利用野生大豆资源创新优质抗病大豆新种质

利用野生大豆与栽培大豆种间杂交中间材料与高产栽培大豆回交转育,创新选育出蛋白质含量45％以上,蛋脂总含量63％以上,分别抗大豆疫霉根腐病,抗大豆灰斑病,农艺性状优良的大豆创新种质资源3份。其中,龙品8802-1抗大豆疫霉根腐病兼抗大豆灰斑病,蛋白质含量45．64％,脂肪含量18．42％,蛋脂总含量64．06％;龙品01-757抗大豆灰斑病,蛋白质含量45．99％,脂肪含量19．4％,蛋脂总含量65．39％;龙品9501,中抗大豆灰斑病,蛋白质含量45．11％,脂肪含量18．32％,蛋脂总含量63．43％。研究结果表明,利用含有野生大豆血缘的种间杂交材料与高产栽培大豆回交,是拓宽大豆遗传基础,创新选育优质、抗病、农艺性状优良大豆新种质资源的有效途径。     

拟南芥与大豆疫霉菌的非寄主互作及一个感病突变体的遗传分析

非寄主抗病性是一种普遍的自然现象, 该文通过建立拟南芥-大豆疫霉菌(Arabidopsis thaliana-Phytophthora sojae)非寄主互作系统, 筛选对大豆疫霉菌感病的拟南芥突变体, 为研究植物对卵菌的非寄主抗病性遗传机制奠定基础。以大豆疫霉菌游动孢子接种拟南芥T-DNA插入突变体离体叶片, 从代表12 000个独立转化株系的40 000株T₃代T-DNA插入拟南芥突变体中获得一系列对大豆疫霉菌感病的突变体。其中突变体581-51感病性状表现稳定, 离体叶片接菌后3天内出现明显的水渍状病斑, 4–5天后产生大量卵孢子和/或孢子囊。细胞学观察发现有典型的吸器形成。Southern杂交和遗传分析结果表明, 581-51突变体含有4个T-DNA插入事件, 其感病性状可能由隐性单基因控制。     

拟南芥与大豆疫霉菌的非寄主互作及一个感病突变体的遗传分析

非寄主抗病性是一种普遍的自然现象,该文通过建立拟南芥．大豆疫霉菌（Arabidopsis thaliana—Phytophthora sojae）非寄主互作系统,筛选对大豆疫霉菌感病的拟南芥突变体,为研究植物对卵菌的非寄主抗病性遗传机制奠定基础。以大豆疫霉菌游动孢子接种拟南芥T—DNA插入突变体离体叶片,从代表12000个独立转化株系的40000株T3代T。DNA插入拟南芥突变体中获得一系列对大豆疫霉菌感病的突变体。其中突变体581-51感病性状表现稳定,离体叶片接菌后3天内出现明显的水渍状病斑,4—5天后产生大量卵孢子和／或孢子囊。细胞学观察发现有典型的吸器形成。Southern杂交和遗传分析结果表明,581—51突变体含有4个T-DNA插入事件,其感病性状可能由隐性单基因控制。     

大豆抗灰斑病主基因的发现与遗传研究

利用高抗品种东农9674与感病品种杂交,在田间多个生理小种共存条件下研究大豆灰斑病抗性的遗传规律,发现杂交后代的抗性表现具有明显的质量性状遗传特征,F1代表现完全显性,F2代的抗感分离比例在个别组合接近3:1。采用数量性状的主要基因-多基因混合遗传模型对抗性的遗传进行模型的判别与遗传参数的估计,发现抗性遗传存在明显的主要因效应,分别符合一个主基因 多基因加显性模型及两个基因独立遗传模型。主基因的加性、显性以及主基因之间的相互作用普遍存在,对抗病性的遗传起很大作用。     

大豆的农艺性状与大豆灰斑病抗性关系的初步分析

对大豆灰斑病抗性水平不同的品种资源的农艺性状,包括结荚习性、株型、叶形、花色、茸毛色进行调查分析,结果表明,在灰斑病抗性较好的品种中,分枝型、圆叶、紫花、棕色茸毛的品种所占比率较大,这种现象可供今后灰斑病抗源筛选及抗灰斑病育种参考.     

大豆的农艺性状与大豆灰斑病抗性关系的初步分析

对大豆灰斑病抗性水平不同的品种资源的农艺性状,包括结荚习性、株型、叶形、花色、茸毛色进行调查分析,结果表明,在灰斑病抗性较好的品种中,分枝型、圆叶、紫花、棕色茸毛的品种所占比率较大,这种现象可供今后灰斑病抗源筛选及抗灰斑病育种参考。     

小麦抗条锈病近等基因系感染条锈病后丁布含量变化

选用2套遗传背景不同的抗条锈病近等基因系作为供试寄主材料,研究了不同抗条锈病近等基因系丁布的含量及其在感病过程中丁布含量的动态变化.结果表明,在未受病菌侵染情况下,2套分别含有Yr2、Yr9和YrSpP基因的近等基因系（抗病系）与其轮回亲本Taichung 29、铭贤169(感病系)间丁布含量没有显著差异（P＞0.05）.接种条锈病菌后,感病系在病菌侵染初期丁布含量下降,而抗病系在病菌侵染初期丁布含量迅速大幅度上升.感染条锈病最终导致感病植株丁布含量比未接种的植株明显减少, 感病系的减少幅度明显高于抗病系.在整个病程中,抗病系丁布的含量始终高于感病系,表明接种条件下小麦植株体内丁布含量变化与小麦抗条锈近等基因系的抗性有关.     

大豆品种早熟18抗疫霉根腐病基因的SSR分子标记

大豆品种早熟18是抗疫霉根腐病的有效抗源。本研究鉴定和分子标记早熟18的抗疫霉根腐病基因,以期为该品种的有效利用及分子辅助育种奠定基础。以感病大豆品种Williams与早熟18杂交建立分离群体。抗性遗传分析表明,早熟18对大豆疫霉菌抗性由1个显性单基因控制,该基因被定名为RpsZS18。SSR标记连锁分析表明,RpsZS18位于大豆分子遗传连锁群D1b上的SSR标记Sat_069和Sat_183之间,与这两个标记的遗传距离分别为10．0cM和8．3cM。RpsZS18是D1b连锁群上鉴定的第一个抗疫霉根腐病基因。     

大豆种质资源对灰斑病抗性鉴定评价

近年来,随着大豆品种和气候的变化,灰斑病在黑龙江大豆产区广泛发生,并呈逐年加重的趋势.为了筛选出可在生产或育种中利用的抗病材料,本试验在人工接种条件下,对1073份大豆材料进行抗灰斑病鉴定和评价,结果表明,高抗材料33份、抗病材料291份、中抗材料332份、感病材料381份、高感材料36份,分别占供试材料的3.1％、27.1％、30.9％、35.5％、3.4％.对1、6、7号出现频率较高的优势生理小种鉴定结果是高抗和抗病材料分别为161份、68份、95份,分别占供试材料的15％、6.3％、8.9％.在现行大豆种质资源中,具有比较丰富的抗病资源.     

黑龙江省主要栽培大豆品种(系)对大豆疫霉根腐病的多抗性评价

用下胚轴伤口接种方法接种鉴定黑龙江省60个栽培大豆品种和育成品系对5个具有不同毒力大豆疫霉菌菌株41-4、PMCl、USAR4、PSZJ6和USAR17的抗性.有50个品种(系)抗1个或1个以上茵株或表现中间类型,其中有5个、8个、16个和21个品种(系)分别对4个、3个、2个和1个菌株表现抗性或中间类型.60个品种(系)对5个菌株共产生12种反应模式,其中呈RRSSR反应类型的品种(系)可能含有Rpslα或Rpslc基因,品系农大3861可能含有Rps3c基因,呈SSSSS反应模式的品种(系)可能含有Rps7基因,或不含抗病基因;其它9种反应模式与含有已知单基因品种或单基因组合的反应模式不同,可能具有未知抗病基因.该研究结果表明,黑龙江省具有较丰富的抗大豆疫霉根腐病大豆品种(系),大部分品种(系)的抗性是有效的,可合理地用于大豆生产和抗疫霉根腐病育种.     

Incidence and severity of frogeye leaf spot and associated yield losses in soybeans in agroecological zone II of Zambia

The incidence and severity of frogeye leaf spot of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) was studied in agroecological region II of Zambia during the 1997/98 crop growing season. A survey was conducted on farmers' fields on SCSI Kaleya, Magoye and Hernon-147 cultivars. Disease incidence and severity was assessed by monitoring disease increments at two weeks interval (beginning of January to April) from nine fields, three from each province. Soybean cultivars were evaluated for yield losses resulting from frogeye leaf spot. Field plots of each cultivar were either sprayed twice with benomyl (benlate) or not sprayed at all. The results showed that the incidence of frogeye leaf spot was highest in Southern province (5.1), followed by Lusaka province (4.9) while Central province had the lowest disease incidence (1.8). Values for area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) were significantly greater (P < 0.05) for Lusaka and Southern provinces than for Central province. Yields in benomyl protected plots ranged from 1444 kg ha⁻¹ to 2320 kg ha⁻¹ and were significantly different among the cultivars. Average yields of non protected plants were reduced by 30.5% for Kaleya, 35.6% for Hernon-147 and 37.2% for SCS1. Incidence and severity increased with time and varied depending on weather parameters and susceptibility of cultivars to the disease. Yield losses due to frogeye leaf spot occurred through a reduction in seed size. Differences in weather conditions and amount of inocula are believed to contribute to the observed variation in incidence and severity of the disease at different locations. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

大豆蛋白含量新位点qPRO-19-1的定位

大豆是重要的粮食作物和经济作物,其籽粒蛋白约为40%,是植物蛋白的重要来源之一。国产大豆主要用于食用,提高大豆蛋白含量是主要的育种目标。因此,发掘大豆蛋白含量相关基因,对开发分子标记并培育高蛋白食用大豆具有重要意义。本研究以低蛋白大豆品种中黄35为母本,以源自日本的高蛋白大豆十胜长叶为父本,构建了重组自交系(RIL,recombination inbred lines)群体。利用集群分离分析法(BSA,bulked segregant analysis)在3条染色体筛选出9个与蛋白含量相关的SSR标记,其中位于19号染色体的QTL尚未见报道。进一步利用完备区间作图法(ICIM-ADD)分析RIL群体F_2:15和F_2:16,在19号染色体重复定位了1个蛋白质含量相关QTL qPRO-19-1,位于分子标记SSR_19_38和SSR_19_59之间,LOD值分别为3.43和3.98,贡献率分别为7.81%和14.87%,高蛋白等位基因来自于高蛋白亲本十胜长叶。qPRO-19-1的定位区间长度为385 kb,共有注释基因36个。本研究定位了蛋白质含量相关的新位点qPRO-19-1,为大豆高蛋白基因的图位克隆及分子标记育种奠定了基础。     

Assessment of resurgence of bacterial blight and its effect on cotton yield in northern Nigeria

Abstract

Cotton production in Nigeria causes fluctuating socio-economic and biotic factors. Bacterial blight induced by Xanthomonas campestris pv malvacearum causes the greatest yield loss annually. A study was therefore carried out to investigate the resurgence of the disease on 10 different cotton genotypes in Dowaya, Kem and Ngurore which are the major cotton areas of Adamawa state of Nigeria under field conditions. Other objectives were to determine the relationship between the different manifestations of bacterial blight and the yield of seed cotton and to identify resistance in the selected genotypes to the disease manifestations. Results revealed the presence of angular leaf spot, vein and boll rot manifestations of the disease in the study areas. The absence of vein blight symptoms in the Kem location did not result in higher yield because the severity of the leaf spot for this location was relatively higher than for the other two locations. Results also revealed that despite the high severity of angular leaf spot, high boll rot and vein blight incidences observed particularly on SAMCOT-11, SAMCOT-13 and ex-Benin in these locations with a high yield of seed cotton was recorded. The three multi-adversity resistant genotypes (MAR), TX-CDP37HH-1-83, TAMCOT SP-21S and TAMCOT CAMD-E recorded relatively lower severity and incidences in both cases. There was, however, a significantly negative correlation between angular leaf spot severity, boll rot incidence and yield at Kem location, significant negative correlation between angular leaf spot severity, boll rot incidence, vein blight and yield at Dowaya location, as well as significant negative correlation between angular leaf spot severity, vein blight and yield at Ngurore location. The tolerant and high yielding SAMCOT-11, SAMCOT-13 and ex-Benin should through breeding work be improved to be used for production in this area and its surroundings.     

Effect of Leaf Infection by Kabatiella zeae on Stalk Rot Prevalence and Grain Yield of Maize Hybrids

Eight maize hybrids were tested for resistance to eyespot (Kabatiella zeae) and stalk rot (Fusarium spp.) under field conditions in 1993–1995. The relationship between eyespot and stalk rot and their effect on grain yield of hybrids were studied. Effectiveness of the prochloraz fungicide in controlling both diseases was evaluated. The experiments were performed in three subtrials where plants were naturally infected, inoculated with K. zeae or treated with the fungicide, Sportak 450 EC. The relationship between intensity of leaf damage by eyespot and incidence of stalk rot has been evidently confirmed. High infection of leaf by K. zeae reduced grain yield of hybrids. However, considerable differences in prevalence of disease and yield losses were noted in successive years. The intensity of eyespot depended upon environmental conditions highly variable over the years: it was enhanced by low temperature and high air humidity in July and August. Hybrids showed significant differences in susceptibility to both diseases. Mona – hybrid from the USA and two experimental hybrids from Poland were less affected by diseases than Smolimag and Hidosil (commercial hybrids from Poland). The fungicide Sportak was effective in controlling eyespot and had an indirect influence on decreasing fusarium stalk rot.     

Physiological and Biochemical Analysis of Somaclones Derived from Leaf Explants of Lathyrus sativus

Low ODAP somaclones have been evaluated for physiological and biochemical parameters especially in relation to attributes that lead to increased biomass production. All the somaclones during development had substantially lower ODAP content in leaves as compared to parent P24. Considerable variation was observed in relation to leaf width, leaf length, internodal length and leaf area. Somaclone Bio L12 had the highest whereas parent P24 and Bi0164 had the least leaf area. Harvest index was the highest and biomass production was the lowest in the Bio 164. Bio L08 gave the highest seed yield. Photosynthetic rates were also higher in Bio L12, although no significant positive correlation was observed in leaf photosynthesis and seed yield. The differences in physiolpgical and biochemical parameters indicate the possibility of development of high yielding genotypes. The results in present investigation show differences in photosynthetic rate, leaf characteristics, seed yield and ODAP content among somalones and parent. Somaclones with extremely low ODAP content with variability in leaf morphology and photosynthetic rate is indicative of variation induced during plant tissue culture.     

陆海BC_4F_3和BC_4F_(3:4)代换系纤维产量与品质的表型评价

对陆海BC4F3和BC4F3:4代换系群体的纤维产量与品质的表型性状进行初步评价分析,结果表明,群体代换系各性状平均值与轮回亲本中棉所45相近,但群体内部个体间仍存在丰富的遗传变异,其中不乏超越中棉所45的材料。从中筛选20个纤维品质突出单株(株行),2年的上半部平均长度高于30.00 mm,断裂比强度高于31.0 c N/tex,表现较好的一致性和稳定性,为进一步棉花纤维品质育种提供了选择材料。