聚合酶链反应检测实验动物弓形虫核酸的研究

建立弓形虫动物模型,常规方法提取肝、脾、肾、肺等组织DNA,应用聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增,产物经电泳检测显示199bp的弓形虫特异带谱。并以γ－32p标记克隆的弓形虫特异DNA片段为探针,对扩增产物行Southern印迹分析,结果上述4种标本均出现阳性杂交带,进一步证实扩增条带是弓形虫特异DNA顺序。同时用酶标法检测显示鼠血清弓形虫抗体IgG;阳性。组织病理学检查结果,肝组织损伤较严重,肝细胞肿大,肝窦消失,脾、肾、肺组织可见轻微的病理改变。另外本文介绍一种简单PCR方法[1],取鼠尾静脉血2μl直接进行扩增,结果与酚-氯仿法提取的DNA扩增结果一致。     

用聚合酶链反应方法诊断弓形虫病

弓形虫病是一种人畜共患的传染病。目前对弓形虫病的实验室诊断,常用血清学和动物接种分离虫体法,但不够特异和灵敏,且不能短时有结果。可见,建立一种特异、灵敏和快速检测弓形虫基因组的方法,对弓形虫病的诊治是十分有意义的。作者从弓形虫(ZS_2株)基因组文库中筛选出了一个弓形虫特异DNA片段的克隆(1.1kb),对克隆的片段用M13克隆和末端终止测序体系对部分片段进行了顺序分析。根据所得DNA顺序的数据,设计并合成若干长度为19～20NT的特异的寡核苷酸引物对,并建立体外扩增弓形     

猪圆环病毒2型新疆株全基因组的滚环扩增与序列分析

滚环扩增技术是一种体外恒温DNA扩增方法,特异性好,敏感性强,已广泛应用于微生物学领域。首先采用鉴别PCR对来自新疆某地区的5份猪病料进行猪圆环病毒2型的检测,接着对检出的2份猪圆环病毒2型阳性DNA样品进行滚环扩增。滚环扩增产物经单一限制性内切酶(SacⅡ)酶切及琼脂糖凝胶电泳鉴定,结果显示2份样品都出现了猪圆环病毒2型基因组大小的条带。对目的条带进行回收、克隆与测序,结果表明2株新疆株猪圆环病毒2型的全基因组大小皆为1768bp。遗传进化分析显示2株的基因型为PCV2a和PCV2e。     

菠菜性别相关的ISSR标记

菠菜为雌雄异株植物,用CTAB法提取其雌、雄株成株幼嫩叶片DNA,分别构建雌、雄株DNA池,以之为模板,用已优化的ISSR体系扩增,在74条ISSR引物中,I62扩增出一条约1 200 bp雌性连锁标记,回收纯化该特异扩增片段,将其连接于pUCm-T载体,转化进大肠杆菌JM109菌株,并检测及测序。回收克隆和测序后发现该片段全长1 176 bp,富含AT,AT占57.0%。根据测序结果设计1对25 bp的特异引物将这个雌性连锁的ISSR标记转化为稳定性和特异性更好的SCAR标记。该特异引物对随机选取的雌雄菠菜单株进行PCR扩增,在雌株中均有1 176 bp的特异条带,而雄株中均无。此特异条带的获得为菠菜性别相关基因的克隆奠定基础。     

猪源肠出血性大肠杆菌CD18株fedA基因的克隆及表达

目的:获得重庆猪源肠出血性大肠杆菌(EHEC)强毒株CD18株fedA基因表达产物。方法:根据GenBank中的fedA基因序列设计引物,从重庆猪源EHEC强毒株CD18株基因组中经PCR扩增目的片段,克隆到pUC19质粒,亚克隆到表达载体pET28b( )的SalⅠ-HindⅢ位点后转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),经IPTG诱导表达,Ni柱法纯化,SDS-PAGE及Western印迹检验表达产物。结果:CD18株fedA与文献报道的fedA的序列同源性为99.3%,推导的氨基酸序列的同源性为98.7%,表达产物在50～100mmol/L咪唑洗脱时出峰,SDS-PAGE显示其相对分子质量20000,Western印迹证明该蛋白条带能与分子标记蛋白His6抗体发生特异反应。结论:克隆到猪源EHECCD18株fedA基因,并在大肠杆菌中得到表达。     

过量DMSO显著降低低模板浓度PCR扩增的特异性

DMSO通常经验性地用于提高PCR扩增的效率,但是过量的DMSO可以显降低特异序列的扩增效率,尤其是导致非特异性扩增的现象却被忽视。在6％的DMSO存在时,开始出现非特异条带,同时特异扩增产物减少。本首次报道DMSO对PCR产物特异性的影响并确定了克服上述现象产生的途径,即通过增加模板－引物的比例消除非特异条带。而通常提高复性温度只能部分减少非特异产物,不能避免非特异扩增。本结果有助于提高常规PCR,尤其是分子遗传学分析中经常使用的随机扩增多态性DNA（random amplifeid polymorphic DNA,RAPD）检测的准确度。     

猪FGL2基因cDNA末端序列检测及结构分析

检测猪FGL2基因cDNA末端序列并对该基因结构初步分析。α-32P dCTP放射性同位素标记cDNA探针筛选猪基因组DNA文库;cDNA末端快速扩增(rapid amplification of cDNA end,RACE)。以猪正常小肠及心脏组织提取新鲜总RNA,反转录后作为模板,设计基因特异性引物,采用Advantage 2 聚合酶混合物进行PCR扩增;依据猪与人FGL2基因3′端已知同源序列设计PCR上游引物,以人FGL2基因3′末端序列设计下游引物,以猪基因组DNA为模板采用Advantage 2 聚合酶混合物进行PCR反应;PCR载体重组质粒DNA亚克隆扩增。同位素探针未能筛选到特异阳性克隆,RACE反应检测到特异性转录起始位置及第一个转录终止位置,但仍未检测到第二个转录终止位置。猪基因组DNA行PCR扩增成功检测到猪FGL2基因3′末端未知序列及第二个转录终止位置。     

牛β-酪蛋白5′端上游调控序列的克隆和序列分析

该文用PCR扩增了牛β－酪蛋白基因5′－端上游调控序列,并对其进行了克隆和序列分析。采集成年母牛肝,提取DNA。在牛β－酪蛋白基因外显子1和上游调控区内设计引物,扩增其上游调控序列。两条引物长均为19个核苷酸,引物间跨度为635bp。以牛肝DNA为模板,进行PCR扩增,扩增产物在2％琼脂糖凝胶上电泳,可见特异的目的条带。从凝胶中回收目的片段,克隆到pGEM－T载体中。重组质粒提取DNA,进行序列分析。测序结果与文献发表的类似序列相比,仅有4个碱基不同,同源性达99．4％。表明获得了牛β－酪蛋白基因5′－端上游调控序列的克隆。     

长距离反向PCR技术高效扩增已知DNA片断的侧翼序列

为解决传统反向PCR技术扩增片段短、假阳性多的不足,建立了长距离反向PCR(LD I-PCR)扩增技术:0.5μg DNA/mL的反应体系使DNA酶解片段充分自身环化连接,其产物用25 nt~30 nt的序列特异引物进行长距离PCR。结果表明该方法能特异地扩增出长达16 kb的序列,在已知DNA片段的侧翼序列克隆方面具有高效、简便、特异的优点。     

一种随机引物联合多特异性DNA片段检测结核分支杆菌的新方法

目的:针对目前结核性疾病实验室诊断的局限性,探索一种更为敏感和特异的结核分枝杆菌DNA检测新方法。方法:选取10株江苏地区流行的结核分支杆菌(MTB)菌株,选取临床其他常见菌株及分枝杆菌菌株作为对照组,分别提取DNA作为随机引物的模板。参考国内、外文献设计12条随机引物,并分别对MTB及对照菌株进行单个引物随机扩增,2%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳对扩增产物进行分离并切胶纯化,通过TA克隆将纯化片段连接到质粒pEASYTM-T5 Zero并进行测序,通过BLAST-nr比对验证是否为MTB DNA片段。按照所确定的MTB片段序列,在其内部设计、合成一对特异性引物。用此特异性引物扩增对应的随机引物扩增产物,获得MTB特异性条带图谱。并将该方法检测的敏感性和特异性与临床上常用的real-time PCR进行比较。结果:经BLAST-nr比对,随机引物IS986F,S535及IS986R扩增的条带与MTB DNA有高度同源性(均为99%)。随机引物IS986F、S535和IS986R分别联合其特异性引物可以检测稀释105倍、105倍和103倍的MTB DNA,其特异性分别为100%、90%和80%。常规real-time PCR可检测出稀释104倍的MTB DNA。结论:随机引物IS986F联合其特异性引物检测结核分枝杆菌的灵敏度和特异性优于S535、IS986R两组,特异性为100%,且灵敏度优于常规real-time PCR法。     

Direct and crossover PCR amplification to facilitate Tn5supF-based sequencing of lambda phage clones.

The 264 bp mini-transposon Tn5supF was constructed to sequence DNAs cloned in phage lambda without extensive shotgun subcloning or primer walking. Unique sequences near each transposon end serve as primer binding sites, and a supF gene is used to select transposition to lambda. We describe here PCR methods that facilitate Tn5supF-based sequencing. In a first pass, insertions are mapped relative to the ends of the cloned fragment using pairs of primers specific for vector DNA next to the cloning site and for a Tn5supF end. Most insertions not mapped in this step are near the center of the cloned fragment or in the vector arms, and are then mapped relative to the two innermost insertions by 'crossover' PCR. This involves amplification from primers on different DNA molecules, and generates hybrid DNA products whose lengths correspond to the distances between the two insertions. We routinely amplified more than 6 kb in direct PCR and 3 kb in crossover PCR; at the limit we amplified up to approximately 10 kb in direct PCR and approximately 6 kb in crossover PCR, but not reproducibly. Crossover PCR products were also obtained with insertions separated by only 200 bp, indicating that no rare sites are needed to switch templates. PCR products were purified by adsorption and then elution from glass slurry, and sequenced directly. Ladders of more than 400 bp were obtained from primer sites on each DNA strand; 2 kb was read from crossover PCR products, and showed that they were amplified with fidelity. In conclusion, direct and crossover PCR methods expedite transposon insertion mapping, and yield templates for accurate sequencing of both DNA strands.     

弓形虫RH株SAG1基因序列体外扩增及生物信息学分析

根据sAG1基因序列,自行设计一对寡核苷酸引物,利用PCR技术从弓形虫RH株基因组DNA中成功扩增出编码SAG1抗原的基因片段,扩增出的基因片段大小与预期长度（1006bp）相符,结果经测序验证,并利用生物信息学方法对SAG1蛋白理化性质、结构和功能进行了预测．     

苯胺双加氧酶基因的克隆与序列分析

通过设计苯胺双加氧酶基因特异引物,以苯胺降解菌株ANA5基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增出目的基因片断。然后利用粘粒pLAFR3作为载体,以E．coliEPI100作为受体,构建了菌株ANA5的基因组粘粒文库。以PCR扩增产物作为探针,通过菌落原位杂交筛选得到两个阳性克隆,经Southern杂交及亚克隆测序分析,初步确认克隆到苯胺双加氧酶基因。同时完成了苯胺双加氧酶基因atdA3A4A5序列的测定,并对其核苷酸及其推导的氨基酸序列进行分析,结果表明克隆到的苯胺双加氧酶基因与GenBank报道的基因有一定的差异,同时体现了该基因在进化上的保守性。     

苎麻疫霉激发蛋白基因断裂现象初探

苎麻疫霉（PhytophthoraboehmeriaeSaw．）可分泌具有诱抗作用的激发蛋白（α－elicihn）,根据α－elicitin第24～30和56～63位保守区氨基酸推导的寡核苷酸引物序列,对苎麻疫霉基因组DNA进行特异PCR扩增反应,发现其扩增的DNA片段大于预计的片段。回收纯化的特异扩增DNA,并进行克隆和测序分析,结果表明特异扩增的elicihn基因亚克隆DNA为570hp,大于预计的117bp。在特异片段中,存在3个内含子将基因断裂成4个阅读框架,即ORF1、ORF2、ORF3和ORF4,其中ORF1和ORF4含有与引物相同的序列,但与其它序列与已克隆的elicihn基因无同源性。因此,芒麻疫霉基因组中的elicitin基因可能存在断裂现象。     

Development of DNA diagnostic methods for the detection of new fish iridoviral diseases

A new disease of epidemic proportions caused by fish viruses within the Iridoviridae family inflicts serious damage on red sea breams (Pagrus major) and striped jack (Caranx delicatissimus) populations grown in aquacultures in Japan. A partial segment of the fish iridoviral DNA was directly amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with synthetic primers designed from well conserved nucleotide sequences between the frog virus 3 (Ranavirus) and the silkworm iridescent virus type 6. The deduced amino acid sequence from the nucleotide sequence of the PCR fragment demonstrates a high correlation with a partial sequence from the frog virus 3. Using the PCR method with specific primers, we could detect three of four different known types of fish iridoviruses in diseased fishes. To construct more reliable detection methods specific for this viral family, DNA fragments which can specifically hybridize with all of the four known iridoviridae viral DNAs were screened from the genomic library of one iridoviridae strain. The hybridization assay, using a specific fragment which contains regions which are highly homologous with a characterized partial sequence from the frog virus 3, proved to be a reliable diagnostic tool for fish iridoviral diseases.     

Uracil DNA glycosylase-mediated cloning of polymerase chain reaction-amplified DNA: application to genomic and cDNA cloning.

A simple and rapid method for cloning of amplification products directly from the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been developed. The method is based on the addition of a 12-base dUMP-containing sequence (CUACUACUACUA) to the 5' end of PCR primers. Incorporation of these primers during PCR results in the selective placement of dUMP residues into the 5' end of amplification products. Selective degradation of the dUMP residues in the PCR products with uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG) disrupts base pairing at the termini and generates 3' overhangs. Annealing of 3' protruding termini to vector DNA containing complementary 3' ends results in chimeric molecules which can be transformed, with high efficiency, without in vitro ligation. Directional cloning of PCR products has also been accomplished by incorporating different dU-containing sequences at the end of each PCR primer. Substitution of all dT residues in PCR primers with dU eliminates cloning of aberrant "primer dimer" products and enriches cloning of genuine PCR products. The method has been applied to cloning of inter-Alu DNA sequences from human placental DNA. Using a single primer, DNA sequences between appropriately oriented Alu sequences were amplified and cloned. Cloning of cDNA for the glyceraldehyde-3'-phosphate dehydrogenase gene from rat brain RNA was also demonstrated. The 3' end region of this gene was amplified by the 3' RACE method and the amplified DNA was cloned after UDG digestion. Characterization of cloned DNAs by sequence analysis showed accurate repair of the cloning junctions. The ligase-free cloning method with UDG should prove to be a widely applicable procedure for rapid cloning of PCR-amplified DNA.     

Characterisation of Toxoplasma gondii isolates using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the non-coding Toxoplasma gondii (TGR)-gene sequences

The Toxoplasma gondii (TGR) genes constitute a family of non-coding sequences, three of which have been previously described as possible tools for typing of Toxoplasma gondii isolates. We obtained new isolates of T. gondii from domestic and wild animals, and used these to evaluate the possibility of using TGR gene variants as markers to distinguish among T. gondii isolates from different animals and different geographical sources.Based on the band patterns obtained by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified TGR sequences, the T. gondii isolates could be separated into seven groups. Sequencing the amplified products showed that at least 20 TGR sequences not hitherto described had been found, demonstrating that the TGR gene family comprises a large number of different yet highly homologous sequences. Each isolate had its own unique TGR sequence. The TGR gene family therefore seems a promising target for typing individual T. gondii isolates and for studying the genetic distance between two isolates, which can be used for tracing routes of infection.     

番木瓜单染色体的显微分离与克隆

用玻璃针显微分离出番木瓜(CaricapapayaL.)单染色体,经过LA-PCR扩增得到80-700bp的DNA片段。Southern杂交表明,扩增片段与番木瓜基因组DNA之间有同源性,从而证明番木瓜单染色体DNA已经被成功扩增。将扩增产物克隆到pGEM-T-Easy载体中,约获得1.18×105个克隆,酶切鉴定插入片段大小为100-400bp。     

大肠杆菌ubiA基因的克隆及序列测定

以E.coli JM83染色体DNA为模板PCR扩增ubiA的结构基因,将PCR产物克隆于pUCm-T Vector,对PCR产物进行测序鉴定。与已发表的大肠杆菌ubiA基因序列比较,同源性达99％。