内的能抑制核糖体功能的植物蛋白。建立了从苦瓜籽中提纯核糖体失活蛋白的方法,蛋白质电泳结果显示提取液中含有一定量的核糖体失活蛋白。在鸡胚成纤维细胞和鸡胚上进行核糖体灭活蛋白体内外抗马立克病病毒、新城疫病毒和鸡痘病毒试验,结果均表明核糖体灭活蛋白对3种病毒有一定的抑制作用。     

随机引物PCR扩增鸡胚致死孤儿病毒DNA的研究

在电镜下观察鸭病毒性肝炎病毒鸡胚尿囊液种毒时,另看到一大小为70—80nm,无囊膜,20面体对称的病毒颗粒。为了解该污染病毒,作者挑选了4条随机引物对此未知病毒分别进行反转录PCR和直接PCR扩增,结果共扩增出3条基因片段,经测序(一个反应)后分析与禽腺病毒1型——鸡胚致死孤儿病毒基因组部分序列同源性分别高达99．5％、99．6％和99．5％。从而得知鸭病毒性肝炎病毒鸡胚尿囊液种毒受到了鸡胚致死孤儿病毒的严重污染。     

混合感染的多种亚型禽流感病毒的纯化与鉴定

【目的】研究混合感染的多种亚型禽流感病毒的纯化和鉴定方法。【方法】用鸡胚终点稀释法和鸡胚终点稀释法结合特异性血清中和法分别对2-3种已知亚型禽流感病毒的混合感染样品进行纯化,并对纯化结果用RT-PCR和血凝抑制试验进行鉴定。用建立的方法对214份禽流感病毒阳性样品进行了纯化和鉴定。【结果】用鸡胚终点稀释法对样品稀释、传代6-7次可使病毒达到纯化,但用鸡胚终点稀释法结合特异性血清中和法对样品稀释、传代4-5次即可达到病毒纯化。用RT-PCR和血凝抑制试验两种方法同时鉴定病毒的纯化效果,可明显提高准确性。用本方法从214份样品中纯化出涵盖13种亚型的禽流感病毒233株。【结论】鸡胚终点稀释法及其结合特异性血清中和法均能对禽流感病毒进行纯化,但是鸡胚终点稀释法结合特异性血清中和法更具有针对性,也更有效。另外,对纯化结果的鉴定需采取多种手段。     

随机引物PCR扩增鸡胚致死孤儿病毒DNA的研究

在电镜下观察鸭病毒性肝炎病毒鸡胚尿囊液种毒时,另看到一大小为70~80nm,无囊膜,20面体对称的病毒颗粒.为了解该污染病毒,作者挑选了4条随机引物对此未知病毒分别进行反转录PCR和直接PCR扩增,结果共扩增出3条基因片段,经测序(一个反应)后分析与禽腺病毒1型--鸡胚致死孤儿病毒基因组部分序列同源性分别高达99.5%、99.6%和99.5%.从而得知鸭病毒性肝炎病毒鸡胚尿囊液种毒受到了鸡胚致死孤儿病毒的严重污染.     

火鸡新城疫病毒的分离与鉴定

1988年北京某火鸡场暴发新城疫,从病鸡脾、脑组织分离到新城疫病毒(NDV)强毒株。现简要报告如下。 将病火鸡的脾和脑研磨,用生理盐水1:5稀释,接种9日龄非免疫鸡胚3只,收集24小时后死亡的鸡胚尿囊液,即为待测病毒。低温冰箱保存备用,红细胞为非免疫鸡红细胞,生理盐水洗4次,配成0.5％浓度,4℃冰箱保存。     

黄酮类化合物对禽流感病毒的抑制作用

采用鸡胚培养法探讨黄酮类化合物对禽流感H5N1亚型病毒的抑制作用。实验分三种给药方式:即直接作用、先感染病毒后用药和先加药后感染。第一种给药方式说明黄酮类化合物可以直接灭活H5N1病毒;第二种给药方式说明黄酮类化合物可通过抑制流感病毒唾液酶的活性,从而抑制病毒粒子的复制;第三种给药方式反映一定浓度的药物可以阻断病毒对细胞的吸附作用。结果表明,黄酮类化合物对禽流感病毒的预防及治疗均有显著效果。     

满山香水煎液对流行性感冒病毒的抑制效果观察

一、满山香水煎液75％浓度,在鸡胚内对流感病毒亚．洲甲型赣防71-5株、京科68一1株(60EID50感染量)均有较明显的抑制作用。 二、“毒一药”或“药一毒”,虽感染和注药先后不同(相隔60分钟),其抑制效果无显著差异。 三、鸡胚尿襄腔感染病毒,60分钟后,经卵黄襄注药,对流感病毒赣防71-5株,京科68-1株也均有抑制作用。 四、阴性尿液经鸡胚尿囊腔盲传两代后,除个别血凝转阳外,大部分仍为阴性,药液在鸡胚内的抑毒作用比较显著。     

自研培养基在人用鸡胚狂犬病疫苗中的应用

目的评估自主研发培养基QS作为首选培养基用于冻干人用狂犬病疫苗(鸡胚成纤维细胞)生产过程的可行性。方法分别制备基于自主研发培养基QS和其他3种商业化培养基(X1、X2、X3)的鸡胚成纤维细胞悬液,观察和比较细胞形态和生长特性;以Flury HEP株接种鸡胚成纤维细胞(MOI=0.003),分别通过直接免疫荧光法、蛋白质印迹法(Western blotting)和酶联免疫吸附测定(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)比较不同培养基条件下收获液中病毒滴度和G蛋白含量。结果在细胞浓度1×10~6个/mL条件下,4种培养基培养的鸡胚成纤维细胞在形态上均无显著区别;但是自主研发培养基QS和X2的病毒收获液的G蛋白含量在第4天时分别为0.66 IU/mL和0.63 IU/mL,高于X1的0.5 IU/mL和X3的0.3 IU/mL。在第6天时分别为0.92 IU/mL和0.88 IU/mL,高于X1的0.64 IU/mL和X3的0.52 IU/mL,说明基于自主研发培养基QS和X2的病毒收获液在G蛋白含量方面具有明显优势。结论自主研发培养基QS可以用于冻干人用狂犬病疫苗(鸡胚成纤维细胞)的生产。     

大鼠细小病毒H-1株培养方法的建立

目的建立用大鼠胶质瘤细胞系（Rat glial cell line C6）替代大鼠原代胚细胞（primary rat embryocells,RE）培养大鼠细小病毒（Toolan virus,H-1）的方法。方法 将0.8 mL H-1病毒接种C6细胞（75T培养瓶,细胞接种量为2×105/mL,培养过夜）,待细胞病变CPE达＋＋～＋＋＋时,用免疫荧光（FITC）鉴定所培养病毒的抗原,用血球凝集试验（HA）测定培养物上清效价,用DNA测序鉴定所培养的病毒,用96孔板培养法测定H-1病毒的TCID50。结果H-1在接种到C6细胞的第3～4天,细胞发生明显的病变,CPE可达＋＋＋＋,FITC鉴定呈H-1抗原阳性,病毒的培养上清中HA效价为1∶320。测序结果表明：该病毒序列与NCBI中H-1序列同源性达99%,确定为H-1病毒。收获的H-1的TCID50为103.2/0.1 mL。结论用大鼠胶质瘤细胞系（C6）可以替代大鼠原代胚细胞（RE）进行大鼠细小病毒的培养。     

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide inhibits dengue virus infection of primary human monocytes/macrophages by blockade of virus entry via a CD14-dependent mechanism

Monocytes/macrophages (MO/Mphi) are the major target cells for both dengue virus (DV) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the aim of this study was to define their interactions. We had found that LPS markedly suppressed DV infection of primary human MO/Mphi when it was added to cultures prior to or together with, but not after, viral adsorption. The inhibitory effect of LPS was direct and specific and was not mediated by LPS-induced secretion of cytokines and chemokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, alpha interferon, MIP-1alpha, and RANTES. In fact, productive DV infection was not blocked but was just postponed by LPS, with a time lag equal to one viral replication cycle. Time course studies demonstrated that LPS was only effective in suppressing DV infection of MO/Mphi that had not been previously exposed to the virus. At various time points after viral adsorption, the level of unbound viruses that remained free in the culture supernatants of LPS-pretreated cultures was much higher than that of untreated controls. These observations suggest that the LPS-induced suppression of DV replication was at the level of virus attachment and/or entry. Blockade of the major LPS receptor, CD14, with monoclonal antibodies MY4 or MoS39 failed to inhibit DV infection but could totally abrogate the inhibitory effect of LPS. Moreover, human serum could significantly enhance the LPS-induced DV suppression in a CD14-dependent manner, indicating that the "binding" of LPS to CD14 was critical for the induction of virus inhibition. Taken together, our results suggest that LPS blocked DV entry into human MO/Mphi via its receptor CD14 and that a CD14-associated cell surface structure may be essential for the initiation of a DV infection.     

清热消炎复方制剂抗流感病毒作用的研究

为评价清热消炎复方制剂(简称AI)的抗流感病毒活性,我们以病毒唑为对照,通过在体外观察病毒致细胞病变效应(CPE)、MTT细胞染色检查病毒抑制率和检测病毒血凝滴度;在体内观察其对染毒小鼠的死亡保护作用,对小鼠流感病毒性肺炎的抑制作用,以及对小鼠肺内病毒增殖的影响,从而判定其抗流感病毒作用。结果发现AI在160ug/mL时能完全抑制流感病毒在MDCK细胞内的增殖复制作用。体内实验中0.1g/kg,0.5g/kg,1.2g/kg3个剂量均能明显降低染毒小鼠的致死率,延长平均存活时间:降低肺炎小鼠的肺指数和血凝滴度(P<0.01)。其作用与病毒唑相当。结论认为清热消炎复方制剂是一种有效的体内、体外抗流感病毒中药复方制剂。     

Application of a serum-free medium for the growth of Vero cells and the production of reovirus

Two strains of reovirus (serotype 1 Lang/TIL and serotype 3 Dearing/T3D) were propagated in Vero cells grown in stationary or agitated cultures in a serum-free medium, M-VSFM. Solid microcarriers (Cytodex-1) were used to support cell growth in agitated cultures with a normal doubling time of 25 h. Cell yields of 1 x 10(6) cells/mL were obtained from an inoculum of 2 x 10(5) cells/mL in 4 days in microcarrier cultures. The growth profile and cell yield was not significantly different from serum-supplemented cultures. The virus titer increased by 3-4 orders of magnitude over a culture period of 150 h. The maximum virus titer in stationary cultures reached >1 x 10(9) pfu/mL for both strains of reovirus in M-VSFM. M-VSFM also supported high viral yields in microcarrier cultures. Both the specific productivity and final viral yield was higher in M-VSFM than serum-supplemented cultures. The high viral productivity suggests that this is a suitable system for the production of reovirus as an oncolytic agent for human therapeutic use.     

Persistent infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 in an Ia antigen-positive murine macrophage cell line

The interaction of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) with murine macrophage cell lines was examined. The cell lines appeared to be moderately permissive for HSV-1 replication, though the yield of the virus was limited compared with that in Vero cells. Furthermore, the murine macrophage cell line SL-1, bearing Ia antigen, was persistently infected with HSV-1 for over one year, and was designated SL-1/KOS. Persistent infection could not be established in an Ia antigen-negative macrophage cell line, SL-4. In the SL-1/KOS culture, there was a small number of infected cells as revealed by infectious center assay. Treatment with monoclonal antibody against HSV-1 cured the persistent infection. Therefore maintenance of the persistent infection is considered to be due to a carrier culture consisting of a minority of infected cells and a majority of uninfected cells. In the SL-1/KOS cultures a low level of interferon (IFN) was found. When a large amount of exogenous recombinant murine IFN-beta (10(5)-10(6) international units/ml) was added to the culture, virus production diminished to undetectable levels. These results suggest that IFN plays an important role in the maintenance of persistent infection. In long-term persistently infected cultures, syncytium formation appeared and the virus from such cultures had a different DNA structure from that of the virus originally used for infection as revealed by restriction endonuclease analysis.     

Evaluation of Factors Related to Growth of Rift Valley Fever Virus in Suspended Cell Cultures

The effect of several controlled variables on the peak titer and fold increase of Rift Valley fever virus grown in suspension culture on two variants of Earle's L cell, L-DR and L-MA clone 1-1, was studied. No significant amount of cell-associated virus was found at 24 hr, indicating a release of virus soon after its formation. Mild sonic treatment of the virus produced in serum-free medium increased the infective titer about 10x. This difference was not observed with virus produced in medium supplemented with serum. Peak titer was not affected by medium used during the infection period, by multiplicity of inoculum (MOI), or by initial cell concentration within the test range of 10(4) to 2 x 10(6) cell/ml. Cell strain employed influenced titer, because the L-DR cell did not produce virus efficiently at low MOI and low initial cell concentration. The time of peak titer and fold replication was dependent on MOI and initial cell concentration. Differences in virus propagation in monolayer and suspension systems are discussed.     

Production of reovirus type-1 and type-3 from Vero cells grown on solid and macroporous microcarriers

Two strains of reovirus were propagated in Vero cells grown in stationary or microcarriers cultures. Vero cells grown as monolayers on T-flasks or in spinner cultures of Cytodex-1 or Cultispher-G microcarriers could be infected with reovirus serotype 1, strain Lang (T1L), and serotype 3, strain Dearing (T3D). A regime of intermittent low speed stirring at reduced culture volume was critical to ensure viral infection of cells in microcarrier cultures. The virus titre increased by 3 to 4 orders of magnitude over a culture period of 150 h. Titres of the T3D reovirus strain were higher (43%) compared to those of the T1L strain in all cultures. Titres were significantly higher in T-flask and Cytodex-1 microcarrier cultures compared to Cultispher-G cultures with respect to either reovirus type. The viral productivity in the microcarrier cultures was dependent upon the multiplicity of infection (MOI) and the cell/bead ratio at the point of infection. A combination of high MOI (5 pfu/cell) and high cell/bead loading (>400 for Cytodex-1 and >1,000 for Cultispher-G) resulted in a low virus productivity per cell. However, at low MOI (0.5 pfu/cell) the virus productivity per cell was significantly higher at high cell/bead loading in cultures of either microcarrier type. The maximum virus titre (8.5 x 10(9) pfu/mL) was obtained in Cytodex-1 cultures with a low MOI (0.5 pfu/cell) and a cell/bead loading of 1,000. The virus productivity per cell in these cultures was 4,000 pfu/cell. The lower viral yield in the Cultispher-G microcarrier cultures is attributed to a decreased accessibility of the entrapped cells to viral infection. The high viral productivity from the Vero cells in Cytodex-1 cultures suggests that this is a suitable system for the development of a vaccine production system for the Reoviridae viruses.     

Inhibitory effect of heparin on herpes simplex virus

Nahmias, André J. (Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass.), and Sidney Kibrick. Inhibitory effect of heparin on herpes simplex virus. J. Bacteriol. 87:1060-1066. 1964.-A substance inhibitory to herpes simplex virus was observed during experiments with leukocyte cultures. The component in the cultures responsible for this inhibition was identified as heparin. The minimal inhibitory concentration required to inhibit 30 to 300 tcd(50) of the virus in human amnion tissue culture was found to be 1 to 2 units per ml (10 to 20 mug/ml). This effect was confirmed with other strains of herpes simplex virus, other tissue-culture systems, and other media. The inhibitory activity of the heparin was found to be related to the sulfate groupings on the molecule. The effect of heparin appears to be on the virus, rather than on the cell. The virus is not inactivated, however, and the heparin-virus "complex" is readily dissociable on dilution. Heparin was shown to affect viral infection in its earliest phase, probably at the primary electrostatic attachment of virus to cell. The import of these and related observations on common virological laboratory procedures and the possible biological significance of our findings are discussed.     

CSF-1-induced resistance to viral infection in murine macrophages

Murine peritoneal thioglycollate-elicited macrophages were cultured for 3 days in the presence or absence of highly purified human macrophage colony stimulating factor (CSF-1). The cells were then challenged with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) for 24 hr. Ability to resist viral infection was measured in two ways. First, macrophage viability after infection with VSV was measured by washing to remove dead cells, staining the remaining cells with crystal violet, and reading absorbance. Second, a yield reduction assay was used to measure viral replication in the macrophage cultures. Cells treated with CSF-1 (500 to 2000 U/ml) and infected with VSV looked similar microscopically to uninfected cells and had absorbance values twofold to threefold higher than those of infected cultures not treated with CSF-1. The CSF-1-treated cultures also had a virus titer one log lower than that of the untreated cultures. Treatment with partially purified murine CSF-1 induced a similar reduction in virus titer, whereas other murine CSF tested (purified murine GM-CSF, lung-conditioned medium that contains GM-CSF and G-CSF, and WEHI-3B-conditioned medium as a source of IL 3) had little to no effect on virus titer. Antibody to murine IFN-alpha/beta added to the macrophage cultures inhibited the protective effect of CSF-1, indicating that the CSF-1 effect was due to induction of endogenous IFN. Treatment with lipopolysaccharide (1 ng/ml) had some protective effect, which was blocked with polymyxin B. Polymyxin B did not inhibit the effect of CSF-1.