两种贝类养殖环境特征污染物的筛选方法研究

采用Micro Tox Model500发光细菌毒性检测仪,对Cu、Pb、Cd、Hg、As、Cr、Zn、石油类、DDT、甲基对硫磷农药(MP)等10种贝类养殖环境污染物进行发光细菌抑制试验。对己知污染物的浓度与其相对应的发光强度进行回归分析,建立相关方程,求出相对发光度为50%时所对应污染物的浓度,即EC₅₀值,将其定义为相对毒性系数(RT),该值越小,表示污染物毒性越大。结果显示,上述10种污染物的相对毒性(RT)大小顺序为DDT>Hg>Cu=Zn>Cd>Cr>Pb=石油类>MP>As;结合两种贝类对上述污染物的生物富集系数(BCF),以RT/BCF值作为最终绝对毒性大小比较的指标,比值越小,危害影响越大,污染物应优先被选择作为环境特征污染物进行监测。经试验分析,缢蛏和泥蚶的养殖环境特征污染物的优先检测顺序分别为,缢蛏:Hg>Cd>Zn>Cu>As>Cr>Pb(椒江口),Cd>Pb>Cu(舟山海域),Cu>Zn>Cr>Pb(长江口);泥蚶:Cd>Pb>Cu(宁波、舟山海域),Cu>Cd>Pb(温州海域)。     

生物扰动对沉积物中污染物环境行为的影响研究进展

生物扰动由于显著改变沉积物结构和性质,进而影响沉积物中污染物的环境行为。综述生物扰动对沉积物中氮、磷、重金属和疏水性有机污染物环境行为的影响。生物扰动促进这些污染物从沉积物向水体释放。生物扰动还对不同的污染物产生其它不同的影响。对于氮,生物扰动还影响其硝化与反硝化作用;对于磷,生物扰动不仅改变其化学形态,还提高有机磷降解。对于重金属,生物扰动还能改变其在沉积物中的分布及化学形态。对于疏水性有机污染物,生物扰动主要增强生物富集和代谢,以及提高生物降解。     

陆地生态系统中水溶性有机物动态及其环境学意义

水溶性有机物(DOM)是陆地生态系统中最活跃的有机碳库,也是土壤圈层与相关圈层进行物质与能量交换的重要表现形式,它对重金属、养分元素和有机污染物的活化、迁移与生态毒性有较大影响,在农业土壤溶液中DOM浓度通常在10～80mgC·L^-1,湿地土壤中多数在25～50mgC·L^-1,与森林土壤剖面淋滤水中的DOM相近,但在某些微域土壤环境(如根际和有机肥施用点附近)中DOM浓度可高达200～1000mgC·L^-1,不同来源的DOM在土壤中的迁移性与降解性明显不同,含低分子量组分或亲水性组分较多的DOM不易被土壤吸持而易被微生物降解,pH值相对较高的土壤(如石灰性土壤)对DOM吸附较弱,但pH较低和含有大量氧化物的土壤(如红壤、赤红壤和砖红壤等)则对DOM的吸附较强,施用石灰、土壤淹水或干湿交替、温度升高等有利于土壤保持较高的DOM浓度,由于DOM-金属配合物的形成,DOM能明显促进土壤重金属活化和向下迁移,而且DOM中低分子量或亲水性组分所占比例越低活化作用越强,同样地,由于DOM具有两亲性质,也能明显提高疏水性有机污染物(如农药和持久难降解有机污染物)的水溶性,增加其对环境污染的风险,特别是含疏水性组分越多的DOM这种作用越强．可以认为,继续加强有关DOM在陆地生态系统中产生与消长规律,特别是DOM及其与污染物的配合物从陆地生态系统向水体迁移的机理及其通量的研究,对合理预测污染物的环境行为和科学地进行环境风险评估有重要意义。     

硝酸盐还原促进毒害性有机污染物降解的研究进展

大量具有高毒性、持久性和生物蓄积性的有机污染物被排放到环境中,对生态环境和人类健康造成了严重威胁。近年来,利用硝酸盐作电子受体在厌氧条件下降解毒害性有机污染物,已取得一定的进展。本文综述了硝酸盐还原体系中几种典型毒害性有机污染物(多环芳烃、单环或杂环芳烃类有机物及卤代有机物)的厌氧降解研究进展。在此基础上,提出了硝酸盐还原促进毒害性有机污染物降解研究中存在的主要问题及其在加速污染环境净化方面的应用前景。     

某焦化场地土壤多环芳烃污染数据的统计特征

分析污染场地调查数据的统计特征能够帮助判别污染物在场地中的空间变异特征以及污染来源和成因.本文以我国某焦化场地为对象,对采集的表层土壤114个样点16种多环芳烃(PAHs)含量数据进行多元统计和空间特征分析.结果表明:每种污染物的含量范围差异显著,具有高度的偏倚性;多元统计分析提取的前2个主成分可以有效代表原场地污染数据信息.选择苯并(a)蒽、苯并(b,k)荧蒽、苯并(a)芘和茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘4种污染物进行趋势分析和空间局部变异分析,在场地的东西和南北方向的污染物含量均表现出由低到高再到低的变化趋势,空间变异系数在场地的中部、西北及西南较高,其他区域变异系数较低.     

某焦化场地土壤多环芳烃污染数据的统计特征

分析污染场地调查数据的统计特征能够帮助判别污染物在场地中的空间变异特征以及污染来源和成因.本文以我国某焦化场地为对象,对采集的表层土壤114个样点16种多环芳烃(PAHs)含量数据进行多元统计和空间特征分析.结果表明: 每种污染物的含量范围差异显著,具有高度的偏倚性;多元统计分析提取的前2个主成分可以有效代表原场地污染数据信息.选择苯并(a)蒽、苯并(b,k)荧蒽、苯并(a)芘和茚并(1,2,3 cd)芘4种污染物进行趋势分析和空间局部变异分析,在场地的东西和南北方向的污染物含量均表现出由低到高再到低的变化趋势,空间变异系数在场地的中部、西北及西南较高,其他区域变异系数较低.     

根际圈在污染土壤修复中的作用与机理分析

根际圈以植物根系为中心聚集了大量的生命物质及其分泌物,构成了极为独特的“生态修复单元”。本文叙述了根在根际圈污染土壤修复中的生理生态作用,富集、固定重金属,吸收、降解有机污染物等功能;菌根真菌对根际圈内重金属的吸收、屏障及螯合作用,对有机污染物的降解作用;根际圈内细菌对重金属的吸附与固定,对有机污染物的降解作用以及根际圈真菌和细菌的联合修复作用等,同时对可能存在的机理进行了分析,认为根际圈对污染土壤的修复作用是植物修复的重要组成部分和主要理论基础之一,并指出利用重金属超富集植物修复重金属污染土壤具有广阔的应用前景;筛选对水溶性有机污染物高吸收富集及其根 发泌能力强的特异植物,同时接种利于有机污染物降解的专性或非专性真菌和细菌可能会成为有机污染土壤植物修复研究的重要方向之一。     

辽河河口区河流中石油类污染物归宿

以辽河油田某采油废水处理厂外排水中石油类污染物为对象,对比分析了不同季节条件下河流中石油类污染物的迁移特征,估算了石油类污染物不同归宿途径的贡献率.结果表明,不同季节条件下,河流中石油类污染物浓度的减少与迁移距离呈显著负相关,但各族组成(烷烃组分、芳烃组分、极性物质)的浓度与比例变化的季节差异显著;冬季河流中石油类污染物的主要归宿途径为沉淀作用(39.5%)与迁移输出(60.5%);以冬季沉淀作用为参考,夏季河流中石油类污染物的主要归宿途径贡献率分别为39.5%(沉淀作用)、42.4%(降解作用)18.1%(迁移输出),且污染物族组成的各归宿途径贡献率差别明显.     

城市道路绿化带"微峡谷效应"及其对非机动车道污染物浓度的影响

研究不同绿化带结构对非机动车道污染物浓度的影响,将为城市道路绿化带格局提供依据。利用遮荫网模拟10、20、30 m隔离的道路绿化带,并模拟了3种不同结构的绿化带,分别对各类道路微气候条件(风)及SO₂、NO_x、NH₃、总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)和可吸入颗粒物(PM10)等5种主要污染物浓度进行了观测。结果表明:风速小于2 m/s时,10 m和20 m间隔的道路绿化带会产生"微峡谷效应",使绿化带间隔内风速增加。10 m间隔的绿化带较其它两种绿化带对各种污染物的净化百分率更明显,且污染物净化百分率与风速大多正相关显著。12.5 m的模拟绿化带与10 m的间隔交替的绿化带可以更有效地降低非机动车道的污染物浓度,污染物净化百分率与风速也大多正相关显著。不同结构道路绿化带会影响道路微气候条件,从而影响非机动车道污染物浓度。城市道路绿带存在合理的绿带结构,可以通过设计更合理的城市道路绿带模式有效改善城市非机动车道空气质量。     

复合污染生态毒理效应的定量关系分析

采用全生育期土培毒性试验、全生育期水培毒性试验、陆生生态毒性试验、水生生态毒性试验和DGGE(denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis)指纹图谱分析等方法, 以乙草胺-Cu和Cd-Zn两组污染物为代表, 分别对小麦(Triticum aestivum)、水稻(Oryza sativa)、赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia foetida)、对虾(Penaeus japonicus)及土壤微生物等以水、土壤为环境介质进行复合污染暴露, 并结合污染现场进行较为系统的定量分析. 结果发现: 污染物本身的化学性质对复合污染生态效应所起的作用, 要比其浓度组合关系的影响小得多; 污染物暴露的浓度组合关系更为直接, 在一定条件下甚至起决定作用; 复合污染生态效应还与生物种类, 特别是生态系统类型有关, 也与这些污染物作用的生物部位有关.     

Distribution and Toxicity Risks of PCBs in the Tidal Flat Ecosystem Near the 37th PCBs Sealed Site on the Coast of Zhejiang Province,China

This study investigated the dioxin-like (DL) PCB concentration and congener distributions in water, sediment, and Boleophthalmus pectinirostris samples collected from a beach near the 37th PCBs sealed site (the hazardous waste storage site was sealed by Zhejiang Province Environmental Monitoring Center) of Zhejiang Province, China, so as to evaluate the harmful effects of PCBs waste sealed sites on the surrounding environment. The results showed that DL-PCBs were in all samples. For all samples, the detection ratio of the mono-ortho congener PCB118 and the non-ortho congener PCB81 reached 100%, and both of their contents correlated well with the total DL-PCBs contents. Levels of low-chloride congeners were higher in environmental samples, while the enrichment of the high-chloride congeners was higher in fish. The content of PCBs in B. pectinirostris was highly related to the sediment environment, thus B. pectinirostris could well indicate environmental PCBs pollution. Considering both of the PCBs content and toxic analysis, even after 4 years of being excavated and cleaned, water, sediment, and fish samples were still at a certain degree of toxicity risks. Some areas were revealed to have a high toxicity risk, suggesting this PCBs sealed site still posed toxicity risks to the surrounding tidal flat ecosystem and might potentially endanger animals and human health.     

Relationship between mercury,organochlorine compounds and stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen in yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) taken from different regions of the Pacific and Indian Oceans

The aim of this study was to compare the δ¹⁵N, δ¹³C, Hg and organochlorines (PCBs, p,p′-DDE and trans-nonachlor) in the yellowfin tuna taken from several regions of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The highest values of δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C were observed in the tuna taken from Sri Lanka and Maldives (Indian Ocean), while the lowest values were observed in the tuna taken from Hawaii. In contrast, the highest Hg concentration was observed in the tuna taken from Hawaii, while the lowest concentration was observed in the tuna taken from Sri Lanka and Maldives. These orders of δ¹⁵N, δ¹³C and Hg may reflect the geographical characteristics of those among nine regions. On the other hand, the highest concentration of each organochlorine was found in the tuna taken from New Zealand, while the lowest was found in the tuna sample from Hawaii, probably reflecting the anthropogenic contamination among eight regions. The inter-regional variations in organochlorines were markedly larger than those in Hg concentration. The Hg uniformly distributed in the area under the normal curve of Hg concentration against δ¹³C or δ¹⁵N value, while the organochlorines did not. This difference may be ascribed to the fact that Hg is of natural and anthropogenic origins, while the organochlorines are of anthropogenic origin. A principal compartment analysis of δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N, Hg and organochlorines apparently clarified the tuna taken from eight regions into 5 groups of Sri Lanka and Maldives, New Zealand, Australia, Hawaii and Japan.     

Simultaneous enantioselective separation of polychlorinated biphenyls and their methyl sulfone metabolites by heart-cut MDGC: determination of enantiomeric fractions in fish oils and cow liver samples

The potential of three capillary columns based on β-cyclodextrin (i.e., Chirasil-Dex, BGB-172, and BGB-176SE) has been studied for the simultaneous enantiomeric separation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and methylsulfonyl metabolites of PCBs (MeSO(2)-PCBs) employing a heart-cut multidimensional gas chromatographic system (heart-cut MDGC). Among the columns studied, the BGB-176SE capillary column provided the best results, allowing the simultaneous enantioselective resolution of six MeSO(2)-PCBs and six chiral PCBs; the Chirasil-Dex column did not resolve any of the studied MeSO(2)-PCBs; and a poor resolution was obtained for three MeSO(2)-PCBs when the BGB-172 column was employed. The developed method was successfully applied to two fish oil and one cow liver samples commercially available, which showed different enantioselective pattern. PCBs 91 and 176 presented a clear enrichment of the second eluted atropisomer in codfish oil, whereas in fish oil sample, slight enrichment of the first eluted atropisomer of CB45 and the second eluted atropisomer of CB136 were observed.     

滩涂底栖动物有机污染生态学研究进展

底栖动物由于对有机污染物具有较强的吸收能力,再加上其移动能力较差、生活方式比较固定,而被广泛运用于滩涂有机污染的研究.目前这些研究主要集中在如下几个方面：（1）有机污染物在底栖动物体内的分布特征及在底栖食物链中的动力学研究;（2）底栖动物对有机污染物的生理响应研究;（3）污染物对底栖动物群落组成和结构影响研究;（4）底栖动物在滩涂有机污染检测中的应用研究.研究结果表明：滩涂底栖动物对有机污染物的累积具有选择性和季节波动性;有机污染物可以在底栖食物链中传递;底栖动物体内的有机污染物成分和含量可以有效地指示其生存环境的有机污染状况;底栖动物的混合功能氧化酶和抗氧化酶系统对体内有机污染物的累积产生积极的响应;有机污染物对底栖动物的免疫系统造成不利影响,并对遗传物质造成破坏;有机污染对底栖动物的群落组成和结构具有显著的影响.     

Growth on dichlorobiphenyls with chlorine substitution on each ring by bacteria isolated from contaminated African soils

Until recently, it was generally believed that the presence of more than one chlorine substituent prevented chlorinated biphenyls from serving as a sole source of carbon and energy for aerobic bacteria. In this study, we report the isolation of three aerobic strains, identified as Enterobacter sp. SA-2, Ralstonia sp. SA-4, and Pseudomonas sp. SA-6 from Nigerian polluted soils, that were able to grow on a wide range of dichlorobiphenyls (diCBs). In addition to growing on all monochlorobiphenyls (monoCBs), the strains were all able to utilize 2,2′-, 2,4′-, and 2,3-diCB as a sole source of carbon and energy. With the exception of strain SA-2, growth was also sustainable on 3,3′-, and 3,5-diCB. Washed benzoate-grown cells were typically able to degrade 68 to 100% of the diCB (100 ppm) within 188 h, concomitant with a cell number increase of up to three orders-of-magnitude and elimination of varying amounts of chloride. In many cases, stoichiometric production of a chlorobenzoate (CBA) as a product was observed. During growth on 2,2′-, and 2,4′-diCB, organisms exclusively attacked an o-chlorinated ring resulting in the production of 2-CBA and 4-CBA, respectively. A gradual decline in the concentration of the latter was observed, which suggested that the product was being degraded further. In the case of 2,3-diCB, the unsubstituted ring was preferentially metabolized. Initial diCB degradation rates were greatest for 2,4′-diCB (11.2 ± 0.91 to 30.3 ± 7.8 nmol/min per 10⁹ cells) and lowest for 2,2′-diCB (0.37 ± 0.12 to 2.7 ± 1.2 nmol/min per 10⁹ cells).     

Structural alteration of linear plasmids encoding the genes for polychlorinated biphenyl degradation in Rhodococcus strain RHA1

Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) tolerant derivatives of a strong PCB degrader, Rhodococcus strain RHA1, were selected after growth in the presence of 100 g/ml PCBs. Some of the derivatives did not grow on biphenyl but accumulated a yellow coloured metabolite suggesting a defect in the meta-ring-cleavage compound hydrolase step encoded by the bphD gene. Other derivatives failed to grow on biphenyl and exhibited little PCB transformation activity suggesting a defect in the initial ring-hydroxylation dioxygenase step encoded by the bphA gene. These organisms had a structural alteration in the linear plasmids coding for the bph genes in RHA1, which included the bph gene deletion. When a bphD containing plasmid was introduced into a tolerant derivative, RCD1, which was shown to have a bphD deletion, the defect in the growth on biphenyl of RCD1 was overcome. The bph gene deletion seems to play a key role in these tolerant derivatives thereby suggesting that the toxic metabolic intermediate would be a main cause of the growth inhibition of RHA1 in the presence of high concentration PCBs.     

美国威斯康星州的Lower Fox River和Lower Green Bay水域的污染沉积物对鱼类影响的研究

LowerFoxRiver和LowerGreenBy水域的沉积物造成了该地区的轻度污染。经测定和分析,沉积物中含有较高的PCBs和较低含量的PCDFs及PCDDs,在鱼样品中呈现有PCBs和农药。组织病理学检查,鱼体内寄生虫感染发生率较高,部分肝组织坏死,出现肉芽瘤状物,胰腺纤维化,但没有发现鱼体上有肿瘤。     

Degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls by a ‘Maitake’ mushroom, Grifola frondosa

The edible mushroom Maitake, Grifola frondosa M51, degraded 40 components in the 41 major peaks of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), which includes di- to hexa-chlorobiphenyls, within 60 days. The organism accumulated dichloro-methoxy-phenol during the transformation of the PCB mixture.     

Challenges in Defining Background Levels for Human and Ecological Risk Assessments

A robust approach to defining, understanding, and tracking contaminant levels is crucial to human and ecological risk evaluation and risk management. Whether materials are present in the environment naturally (mercury, radon, nitrogen, phosphorous) and enhanced by human activities or are man-made (DDT and PCBs), the complexity of contaminant distributions and sources requires careful design and implementation of studies to characterize background. Before collection or analyses of data are initiated, an explicit definition of background appropriate to specific risk assessments is needed. Problems associated with determining background levels of contaminants in fish and seafood illustrate some challenges faced by risk assessors. Major differences in estimates of background may result from differences in sampling and analytical methods including selection of sampling locations, approaches to data analysis and synthesis, and tissues selected for analysis. Different approaches may yield background exposure or risk estimates that differ by 50% or more. Methodological transparency is essential in data collection and analysis to establish background and to ensure that data are used appropriately in both human and ecological risk assessments.     

Elevated Concentrations of Pesticides and PCBs in Soils at the Southern Caspian Sea (Iran) are Related to Land Use

Soil contamination by organochlorine pesticides or PCBs is almost undocumented for Iran. Here we report a soil survey in Mazandaran and Guilan provinces that hold >30% of the agricultural areas of Iran where pesticide use is widespread. Concentration of DDTs, HCHs, cyclodienes, and PCBs were measured in 45 soil samples from different agricultural land uses and forest land. The average concentrations of ∑DDT (37 μg kg^?1) and ∑HCH (21 μg kg^?1) in agricultural soils are among the largest ever reported and exceed international soil screening standards. All residues were larger in agricultural than in forest soil. Within agricultural land, ∑DDT were largest for tea gardens, lindane was largest in rice fields, and cyclodiens largest in citrus orchards. The ratio of (DDD + DDE)/DDT is an index of the extent of DDT degradation in soil and was lower in tea gardens than in other soils (0.7 versus 2–5), indicating either ongoing DDT input or lower degradation rate in the tea gardens that are more acid than the other soils (pH 4.5 versus 6.5–7.0). The o,p′–DDT/p,p′–DDT ratio was about 3 in forest soils, suggesting that DDT is derived from dicofol application and not from technical DDT as in agricultural soils. The PCB 28, 180, and 138 showed the highest mean concentration compared with other PCB congeners in all land uses. This survey is the first of this kind for Iran and illustrates that concentrations of organochlorine pesticide in soil are relatively large.